SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECHOLOGY

QUESTION BANK
(Regulation :R22)
Department of AIML & AIDS
Sub. Code & Title R22CSE3244 & SOFTWARE TESTING METHODOLOGIES
Academic Year: 2024-25 Year/Sem./Section III [Link] II-SEM
Faculty Names& Designation T. Tejaswi, [Link] (AI&DS)

V. Pratyusha, [Link].(AI&ML)

QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I
Course
Multiple Choice Questions BT Level
Outcome
What is the primary purpose of software testing?
A) To debug code
B) To ensure reliability 1 CO1
1C-1
C) To improve performance
D) To reduce costs
Which of the following is a dichotomy in software testing?

A) Manual vs. automated testing

1C-2 B) Black box vs. white box testing 1 CO1

C) Unit testing vs. integration testing

D) All of the above

What is a model for testing?

A) A framework for testing

B) A testing methodology 1 CO1

1C-3

C) A testing tool

D) A testing technique

What are the consequences of bugs in software?

A) Financial loss

B) Reputation damage 2 CO1

1C-4
C) User frustration

D) All of the above

 Evaluate the consequences of not using path testing in a software
development project. Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A) The software will likely have fewer defects.

1C-5 6 CO1
B) The software will likely have more defects.

C) The software will have the same number of defects.

D) The software will be more efficient.

What are flow graphs used for in software testing?

A) To model program flow
1C-6 2 CO1
B) To identify defects
C) To prioritize testing
D) To optimize performance
Design a testing strategy that incorporates path testing and risk-based
testing. Which of the following strategies would be most effective?
A) Use path testing to identify critical paths and then use risk-based testing
to prioritize testing of those paths.
B) Use path testing to identify all possible paths and then use risk-based 5 CO1
1C-7
testing to identify high-risk paths.
C) Use path testing to identify frequently executed paths and then use risk-
based testing to identify low-risk paths.
D) Use path testing to identify complex paths and then use risk-based
testing to identify high-risk paths.

Analyze the concept of path testing and identify the primary advantage of
using this approach. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A) Path testing ensures that all possible paths through the code are executed. 4 CO1
1C-8
B) Path testing identifies the most critical paths through the code.
C) Path testing reduces the number of test cases required.
D) Path testing improves code coverage.
What is the purpose of path sensitizing?
A) To identify achievable paths
1C-9 3 CO1
B) To prioritize paths for testing
C) To optimize path instrumentation
D) To eliminate unnecessary paths
How does path instrumentation aid in path testing?
A) By monitoring and controlling path execution

1C-10 B) By optimizing path execution 3 CO1

C) By eliminating unnecessary paths
D) By prioritizing paths for testing
1C-11 What is the application of path testing? 2 CO1
A) Identifying defects in code
 B) Improving performance of code
C) Optimizing code for execution
D) All of the above
Analyze the relationship between predicates and path predicates in a software
system. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
A) Predicates and path predicates are mutually exclusive.
1C-12 4 CO1
B) Predicates are a type of path predicate.
C) Path predicates are a type of predicate.
D) Predicates and path predicates are unrelated.

What is the relationship between predicates and path predicates?

A) Predicates are used to determine path predicates
1C-13 B) Path predicates are used to determine predicates 3 CO1

C) Predicates and path predicates are unrelated

D) Predicates are a type of path predicate

Analyze the concept of achievable paths in path testing. Which of the

following statements is most accurate?
A) Achievable paths are those that can be executed with valid input.
1C-14 4 CO1
B) Achievable paths are those that cannot be executed with valid input.
C) Achievable paths are those that are frequently executed.
D) Achievable paths are those that are critical to the software's functionality.

Evaluate the effectiveness of path testing in improving code coverage. Which

of the following statements is most accurate?
A) Path testing ensures 100% code coverage.
B) Path testing improves code coverage but does not guarantee 100%
1C-15 6 CO1
coverage.
C) Path testing does not improve code coverage.
D) Path testing reduces code coverage.

Filling The Blank Questions

The primary purpose of software testing is to _________ defects in the 1 CO1

1F-1
software.
A model for testing is a _________ that guides the testing process. 2 CO1
1F-2
The consequences of bugs in software can include _________ damage to a 1 CO1
1F-3
company's reputation.
Path testing is a type of testing that involves analyzing the _________ of a 3 CO1
1F-4
program.
 The goal of path sensitizing is to identify the _________ that affect the 4 CO1
1F -5
execution of a particular path.
A predicate is a _________ that is used to control the flow of a program. 1 CO1
1F -6
Path predicates are used to determine which _________ to take in a program. 2 CO1
1F -7
Achievable paths are those that can be _________ with valid input. 3 CO1
1F -8
Path instrumentation involves adding _________ to a program to monitor and 5
CO1
1F -9 control its execution.

The application of path testing can help to _________ the reliability and quality of a 6
CO1
1F -10 software system.

The taxonomy of bugs refers to the _________ of defects in software. 1 CO1

1F -11
Flow graphs are a type of _________ that is used to represent the flow of a 2 CO1
1F -12
program.
Path testing can be used to identify _________ in a program. 3 CO1
1F -13
The use of path testing can help to _________ the number of defects in a 4 CO1
1F -14
software system.
The integration of path testing with other testing techniques can help to 5 CO1
1F -15
_________ the overall quality of a software system.
Match The Following Questions
i. Predicate A) A condition that affects
program flow

ii. Path predicate B) A path that can be executed

with valid input

iii. Achievable path C) A condition that determines I CO1

1M-1
which path to take

iv. Path sensitizing D) A technique used to identify

conditions that affect program
flow

i. Path testing A) A technique that involves

analyzing the flow of a program

ii. Flow graph testing B) A technique that involves

analyzing the paths of a program
II
iii. Path instrumentation C) A technique used to monitor CO1
1M-2
and control program execution

iv. Path sensitizing D) A technique used to identify

conditions that affect program
flow
 i. Path instrumentation A) Used to monitor and control
program execution

ii. Path sensitizing B) Used to identify conditions that

affect program flow
III CO1
1M-3
iii. Achievable paths C) Used to identify paths that can
be executed with valid input

iv. Path predicates D) Used to determine which path

to take

i. Improved code coverage A) Path testing

ii. Increased defect detection B) Flow graph testing

IV CO1
1M-4
iii. Reduced testing time C) Path instrumentation

iv. Improved reliability D) Path sensitizing

i. Integration of path testing with A) To improve the overall quality

other testing techniques of a software system

ii. Use of path testing to identify B) To reduce the number of

critical paths defects in a software system
V CO1
1M-5
iii. Use of path testing to improve C) To improve the reliability of a
code coverage software system

iv. Use of path testing to reduce D) To reduce the time and cost of
testing time testing

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
What is the primary purpose of testing in software development? 1 CO1
1D-1
Explain the concept of dichotomies in software testing. 2 CO1
1D-2
What is the consequence of a bug in a software system? 1
1D-3 CO1
Explain the concept of taxonomy of bugs in software testing. 2 CO1
1D-4
What is a predicate in the context of path testing? 1 CO1
1D-5
Explain the difference between a path predicate and an achievable path. 2 CO1
1D-6
Describe the process of path sensitizing in path testing. 3
1D-7 CO1
Describe the application of path testing in software development. 3 CO1
1D-8
Evaluate the effectiveness of path testing in identifying bugs in a software 6 CO1
1D-9 system.
Design a simple path testing strategy for a given program. 5 CO1
1D-10
 Compare and contrast different types of bugs that can occur in a software 4 CO1
1D-11 system.

What is a model in the context of software testing? 1 CO1

1D-12
What is White-Box Testing? What are the advantages and disadvantages of 1 CO1
1D-13 white-box testing?

What is Black-Box Testing? What are the advantages and disadvantages of 1 CO1
1D-14 Black-box testing?

Define Software Testing and write down the different levels in software testing 1 CO1
1D-15

UNIT-II
BT Course
Multiple Choice Questions Level Outcome
What is transaction flow testing?

A) A testing technique that analyzes the flow of transactions through a

system
1 CO2
2C-1 B) A testing technique that analyzes the data flow through a system

C) A testing technique that analyzes the control flow through a system

D) A testing technique that analyzes the interface of a system

What is the primary goal of transaction flow testing? 2

A) To ensure that all transactions are processed correctly

2C-2. B)To ensure that all data is stored correctly CO2

C)To ensure that all interfaces are working correctly

D) To ensure that all systems are integrated correctly

How is dataflow testing used in software testing? 3

A) To analyze the flow of data through a program

2C-3. B) To analyze the control flow through a program CO2

C) To analyze the transaction flow through a system

D) To analyze the interface of a system

2C-4. What is domain testing? 1 CO2

A) A testing technique that analyzes the domains of a system

B) A testing technique that analyzes the interfaces of a system

 C) A testing technique that analyzes the control flow of a system

D) A testing technique that analyzes the data flow of a system

What is the primary goal of domain testing? 2

A) To ensure that all domains are correctly defined

2C-5. B) To ensure that all interfaces are correctly defined CO2

C) To ensure that all control flows are correctly defined

D) To ensure that all data flows are correctly defined

How are nice and ugly domains used in domain testing? 3

A) Nice domains are used to test valid inputs, while ugly domains are used to
test invalid inputs

B) Nice domains are used to test invalid inputs, while ugly domains are used
2C-6. to test valid inputs CO2

C) Nice domains are used to test control flow, while ugly domains are used
to test data flow

D) Nice domains are used to test data flow, while ugly domains are used to
test control flow

What is the relationship between domains and paths? 4

A) Domains define the possible inputs to a system, while paths define the
possible flows through a system

B) Domains define the possible flows through a system, while paths define CO2
2C-7.
the possible inputs to a system

C) Domains and paths are unrelated

D) Domains and paths are the same thing

How can domain testing be used to improve the testability of a system? 5

A) By identifying and testing all possible domains

B) By identifying and testing all possible paths CO2

2C-8.
C) By identifying and testing all possible interfaces

D) By identifying and testing all possible control flows

2C-9. Evaluate the effectiveness of domain testing in identifying defects in a 6 CO2

system. What is the primary benefit of domain testing?

A) It ensures that all possible inputs are tested

 B) It ensures that all possible flows through a system are tested

C) It ensures that all possible interfaces are tested

D) It ensures that all possible control flows are tested

What is the primary goal of dataflow testing? 1

A) To analyze the flow of data through a program

B) To analyze the control flow through a program CO2

2C-10.
C) To analyze the transaction flow through a system

D) To analyze the interface of a system

What is the relationship between dataflow testing and transaction flow 2

testing?

A) Dataflow testing analyzes the flow of data, while transaction flow testing
analyzes the flow of transactions
CO2
2C-11. B) Dataflow testing analyzes the flow of transactions, while transaction flow
testing analyzes the flow of data

C) Dataflow testing and transaction flow testing are the same thing

D) Dataflow testing and transaction flow testing are unrelated

How is dataflow testing used to identify defects in a program? 3

A) By analyzing the flow of data through a program

B) By analyzing the control flow through a program CO2

2C-12.
C) By analyzing the transaction flow through a system

D) By analyzing the interface of a system

What is the primary benefit of using dataflow testing in software testing? 4

A) It ensures that all possible data flows are tested

B) It ensures that all possible control flows are tested CO2

2C-13.
C) It ensures that all possible transactions are tested

D) It ensures that all possible interfaces are tested

2C-14. How can dataflow testing be used to improve the reliability of a system? 5 CO2

A) By identifying and testing all possible data flows

B) By identifying and testing all possible control flows

 C) By identifying and testing all possible transactions

D) By identifying and testing all possible interfaces

Evaluate the effectiveness of dataflow testing in identifying defects in a

system. What is the primary benefit of dataflow testing?

A) It ensures that all possible data flows are tested

6 CO2
2C-15 B) It ensures that all possible control flows are tested

C) It ensures that all possible transactions are tested

D) It ensures that all possible interfaces are tested

Filling The Blank Questions

Transaction flow testing is a software testing technique that analyzes the 1 CO2
2F-1
_________ of transactions through a system.

The primary goal of transaction flow testing is to ensure that all transactions 2 CO2
2F-2
are processed _________.
Dataflow testing is a software testing technique that analyzes the _________
3 CO2
2F-3 of data through a program.

Domain testing is a software testing technique that analyzes the _________ 1 CO2
2F-4 of a system.
The primary goal of domain testing is to ensure that all domains are correctly
2 CO2
2F-5 _________.

Nice domains are used in domain testing to test _________ inputs. 3 CO2
2F-6
Ugly domains are used in domain testing to test _________ inputs. 4 CO2
2F-7
Domain testing can be used to improve the _________ of a system. 5 CO2
2F-8
The effectiveness of domain testing in identifying defects in a system can be
6 CO2
2F-9 evaluated by analyzing the _________ of the system.

Dataflow testing is used to analyze the _________ of data through a 1 CO2

2F-10
program.
The primary goal of dataflow testing is to ensure that all data flows are 2 CO2
2F-11 correctly _________.
Dataflow testing can be used to identify _________ in a program. 3 CO2
2F-12
The application of dataflow testing can be used to improve the _________ of 4 CO2
2F-13 a system.
Dataflow testing can be used to improve the _________ of a system 5 CO2
2F-14
 The effectiveness of dataflow testing in identifying defects in a system can
6 CO2
2F-15 be evaluated by analyzing the _________ of the system.

Match The Following Questions

i. Transaction flow testing A) A testing

technique that
analyzes the flow of
transactions through
a system

ii. Dataflow testing B) A testing

technique that
analyzes the flow of
data through a
program i CO2
2M-1
iii. Domain testing C) A testing
technique that
analyzes the
domains of a system

iv. Interface testing D) A testing

technique that
analyzes the
interfaces of a
system

i. Transaction flow testing A) To ensure that all

transactions are
processed correctly

ii. Dataflow testing B) To ensure that all

data flows are
correct
ii CO2
2M-2
iii. Domain testing C) To ensure that all
domains are
correctly defined

iv. Interface testing D) To ensure that all

interfaces are
working correctly
 i. Nice domains A) Used to test valid
inputs

ii. Ugly domains B) Used to test

invalid inputs

iii. Dataflow testing C) Used to analyze iii CO2

2M-3
the flow of data
through a program

iv. Domain testing D) Used to analyze

the domains of a
system

i. Improved reliability A) Transaction flow

testing

ii. Increased testability B) Dataflow testing iv CO2

2M-4
iii. Reduced defects C) Domain testing

iv. Improved performance D) Interface testing

i. Integration of transaction flow A) To improve the

testing with dataflow testing overall quality of a
system

ii. Use of domain testing to B) To reduce the

improve testability number of defects in
a system
v CO2
2M-5
iii. Use of dataflow testing to C) To improve the
analyze the flow of data reliability of a
system

iv. Use of interface testing to D) To improve the

ensure correct interfaces testability of a
system

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Explain the differences between Nice domains and Ugly domains 2 CO2
2D-1
Explain the concept of domains and paths in domain testing. 2 CO2
2D-2
Explain the basics of dataflow testing. 2 CO2
2D-3
Describe the strategies used in dataflow testing. 3 CO2
2D-4
 Define Data-Flow testing and explain in detail? 1 CO2
2D-5
Describe the transaction flow testing Techniques. 3 CO2
2D-6
Explain the purpose of transaction flow testing techniques. 2 CO2
2D-7
Describe the application of Data-flow Testing 3 CO2
2D-8
Compare and contrast transaction flow testing and dataflow testing. 4 CO2
2D-9
4 CO2
2D-10 Illustrate data flow model? Discuss various components of it?
What are data-flow anomalies? How data flow testing can explore them? 2 CO2
2D-11
6 CO2
2D-12 Evaluate the effectiveness of domain testing in identifying defects.
3 CO2
2D-13 Describe Nice domains and Ugly domains in domain testing.
1 CO2
2D-14 Explain in detail Domain and Interface Testing?
1 CO2
2D-15 Explain in detail Domain and Testability

UNIT-III
BT Course
Multiple Choice Questions Level Outcome
What is a path product in software testing?

A) A representation of a path through a program

B) A representation of a decision table 1 CO3

3C-1
C) A representation of a regular expression

D) A representation of a flowchart

What is the purpose of a reduction procedure in path products?

A) To simplify the path product

3C-2 B) To complicate the path product 2 CO3

C) To eliminate redundant paths

D) To add new paths

How are regular expressions used in software testing? 3

A) To detect flow anomalies

3C-3 B) To detect syntax errors CO3

C) To detect semantic errors

D) To detect runtime errors

 What is logic-based testing in software testing? 1

A) A testing technique that uses logical operators

B) A testing technique that uses decision tables CO3

3C-4
C) A testing technique that uses path expressions

D) A testing technique that uses regular expressions

What is the purpose of a decision table in logic-based testing? 2

A) To represent complex logic

3C-5 B) To represent simple logic CO3

C) To represent conditional statements

D) To represent loops

How are path expressions used in logic-based testing?

A) To represent paths through a program

3C-6 B) To represent decisions in a program 3 CO3

C) To represent loops in a program

D) To represent conditional statements in a program

What is the advantage of using logic-based testing in software testing?

A) It reduces the number of test cases

B) It increases the number of test cases 4 CO3

3C-7
C) It improves the coverage of test cases

D) It reduces the complexity of test cases

How can logic-based testing be used to improve the reliability of a software

system?

A) By identifying and testing all possible paths CO3

5
3C-8 B) By identifying and testing all possible decisions

C) By identifying and testing all possible loops

D) By identifying and testing all possible conditional statements

3C-9 Evaluate the effectiveness of logic-based testing in identifying defects in a 6 CO3

software system. What is the primary benefit of logic-based testing?

A) It ensures that all possible paths are tested

 B) It ensures that all possible decisions are tested

C) It ensures that all possible loops are tested

D) It ensures that all possible conditional statements are tested

What is a Karnaugh chart (K-map) in logic-based testing?

A) A graphical representation of a decision table

B) A graphical representation of a path expression 1 CO4

3C-10
C) A graphical representation of a regular expression

D) A graphical representation of a flowchart

What is the purpose of a Karnaugh chart (K-map) in logic-based testing?

A) To simplify complex logic

B) To complicate simple logic 2 CO4

3C-11
C) To represent conditional statements

D) To represent loops

How are Karnaugh charts (K-maps) used in logic-based testing?

A) To identify and test all possible paths

B) To identify and test all possible decisions 3 CO4

3C-12
C) To identify and test all possible loops

D) To identify and test all possible conditional statements

What is the advantage of using Karnaugh charts (K-maps) in logic-based

testing?

A) It reduces the number of test cases

4 CO4
3C-13 B) It increases the number of test cases

C) It improves the coverage of test cases

D) It reduces the complexity of test cases

3C-14 How can Karnaugh charts (K-maps) be used to improve the reliability of a 5 CO4
software system?

A) By identifying and testing all possible paths

B) By identifying and testing all possible decisions

C) By identifying and testing all possible loops

 D) By identifying and testing all possible conditional statements

Evaluate the effectiveness of Karnaugh charts (K-maps) in identifying

defects in a software system. What is the primary benefit of using Karnaugh
charts (K-maps)?

A) It ensures that all possible paths are tested

6 CO4
3C-15
B) It ensures that all possible decisions are tested

C) It ensures that all possible loops are tested

D) It ensures that all possible conditional statements are tested

Filling The Blank Questions

Path products are used in software testing to represent the _________ of a
1 CO3
3F-1 path through a program.

The reduction procedure is used in path products to _________ the path

2 CO3
3F-2 product.

Regular expressions are used in software testing to detect _________ in the

3 CO3
3F-3 flow of a program.

Logic-based testing is a software testing technique that uses _________ to

1 CO3
3F-4 represent the logic of a program.

Decision tables are used in logic-based testing to represent _________ logic. 2 CO3
3F-5
Path expressions are used in logic-based testing to represent the _________ of
3 CO3
3F-6 a path through a program.

Karnaugh charts (K-maps) are used in logic-based testing to _________

4 CO3
3F-7 complex logic.

The application of logic-based testing can be used to improve the _________

5 CO3
3F-8 of a software system.

The effectiveness of logic-based testing in identifying defects in a software

6 CO4
3F-9 system can be evaluated by analyzing the _________ of the system

Path products are used in software testing to analyze the _________ of a path
1 CO4
3F-10 through a program.

The reduction procedure is used in path products to eliminate _________

2 CO4
3F-11 paths.

Regular expressions are used in software testing to detect _________ in the

3 CO4
3F-12 flow of a program.

Logic-based testing can be used to identify _________ in a software system. 4 CO4

3F-13
 The application of logic-based testing can be used to improve the _________
5 CO4
3F-14 of a software system.

The effectiveness of logic-based testing in identifying defects in a software

6 CO4
3F-15 system can be evaluated by analyzing the _________ of the system.

Match The Following Questions

i. Path products A) A representation of
a path through a
program

ii. Path expressions B) A representation of

a decision in a program
I CO3
3M-1
iii. Decision tables C) A graphical
representation of a
decision table

iv. Karnaugh charts D) A representation of

a path expression

i. Path products A) Used to detect flow

anomalies in a program

ii. Regular expressions B) Used to represent

complex logic in a
program
II CO3
3M-2
iii. Decision tables C) Used to analyze the
flow of a program

iv. Logic-based testing D) Used to improve the

reliability of a software
system

i. Path expressions A) Improves the

coverage of test cases

ii. Decision tables B) Reduces the

complexity of test cases

iii. Karnaugh charts C) Improves the III CO4

3M-3
reliability of a software
system

iv. Regular expressions D) Detects flow

anomalies in a program

3M-4 i. Path products A) Can be complex to IV CO4

 implement

ii. Regular expressions B) Can be difficult to

maintain

iii. Decision tables C) May not detect all

defects

iv. Logic-based testing D) Can be time-

consuming to test

i. Integration of path products A) To improve the

with regular expressions overall quality of a
software system

ii. Use of decision tables to B) To reduce the

improve test coverage number of defects in a
software system
V CO4
3M-5
iii. Use of Karnaugh charts to C) To improve the
simplify complex logic reliability of a software
system

iv. Use of logic-based testing to D) To improve the

improve reliability testability of a software
system

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Write Short Notes on 3 CO3

i. Distributive Laws
3D-1 ii. Absorption Rules
iii. Loop
iv. Identity elements
Explain Huang’s theorem with an example? 1 CO3
3D-2
Explicate Regular Expressions and Flow Anomaly detection? 2 CO3
3D-3
Discuss Path Sums and Path Product? 6 CO3
3D-4
Discuss in detail about applications of path expressions? 6 CO3
3D-5
Discuss mean processing time and push/pop node reduction methods? 6 CO3
3D-6
Set down the concept of KV chart? Draw the k-map for 3 variable functions? 3,5 CO3
3D-7
What are decision tables? Illustrate the applications of decision tables. How is 1 CO3
3D-8 a decision table Useful in testing?

Write in detail about logical based testing? 2 CO4

3D-9
3D-10 Explain condition stub and action stub? 1 CO4

3D-11 Explain in detail Path Expressions in Logic based testing? 1 CO4

Compare and contrast decision tables and path expressions in logic-based 4 CO4
3D-12
testing.

3D-13 Compare and contrast path products and path expressions. 4 CO4

3D-14 Describe the reduction procedure for path expressions? 3 CO4

3D-15 Explain in detail KV-Charts? 1 CO4

UNIT IV
Course
Multiple Choice Questions
Outcome
What is a state graph in software testing?

A) A graphical representation of a program's states and transitions

B) A graphical representation of a program's inputs and outputs CO5

4C-1 1
C) A graphical representation of a program's control flow

D) A graphical representation of a program's data flow

What is the purpose of a state graph in software testing? CO5

A) To identify all possible states of a program

4C-2 B) To identify all possible transitions between states 2

C) To identify all possible inputs to a program

D) To identify all possible outputs of a program

How are state graphs used in state testing? 3 CO5

A) To identify all possible states of a program

4C-3 B) To identify all possible transitions between states

C) To identify all possible inputs to a program

D) To identify all possible outputs of a program

4C-4 What is a good state graph in software testing? 1 CO5

A) A state graph that has a small number of states

B) A state graph that has a large number of states

C) A state graph that has a small number of transitions

 D) A state graph that has a large number of transitions

What is a bad state graph in software testing? 2 CO5

A) A state graph that has a large number of states

4C-5 B) A state graph that has a small number of states

C) A state graph that has a large number of transitions

D) A state graph that has a small number of transitions

How can a state graph be used to improve the testability of a program? CO5

A) By identifying all possible states of a program

4C-6 B) By identifying all possible transitions between states 3

C) By identifying all possible inputs to a program

D) By identifying all possible outputs of a program

What is the advantage of using state graphs in software testing? CO5

A) It reduces the number of test cases

B) It increases the number of test cases

4C-7 4
C) It improves the coverage of test cases

D) It reduces the complexity of test cases

How can state testing be used to improve the reliability of a software system? CO5

A) By identifying all possible states of a program

B) By identifying all possible transitions between states

4C-8 5
C) By identifying all possible inputs to a program

D) By identifying all possible outputs of a program

Evaluate the effectiveness of state graphs in identifying defects in a software CO5

system. What is the primary benefit of using state graphs?

A) It ensures that all possible states are tested

4C-9 B) It ensures that all possible transitions are tested 6

C) It ensures that all possible inputs are tested

D) It ensures that all possible outputs are tested

4C-10 What is transition testing in software testing? 1 CO5

A) A testing technique that involves testing all possible transitions between

 states

B) A testing technique that involves testing all possible states of a program

C) A testing technique that involves testing all possible inputs to a program

D) A testing technique that involves testing all possible outputs of a program

What is the purpose of transition testing in software testing? CO5

A) To identify all possible transitions between states

B) To identify all possible states of a program

4C-11 2
C) To identify all possible inputs to a program

D) To identify all possible outputs of a program

How is transition testing used in software testing? CO5

A) To identify all possible transitions between states

B) To identify all possible states of a program

4C-12 3
C) To identify all possible inputs to a program

D) To identify all possible outputs of a program

What is the advantage of using transition testing in software testing? CO5

A) It reduces the number of test cases

B) It increases the number of test cases

4C-13 4
C) It improves the coverage of test cases

D) It reduces the complexity of test cases

How can transition testing be used to improve the reliability of a software CO5
system?

A) By identifying all possible transitions between states

4C-14 B) By identifying all possible states of a program 5

C) By identifying all possible inputs to a program

D) By identifying all possible outputs of a program

4C-15 Evaluate the effectiveness of transition testing in identifying defects in a 6 CO5

software system. What is the primary benefit of using transition testing?

A) It ensures that all possible transitions are tested

B) It ensures that all possible states are tested

 C) It ensures that all possible inputs are tested

D) It ensures that all possible outputs are tested

Filling The Blank Questions

A state graph is a graphical representation of a program's _________ and
CO5
4F-1 transitions. 1

The purpose of a state graph is to identify all possible _________ of a

CO5
4F-2 program. 2

A good state graph should have a small number of _________ and transitions. CO5
4F-3 3
A bad state graph is one that has a large number of _________ and
CO5
4F-4 transitions. 1

State testing involves testing all possible _________ of a program. CO5

4F-5 2
Transition testing involves testing all possible _________ between states. CO5
4F-6 3
The advantage of using state graphs is that they improve the _________ of CO5
4F-7 test cases. 4

State graphs can be used to improve the _________ of a software system. CO5
4F-8 5
The effectiveness of state graphs in identifying defects can be evaluated by CO5
4F-9 analyzing the _________ of the system. 6

A state graph consists of nodes that represent _________ and edges that CO5
4F-10 represent transitions. 1

The nodes in a state graph are also known as _________. CO5

4F-11 2
The edges in a state graph are also known as _________. CO5
4F-12 3
State graphs can be used to identify _________ in a software system. CO5
4F13 4
State graphs can be used to improve the _________ of a software system. CO5
4F14 5
The use of state graphs can be evaluated by analyzing the _________ of the CO5
4F15 system. 6

Match The Following Questions CO5

4M-1 i. State graph A) A graphical representation I CO5

of a program's states and
transitions

ii. State testing B) A testing technique that

involves testing all possible
states of a program

iii. Transition testing C) A testing technique that

 involves testing all possible
transitions between states

iv. Testability D) The ease with which a

program can be tested

i. State testing A) To identify all possible

states of a program

ii. Transition testing B) To identify all possible

transitions between states

4M-2 iii. State graphs C) To represent a program's II CO5

states and transitions
graphically

iv. Testability D) To improve the ease with

which a program can be tested

i. State graphs A) Improves the coverage of

test cases

ii. State testing B) Reduces the complexity of

test cases

4M-3 iii. Transition testing C) Improves the reliability of III CO5

a software system

iv. Testability D) Improves the

maintainability of a software
system

i. State testing A) Can be time-consuming to

test all possible states

ii. Transition testing B) Can be difficult to identify

all possible transitions

4M-4 iii. State graphs C) Can be complex to create IV CO5

and maintain

iv. Testability D) Can be limited by the

complexity of the program
 i. Integration of state testing A) To improve the overall
with transition testing quality of a software system

ii. Use of state graphs to B) To reduce the number of

improve testability defects in a software system

iii. Use of testability metrics to C) To improve the reliability

4M-5 V CO5
evaluate the effectiveness of of a software system
testing

iv. Use of state testing to D) To improve the

improve the reliability of a maintainability of a software
software system system

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Write short notes on 2 CO5

a. Transition Bugs
4D-1 b. Dead States
c. State Bugs
d. Encoding Bugs

What are the principles of state testing? Discuss advantages and 2 CO5
4D-2 disadvantages?

Write the design guidelines for building finite state machine into code? 2 CO5
4D-3

4D-4 Discuss about good and bad state graphs? 2 CO5

4D-5 What are the software implementation issues in state testing? 2 CO5

Explain state testing in software testing? 1 CO5

4D-6

4D-7 Define State Graph, Dead states and Equivalence states and Explain? 1 CO5

Explain State transition table in detail? 3 CO5

4D-8
Explain impact of bugs in state testing? 3 CO5
4D-9
Explain switches, tags and Unachievable paths? 1 CO5
4D-10
2
4D-11 What is Essential and Inessential Finite-State Behavior? CO5
2
4D-12 Explain in detail Limitations and Extensions in State Testing? CO5
3
4D-13 Distinguish between Time versus Sequence. CO5
2
4D-14 Explain Inputs and Transitions in State Graphs? CO5
 1
4D-15 Explain State, state graphs and Transition Testing? CO5

UNIT V
Course
Multiple Choice Questions
Outcome
What is a graph matrix in software testing?

A) A matrix representation of a graph

B) A graphical representation of a matrix CO6

5C-1 1
C) A table representation of a graph

D) A tree representation of a matrix

What is the purpose of a graph matrix in software testing?

A) To represent the structure of a graph

5C-2 B) To represent the functionality of a program CO6

2
C) To represent the control flow of a program

D) To represent the data flow of a program

How is a graph matrix used in software testing? 3

A) To identify all possible paths through a graph

5C-3 B) To identify all possible cycles in a graph CO6

C) To identify all possible nodes in a graph

D) To identify all possible edges in a graph

What is the power of a matrix in graph theory? 1

A) The number of times a matrix is multiplied by itself

B) The number of rows in a matrix CO6

5C-4
C) The number of columns in a matrix

D) The number of elements in a matrix

What is the node reduction algorithm in graph theory? 2

A) An algorithm used to reduce the number of nodes in a graph

5C-5 B) An algorithm used to increase the number of nodes in a graph CO6

C) An algorithm used to identify all possible paths through a graph

D) An algorithm used to identify all possible cycles in a graph

 How is the node reduction algorithm used in software testing?

A) To simplify the structure of a graph

5C-6 B) To complicate the structure of a graph CO6

3
C) To identify all possible paths through a graph

D) To identify all possible cycles in a graph

What is the advantage of using graph matrices in software testing?

A) It reduces the complexity of testing

B) It increases the complexity of testing CO6

5C-7 4
C) It improves the coverage of testing

D) It reduces the coverage of testing

How can graph matrices be used to improve the reliability of a software

system?

A) By identifying all possible paths through a graph

5C-8 B) By identifying all possible cycles in a graph 5 CO6

C) By simplifying the structure of a graph

D) By complicating the structure of a graph

Evaluate the effectiveness of graph matrices in identifying defects in a

software system. What is the primary benefit of using graph matrices?

A) It ensures that all possible paths are tested

5C-9 B) It ensures that all possible cycles are tested 6 CO6

C) It simplifies the structure of a graph

D) It complicates the structure of a graph

What is a relation in graph theory?

A) A connection between two nodes in a graph

B) A connection between two edges in a graph CO6

5C-10 1
C) A connection between two graphs

D) A connection between two matrices

5C-11 What is the purpose of a relation in graph theory? 2 CO5

A) To represent the structure of a graph

 B) To represent the functionality of a program

C) To represent the control flow of a program

D) To represent the data flow of a program

How is a relation used in software testing?

A) To identify all possible paths through a graph

B) To identify all possible cycles in a graph CO6

5C-12 3
C) To simplify the structure of a graph

D) To complicate the structure of a graph

What is the advantage of using relations in software testing?

A) It reduces the complexity of testing

B) It increases the complexity of testing CO6

5C-13 4
C) It improves the coverage of testing

D) It reduces the coverage of testing

How can relations be used to improve the reliability of a software system?

A) By identifying all possible paths through a graph

B) By identifying all possible cycles in a graph CO6

5C-14 5
C) By simplifying the structure of a graph

D) By complicating the structure of a graph

Evaluate the effectiveness of relations in identifying defects in a software

system. What is the primary benefit of using relations?

A) It ensures that all possible paths are tested

5C-15 B) It ensures that all possible cycles are tested 6 CO6

C) It simplifies the structure of a graph

D) It complicates the structure of a graph

Filling The Blank Questions

A graph matrix is a _________ representation of a graph. CO6
5F-1 1
The matrix of a graph is used to represent the _________ between nodes. CO6
5F-2 2
The power of a matrix is used to calculate the _________ of a graph. CO6
5F-3 3
 A relation in graph theory is a _________ between two nodes. CO6
5F-4 1
The node reduction algorithm is used to _________ the number of nodes in a CO6
5F-5 graph. 2

Graph matrices are used in software testing to identify all possible _________ CO6
5F-6 through a graph. 3

The use of graph matrices can improve the _________ of a software system. CO6
5F-7 4
Graph matrices can be used to simplify the _________ of a graph. CO6
5F-8 5
The effectiveness of graph matrices in identifying defects can be evaluated by CO6
5F-9 analyzing the _________ of the system. 6

A graph matrix is a square _________ with rows and columns representing CO6
5F-10 nodes. 1

The entries in a graph matrix represent the _________ between nodes. CO6
5F-11 2
The power of a matrix is calculated by _________ the matrix by itself. CO6
5F-12 3
The node reduction algorithm is used to reduce the _________ of a graph CO6
5F-13 4
Graph matrices can be used to improve the _________ of a software system. CO6
5F-14 5
The use of graph matrices can be evaluated by analyzing the _________ of CO6
5F-15 the system. 6

Match The Following Questions

i. Graph matrix A) A square matrix with rows and columns
representing nodes

ii. Relation B) A connection between two nodes in a

graph

5M-1 iii. Power of a C) The result of multiplying a matrix by I CO6

matrix itself

iv. Node reduction D) A technique used to reduce the number

algorithm of nodes in a graph
 i. Graph matrix A) Used to represent the structure of a graph

ii. Relation B) Used to identify all possible paths

through a graph

5M-2 iii. Power of a C) Used to calculate the number of cycles in II CO6

matrix a graph

iv. Node reduction D) Used to simplify the structure of a graph

algorithm

i. Graph matrix A) Improves the coverage of testing

ii. Relation B) Reduces the complexity of testing

iii. Power of a C) Improves the reliability of a software

5M-3 III CO6
matrix system

iv. Node reduction D) Simplifies the structure of a graph

algorithm

i. Graph matrix A) Used to identify all possible defects in a

software system

ii. Relation B) Used to simplify the structure of a graph

5M-4 iii. Power of a C) Used to calculate the number of cycles in IV CO6

matrix a graph

iv. Node reduction D) Used to represent the structure of a graph

algorithm

5M-5 i. Integration of A) To improve the overall quality of a V CO6

graph matrices with software system
node reduction
algorithms

ii. Use of relations to B) To reduce the number of defects in a

improve the software system
coverage of testing

iii. Use of power of C) To improve the reliability of a software

a matrix to simplify system
the structure of a
graph

iv. Use of graph D) To simplify the structure of a graph

 matrices to improve
the reliability of a
software system

5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Define Graph? And Explain? 2 CO5
5D-1
Define Reflexive Relations? Define directed & undirected Graph? 2 CO6
5D-2
Explain in detail Node-Reduction Algorithm? 2 CO6
5D-3
What are the applications of Node-Reduction Algorithm? 3 CO6
5D-4
Discuss about Matrix representation in software in building tools? 6 CO6
5D-5
Discuss Node Reduction Optimization of building tools? 6 CO6
5D-6
Explain about the Partitioning Algorithm. 3 CO6
5D-7
What is a graph matrix, and how is it used to represent a graph? 1 CO6
5D-8
Analyze the impact of node reduction in simplifying the representation of a 5 CO6
5D-9 graph.

3
5D-10 Explain in details Relations in Graph Matrices? CO6
2
5D-11 What is Matrix Powers and Products? CO6
4
5D-12 How an Algorithm is partitioned? Explain? CO6
3
5D-13 What are the principles of Powers of Matrix and Explain Loops? CO6
4
5D-14 Explain Properties of Relations? CO6
5
5D-15 Discuss the problem with pictorial graphs? CO6