Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction: EMI is the phenomenon of inducing

a current/emf by changing the magnetic flux linked to a circuit.
Magnetic Flux:
Magnetic flux is defined as the Total number of magnetic field lines passing
through an area. It is denoted by φ and its SI unit is Webber (Wb).

Φ= B.A, φ = BA Cosθ
When magnetic field is normal to the plane surface, θ=0, hence flux is
maximum
φ = BA
When magnetic field is parallel to the plane surface, θ=90, hence flux is
zero
φ=0
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
i) First Law: Whenever the number of magnetic field lines or magnetic flux
through a closed-circuit changes, an emf is produced in circuit which is
known as induced emf.
This induced emf lasts as long as there is change in magnetic flux
ii) Second Law: The induced emf is given by the rate of change in
magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

For N turns in Coil

The -ve sign indicates that, the induced emf opposes the change of flux.
The induced emf is also called back emf as the polarity of induce emf is
such that it opposes the change in the magnetic flux linked through a coil
Lenz’s Law
According to Lenz Law, the polarity of induced emf is such that it opposes
its cause which produces it.
The induced current produces a magnetism such that it opposes the motion
of magnet. In simple words, the coil does not want the magnetic field lines
passing through it to change. Hence it produces a current which opposes
this change in magnetic flux.
Eg. When a south pole of a bar magnet moves towards the coil, an emf is
setup in the coil. The induced current flows in clock wise direction and the
coil develops a south polarity to push back the approaching magnet.
The current induced here opposes the motion of north pole of bar magnet

TIP: NORTH (ANTI-CLOCKWISE) AND SOUTH (CLOCKWISE)

Similarly, when south pole of magnet is moved away from coil, the induced
current flows in anti-clock wise direction and develops a north polarity to
attract the magnet towards the coil
 .
Lenz’s Law and law of conservation of energy
According to Lenz law, the induced emf opposes the change that has
produced it.in order to move the magnet near or away from the coil we
perform mechanical work, which causes the change in magnetic flux due to
which emf is produced. So, it is mechanical energy which is converted into
electrical energy. Thus, Lenz law is in accordance to law of conservation of
energy.
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
Stretch your forefinger, middle finger and thumb of right hand such that
they are mutually perpendicular to each other. If the thumb points in the
direction of motion of conductor and the forefinger points in the direction of
magnetic field, then the middle finger will point in the direction of induced
current.
Motional EMF
Another way to induce an emf is by moving a conductor in a magnetic field.
Due to this flux lined through an area in conductor changes and emf is
induced.
The emf induced across the ends of a conductor due to its motion in a
magnetic field is known as motional emf.

Motional emf due to translatory motion

Motional Emf due to change in area of loop

𝜀 𝐵𝑣𝐿
Induced current ,𝐼 = =
𝑅 𝑅
 𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣
Force, 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 = 𝑅
𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣2
Power, P= F v = 𝑅
Motional emf due to rotational motion

Emf across the conductor,

Inductance
Inductance is the inherent property of an electric circuit which opposes any
change in current in circuit.
Self Inductance
The property of a coil by virtue of which the coil opposes any change in
current flowing through it, by inducing an emf in itself is called self
inductance
Magnetic flux linked with a coil is directly proportional to the current

Ф ∝ I, Ф= LI
Where L is coefficient of self induction and its S.I. unit is Henry (H)

ⅆФ ⅆ𝐼
As 𝜀=− , 𝜀 = −𝐿 ⅆ𝑡
ⅆ𝑡
If I=1 then Ф=L, hence coefficient of self inductance can be defined as
magnetic flux linked with circuit when 1 ampere of current flows through it

Self Inductance of a long solenoid

Energy stored in an inductor

Energy density in magnetic field

Mutual Inductance
Whenever the current passing through a coil changes, the magnetic flux
linked with the neighboring coil changes hence an emf is induced in the
neighboring coil and this phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.
Explanation: We know that current flowing in a conductor creates a
magnetic field. If this current is continuously changed, the magnetic field
also changes. If another coil is placed next to it, the magnetic field lines
passing through the neighboring coil changes or the magnetic flux linked
with neighboring coil changes. As a result, an emf is produced in the
neighboring coil

At any instant, magnetic flux linked with secondary coil is directly

proportional to the current in primary coil.

Ф ∝ I, Ф= MI
Where M is the coefficient of mutual inductance and its S.I. unit is Henry
(H)

ⅆФ
As 𝜀=− , 𝜀 = −𝑀 ⅆ𝐼
ⅆ𝑡
ⅆ𝑡
coefficient of mutual inductance of two coils can be defined as the induced
emf set up in one coil when the current in the neighboring coil changes at
unit rate
Mutual Inductance of two solenoids
Relation between M, L1 and L2

where K is coupling factor.

𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒ⅆ 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛ⅆ𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑘=
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑒ⅆ 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
If K=1, The coupling is perfect and the mutual inductance between the coils
is maximum
If k=0, there is no coupling and M=0 i.e. The flux produced by one coil is
not linked to the another

Combination of inductors
Series combination: If two coils of self inductance L1 and L2 having a
mutual inductance M are connected in series and far from each other, so
the mutual inductance between them is negligible.

Ls= L1+L2
If they are close then,

Ls= L1+L2 ±2M

Parallel combination: If two coils of self inductance L1 and L2 having a
mutual inductance M are connected in parallel and are far from each other

then,

1 1 1
= +
𝐿𝑝 𝐿1 𝐿2
When they are closed to each other
A.C. Generator
An electric machine used to convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy is known as a.c. generator.
Principle: It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction,
when a coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, emf is induced
in it.
Construction:
1. Armature (Coil of Wire):
The armature is usually a rectangular coil of wire, made of
conducting material like copper. The coil is placed between the
poles of a magnet. The purpose of the coil is to rotate and cut
through magnetic field lines, which induces an electric current
according to Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction.
2. Magnet:
The magnet provides a magnetic field. This can be either a
permanent magnet or an electromagnet (a magnet that becomes
magnetic when current flows through it). The magnetic field
between the poles is where the coil rotates.
3. Slip Rings:
These are two metal rings attached to the ends of the coil. They
rotate along with the coil but are not fixed, meaning they maintain
electrical contact with the outside circuit while allowing the coil to
spin.
4. Brushes:
The brushes are stationary, usually made of carbon, and are
pressed against the slip rings. They are connected to an external
circuit (load) and allow the current to flow out of the generator to
the load without interfering with the coil's rotation.

Working:
When the coil rotates in the strong magnetic field, it cuts the
magnetic field lines as a result the magnetic flux linked with the
circuit changes. Hence emf is produced
By Appling Flemings right hand rule, it is observed that the current
flows through Brush B1 in one direction in first half of revolution
and through the brush B2 in next half of revolution in reverse
direction. This process is further repeated.
According to Faraday’s second law of EMI
 − ⅆ(𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝜀=
ⅆ𝑡

Here θ=ωt
− ⅆ(𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ωt)
𝜀=
ⅆ𝑡
−𝑁𝐵𝐴 ⅆ(𝑐𝑜𝑠 ωt)
𝜀=
ⅆ𝑡
[-d(cos 2x) = 2sin2x]
𝜀 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 ω. Sinωt ----------------------(1)
At θ=ωt= 90 , emf is maximum (𝜀0 )
𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 ω sin90
𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 ω
So, substituting the value of 𝑁𝐵𝐴 ω as 𝜀0 in eq1
𝜀 = 𝜀0 Sinωt
Also induced current is given by
𝜀 𝜀0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝐼= = 𝑜𝑟 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝑅 𝑅
 Formulas used in the chapter
1 Magnetic flux φ = BA Cosθ
2 Relation of emf with flux
Faraday’s Second law
3 Motional emf due to ε=Blv
translatory motion
4 Relation between 𝜀 𝐵𝑣𝐿
motional emf and 𝐼= =
induced current 𝑅 𝑅
5 Relation between force 𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣
and motional emf 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙 =
𝑅
6 Relation between 𝐵2 𝑙2 𝑣2
power and motional emf P= F v = 𝑅

7 Motional emf due to

circulatory motion
8 Induced Current due to
circulatory motion
9 Self inductance Ф= LI
10 Relation between self ⅆ𝐼
inductance and current 𝜀 = −𝐿
ⅆ𝑡
11 Self inductance of long
solenoid
12 Energy stored in
inductor
13 Energy density

14 Mutual inductance Ф= MI
15 Mutual inductance and ⅆ𝐼
induced emf 𝜀 = −𝑀
ⅆ𝑡
16 Mutual Inductance of
two solenoids

17 Series combination of Ls= L1+L2

inductors If they are close then,
Ls= L1+L2 ±2M

18 Parallel combination of 1 1 1
inductors = +
𝐿𝑝 𝐿1 𝐿2
When they are closed to each
other

19 Alternating voltage
𝜀 = 𝜀0 Sinωt
20 Alternating current 𝜀 𝜀0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝐼= = 𝑜𝑟
𝑅 𝑅
𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡