Illinois State University - Spring 2023
Biology 177, Chapter 3 Report
Professor Alsup, Section 9
September 22, 2023
== Singapore ==
Middle school is equivalent to the lower secondary levels (secondary 1 & 2) of a secondary
school in Singapore. It consists of students between 12 and 14 years of age.
Class Date: 2/4/2024
Teacher’s Note: Great improvement from the previous draft.
REPORT CONTENT:
## Background
Secondary schools are also known as high schools in Singapore. Locally, middle school can
also be called junior high school. == Somalia ==
In Somalia, middle school identified as intermediate school is the four years between
secondary school and primary school. Pupils start middle school from form as referred to in
Somalia or year 5 and finish it at year 8. Students start middle school from the age of 11 and
finish it when they are 14–15.
## Conclusion (List)
- Subjects, which middle school pupils take are: Somali, Arabic, English, Religion, Science,
Geography, History, Math, Textiles, Art and Design, Physical Education (PE) (Football) and
sometimes Music.
- In some middle schools, it is obligatory to study Italian.
- == South Korea ==
In South Korea, a middle school is called a jung hakgyo (Hangul: 중학교; Hanja: 中學校) which
includes grades 7 through 9 (referred to as: middle school 1st–3rd grades; approx.
- age 13–15).
- == Spain ==
In Spain, education is compulsory for children and teenagers between 6 and 16 years.
## Discussion
Basic education is divided into Educación Primaria (first grade through sixth grade), which
is the Spanish equivalent of elementary school; and Educación Secundaria Obligatoria or
ESO (seventh through tenth grade), roughly the Spanish equivalent of middle school and
(partially) high school. The usual ages in ESO are 12 to 15 years old, but they can range
between 11 and 16 depending on the birth date (a student who was born late in the year
may start ESO at 11 if he or she will turn 12 before January 1, and a student who was born
early in the year may finish ESO after turning 16). After ESO, students can continue their
pre-university education attending to Bachillerato (eleventh and twelfth grade) or choose a
Ciclo de Formación Profesional (an improved type of vocational school).
## Analysis
== Taiwan ==
Junior high schools (three years from 7th to 9th grade) in Taiwan were originally called
primary middle school. However, in August 1968, they were renamed nationals' middle
school often translated junior high) when they became free of charge and compulsory.
Private middle school nowadays are still called primary middle school. Taiwanese students
older than twelve normally attend junior high school. Accompanied with the switch from
junior high to middle school was the cancellation of entrance examination needed to enter
middle school.
## Findings
== Tunisia and Morocco ==
In Tunisia and Morocco, a middle school includes grades 7 through 9, consisting of students
from ages 12 to 15. == Turkey ==
In Turkey, a middle school is called a ortaokul which includes grades 5 through 8, consisting
of students from ages 10 to 14. == United Kingdom ==
See Also: Education in England, Education in Wales, Education in Scotland, Education in
Northern Ireland, and Education in Gibraltar
=== England and Wales ===
In England and Wales, local education authorities introduced middle schools in the 1960s
and 1970s. The notion of middle schools was mooted by the Plowden Report of 1967 which
proposed a change to a three-tier model including first schools for children aged between 5
and 8, middle schools for 8–12 year-olds, and then high schools for 12–16 year-olds. Some
authorities introduced middle schools for ideological reasons, in line with the report, while
others did so for more pragmatic reasons relating to the raising of the school leaving age in
compulsory education to 16, or to introduce a comprehensive system.
## Background
Different authorities introduced different age-range schools, although in the main, three
models were used:
5–8 first schools, followed by 8–12 middle schools, as suggested by Plowden
5–9 first schools, followed by 9–13 middle schools
5–10 first schools followed by 10–13 middle schools or intermediate schools
In many areas "primary school" rather than first school was used to denote the first tier. In
addition, some schools were provided as combined schools catering for pupils in the 5–12
age range as a combined first and middle school. Around 2000 middle and combined
schools were in place in the early 1980s. However, that number began to fall in the later
1980s with the introduction of the National Curriculum.
## Conclusion
The new curriculum's splits in Key Stages at age 11 encouraged the majority of local
education authorities to return to a two-tier system of Primary (sometimes split into Infant
schools and Junior schools) and Secondary schools. There are now fewer than 150 middle
schools still operational in the United Kingdom, meaning that approximately 90% of middle
schools have closed or reverted to primary school status since 1980.
## Discussion (List)
- The system of 8–12 middle schools has fallen into complete disuse.
- Under current legislation, as also at the time of the Plowden report, all schools must be
deemed either primary or secondary.
- Thus, middle schools which have more primary year groups than KS3 or KS4 are termed
"deemed primaries" or "middles-deemed-primaries," while those with more secondary-
aged pupils, or with pupils in Y11 are termed "deemed secondaries" or "middles-deemed-
secondaries."
- For statistical purposes, such schools are often included under primary and secondary
categories "as deemed".
References / Works Cited:
1. Wikipedia (n.d.). Retrieved from [Link]
2. Random Book Title (2022). Academic Publishing House.
