Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)

09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
A gas compressor is a device used to move gas from
one location to another with higher energy.

Practical use of gas compressor:

• Air Hoist
• Air Blasting
• Tire Inflation
• Paint Spraying
• Other Specialized Industrial Application
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
1. Reciprocating Compressor
• Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
1. Reciprocating Compressor
• Multi-Stage Reciprocating Compressor
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
2. Rotary Compressor
• Screw type compressors
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
2. Rotary Compressor
• Gear type compressors
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
2. Rotary Compressor
• Vane type compressors
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
3. Centrifugal Compressor
• Single Stage compressors
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Introduction to Gas Compressor
Types of gas compressor:
3. Centrifugal Compressor
• Multi-Stage compressors
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
The compression of gas in a centrifugal compressor is performed by
the use of centrifugal force.
The compression action of a rotary compressor is achieved by the
employment of spinning parts, such as screws, gears, or vanes.

Analysis of Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor

The general energy equation for steady flow open systems is used in the
energy analysis of rotary and centrifugal compressors.
Using the first law of thermodynamics, take a look at the illustration below:
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
Analysis of Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
The general energy equation for steady flow open systems is used in the
energy analysis of rotary and centrifugal compressors.
Using the first law of thermodynamics, take a look at the illustration below:
P

𝑚1 2

𝑚1 𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶

1
𝑊
𝑄𝑅
V
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
P From the figure shown and using the first law of
thermodynamics for steady flow open system
2
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾 + 𝑊
Where,
𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
∆𝑃 = 0 ; ∆𝐾 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 0
1
For Adiabatic Compression
−𝑊 = ∆𝐻
V 2
−𝑊 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 න 𝑑𝑇
1
2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 න 𝑑𝑇
1
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
P For Adiabatic Compression
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
2 𝑇2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 −1
𝑇1
𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶 For 𝐶𝑝,
𝐶𝑝 𝐶𝑝
1 𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 𝑘= → 𝐶𝑣 =
𝐶𝑣 𝑘
𝐶𝑝
𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝 −
V 𝑘
1
𝑅 = 𝐶𝑝 1 −
𝑘
𝑅
𝐶𝑝 =
1
1−
𝑘
𝑅 𝑘𝑅
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝 =
1 𝑘−1
𝑘−1
𝑘
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
P For Adiabatic Compression
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
2
𝑇2 𝑘𝑅
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 𝑇1 −1 ; 𝐶𝑝 =
𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑇1 𝑘−1

1 𝑘𝑅 𝑇2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚 𝑇1 −1
𝑘−1 𝑇1

V
𝑘 𝑇2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1 −1 ; 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇1
𝑘−1 𝑇1

𝑘 𝑇2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃1𝑉1 −1
𝑘−1 𝑇1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
P For Adiabatic Compression
𝑘 𝑇2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃1𝑉1 −1
2 𝑘−1 𝑇1
Where for Isentropic process,
𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘
1 =
𝑇1 𝑃1
𝑘−1
V 𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 −1
𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃1

For Polytropic process,

𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 −1
𝑛−1 1 1 𝑃1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
P For Isothermal process,
𝑄 = ∆𝐻 + ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾 + 𝑊
2
−𝑊 = −𝑄 + ∆𝐻 + ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾
𝑉𝑑𝑃 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑊𝑐 = −𝑄 + ∆𝐻 + ∆𝑃 + ∆𝐾

1 𝑊𝑐 = −𝑄 + ∆𝐻 ; ∆𝑇 = 0
𝑊𝑐 = −𝑄 + 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
V 𝑊𝑐 = −𝑄

𝑃2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑃1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
P
Isothermal process

𝑃2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑙𝑛
𝑃1

Isentropic process
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 −1
V 𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃1

Polytropic process

𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 −1
𝑛−1 1 1 𝑃1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Rotary and Centrifugal Compressor
Isothermal process Where,
𝑃2 • 𝑊𝑐 is Compressor work; 𝑘𝑊 𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑝
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃1𝑉1 𝑙𝑛 • 𝑘 Specific heat ratio for isentropic process
𝑃1
• 𝑛 Specific heat ratio for polytropic process
𝑚3
Isentropic process • 𝑉1 volume flow rate or air intake
𝑠
• 𝑃1 pressure at compressor intake 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘 • 𝑃2 pressure at compressor discharge 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 −1 • 𝑇1 temperature at compressor intake 𝐾
𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃1
• 𝑇2 temperature at compressor discharge 𝐾
𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏
Polytropic process • 𝑚 mass flow rate ,
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝐽
• 𝐶𝑝 specific heat at constant pressure, 𝑘𝑔 𝐾
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 −1
𝑛−1 1 1 𝑃1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Reciprocating Compressor
Compression of gas is accomplished through the back-and-forth
movement of the piston or plunger inside the cylinder
These compressors could be a single stage or multi-stage machines

Intake Discharge
1 2

Compressor

Single Stage Reciprocating Compressor

 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Reciprocating Compressor
Compression of gas is accomplished through the back and forth
movement of the piston or plunger inside the cylinder
These compressors could be a single stage or multi-stage machines

1 2 3 4

Intercooler
Compressor Compressor

Double Stage Reciprocating Compressor

 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor

Intake 1 • Opening of the inlet valve.

• Fresh ambient air is continuously introduced into
the cylinder, temperature and pressure is constant
• The amount of air created is (𝑉1 – 𝑉4)

𝑃 𝑇 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛

1 4 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4

V 𝑆
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor

• Both valves are closed.

• The polytropic or isentropic process law of 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶.
is used to compress the induced air until the pressure and
temperature reach 𝑃2and 𝑇2, respectively.
• The air should not transfer any heat to the surroundings ideally.
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃 𝑇 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇1
1

1 4 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4

V 𝑆
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor

2 • It opens the exhaust valve.

• The cylinder releases compressed air at constant
temperature and pressure

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃 𝑇 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇1
1

1 4 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4

V 𝑆
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor

• The compressed air inside the clearance volume

𝑉𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 expands in accordance with the polytropic law
of 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶 . until the pressure and temperature reach
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 and 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 , respectively.

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃 𝑇 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
3 2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇1
1 𝑇3
3

1 4 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4

V 𝑆
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor
Determination of Compressor Work
Compressor work may be obtained by subtracting two
area at the back of PV diagram
𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃3 𝑉3 − 𝑃4 𝑉4
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 + − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃3 𝑉3 + − 𝑃4 𝑉4
𝑘−1 𝑘−1

𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃3 𝑉3 𝑃4 𝑉4
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 + − − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃3 𝑉3 + − − 𝑃4 𝑉4
𝑘−1 𝑘−1 𝑘−1 𝑘−1

1 1 1 1
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 1 + − 𝑃1 𝑉1 1 + − 𝑃3 𝑉3 1 + − 𝑃4 𝑉4 1 +
𝑘−1 𝑘−1 𝑘−1 𝑘−1

1 1
𝑊𝑐 = 1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 1 + 𝑃3 𝑉3 − 𝑃4 𝑉4
𝑘−1 𝑘−1

1
𝑊𝑐 = 1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃3 𝑉3 − 𝑃4 𝑉4
𝑘−1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor
Determination of Compressor Work
Compressor work may be obtained by subtracting two
area under the PV diagram
1
𝑊𝑐 = 1 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃3 𝑉3 − 𝑃4 𝑉4 ; 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 and 𝑃1 = 𝑃4
𝑘−1

𝑘−1+1
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉3 − 𝑃1 𝑉4
𝑘−1

𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑘−1
Considering process 1-2 𝑃1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑃2 𝑉2𝑘
𝑘 1
𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑘
= → 𝑉2 = 𝑉1
𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑃2
Considering process 3-4 𝑃3 𝑉3𝑘 = 𝑃4 𝑉4𝑘
1
𝑃1 𝑘
𝑉3 = 𝑉4
𝑃2
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor
Determination of Compressor Work
Compressor work may be obtained by subtracting two
area under the PV diagram

𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑘−1
1 1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉1 − 𝑉4 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑘−1 𝑃2 𝑃2

1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉1 − 𝑉4 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑘−1 𝑃2
1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃2 𝑉1 − 𝑉4 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑘−1 𝑃2
1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
′
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑉1 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑘−1 𝑃2
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor
Determination of Compressor Work
Compressor work may be obtained by subtracting two
area under the PV diagram
1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
′
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑉1 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑘−1 𝑃2
1
𝑘 𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉′ −1
𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃1 𝑃2
1
−1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉′ −1
𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃2 𝑃2
−𝑘+1
𝑘 𝑃1 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉′ −1
𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃2

𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉′ −1
𝑘−1 1 1 𝑃1
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
09
Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor
Determination of Compressor Work
Compressor work may be obtained by subtracting two
area under the PV diagram
For Polytropic Compression
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉′ −1
𝑛−1 1 1 𝑃1

Where,
• 𝑉1 ′ is the volume of the gas drawn in the
compressor 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Analysis of Single Reciprocating Compressor
Specified Values of 𝑛 based on experience as follows:
 𝑛 = 1.35 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 is for inexpensive compressors of the type found in
automotive service centers.
 𝑛 = 1.3 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 is under favorable conditions
 𝑛 = 1.25 − 1.3 represents the best result for jacketed compression
In the isothermal compression, all the heat equivalent of the compression heat is carried away
𝑢1 − 𝑢2 .
In the isentropic process, no heat is carried away and the gas leaves with an increase in internal
energy equivalent to the compression work.
In the polytropic process, there is some heat carried away and some increase in internal energy
and temperature.
The heat rejected 𝑄𝑅 (in internal energy and temperature) during polytropic process is expressed
by:
𝑘−𝑛
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝐶𝑛 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ; 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑣
1−𝑛
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Volumetric Efficiency and Percent Clearance
𝑃 𝑉1 ′ 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑉3 𝜂𝑣 = = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷
3 2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉3
%𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = → 𝑉3 = 𝑐𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐷
Considering process 3-4 1
1
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑃2 𝑘
4 𝑃3 𝑉3𝑘 = 𝑃4 𝑉4𝑘 → 𝑉4 = 𝑉3
𝑃1
𝑉 We know,
𝑉1 ′ 𝑉1 = 𝑉3 + 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐷
𝑉1 = 𝑐𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Volumetric Efficiency and Percent Clearance
𝑃 𝑉1 ′ 𝑉1 − 𝑉4
𝑉3 𝜂𝑣 = = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐷 𝑉𝐷
3 2 1
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑐𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉3
𝑃1
𝜂𝑣 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐷
1
1 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑉𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑐𝑉𝐷
4 𝑃1
𝜂𝑣 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐷
𝑉 1
𝑃2 𝑘
𝑉1 ′ 𝜂𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝐷
𝑃1
1
𝜂𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑟𝑝 𝑘𝑥 100%
𝑉1
𝜂𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 𝑥 100%
𝑉2
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Volume Displaced of Reciprocating Compressor
Volume Displaced is the volume swept by the piston in one stroke

𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑑

3 2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4

𝑉
𝑉1 ′
 Week 9 : Gas Compressor (Single Stage Compressor)
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Reciprocating Compressor
Volume Displaced of Reciprocating Compressor
Volume Displaced is the volume swept by the piston in one stroke

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑑

3 2
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4

𝑉
𝑉1 ′
𝑉𝐷
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Reciprocating Compressor
Volume Displaced of Reciprocating Compressor
Volume Displaced is the volume swept by the piston in one stroke

𝐷
𝜋 2
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐷 𝐿𝑁𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑐
4
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝐸𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑑

𝑃 𝐿
𝑉3 Where,
3 2 𝑚3
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 • 𝑉𝐷 is volume displacement 𝑠
• 𝐷 diameter of the piston cylinder 𝑖𝑛, 𝑓𝑡, or 𝑚
• 𝐿 length of stroke 𝑖𝑛, 𝑓𝑡, or 𝑚
1 • 𝑁 speed of the motor 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
4
• 𝑛𝑎 number of acting compressor
• 𝑛𝑐 number of cylinder
𝑉
𝑉1 ′
𝑉𝐷
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Reciprocating Compressor
Compressor Efficiency
Compressor efficiency is the ratio of the ideal compressor work to that
of actual compressor work.

𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑐 = 𝑥100%
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
For adiabatic compressor, compression efficiency is the ratio of the
isentropic work to that of the actual fluid work.
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇
2′ 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛
2

𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑐 = 𝑥100% 1
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝑆
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Reciprocating Compressor
Mechanical Efficiency:
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑚 = 𝑥100%
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
Compression Efficiency:
Adiabatic Compression Efficiency:
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑐 = 𝑥100%
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
Isothermal Compression Efficiency:
𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑡 = 𝑥100%
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
Polytropic Compression Efficiency:
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑝 = 𝑥100%
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
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Reciprocating Compressor
Overall Efficiency:
Overall Efficiency:
𝜂𝑜 = (𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑦)(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑦)

Adiabatic Overall Efficiency:

𝜂𝑜𝑐 = 𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑐

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂𝑜𝑐 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂𝑜𝑐 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
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Reciprocating Compressor
Overall Efficiency:
Overall Efficiency:
𝜂𝑜 = (𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑦)(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑦)

Isothermal Overall Efficiency:

𝜂𝑜𝑡 = 𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑡

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂𝑜𝑡 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂𝑜𝑡 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
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Reciprocating Compressor
Overall Efficiency:
Overall Efficiency:
𝜂𝑜 = (𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑦)(𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑦)

Polytropic Overall Efficiency:

𝜂𝑜𝑝 = 𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑝

𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂𝑜𝑝 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘

𝜂𝑜𝑝 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
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Reciprocating Compressor
Overall Efficiency:
Adiabatic Overall Efficiency:
• Indicated Work (𝑊𝑖 ) is the work
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 done in the cylinder.
𝜂𝑜𝑐 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 • Brake Work (𝑊𝐵 ) or shaft work is
the work at the shaft.
Isothermal Overall Efficiency:
• Adiabatic compression efficiency
is the compression effcy.
𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 commonly used. Compression
𝜂𝑜𝑡 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 Efficiency, therefore, would mean
adiabatic compression
Polytropic Overall Efficiency:
efficiency.
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝜂𝑜𝑝 =
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
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Reciprocating Compressor
Example:
An air compressor cylinder has 150mm bore and 150mm stroke and the clearance is 15%.
It operates between 1 bar, 27C and 5 bar. Take polytrophic exponent n=1.3 for compression and
expansion processes
Find:
a. Cylinder volume at the various salient points of in cycle.
b. Flow rate in m3 /min at 720 rpm
c. The Ideal volumetric efficiency.
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Reciprocating Compressor
Example:
There are required 2000 𝑘𝑊 of compressor power to handle air
𝑚
adiabatically from 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚, 26.7℃ to 304 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎. The initial air velocity is 21 and the
𝑠
𝑚
final velocity is 35 .
𝑠
a. if the process is isentropic, find the volume handled in 𝑚3 /𝑠
measured of the inlet condition.
b. if the compression is irreversible adiabatic to a temperature of
160℃ with the capacity found in (a.), find the power input in 𝑘𝑊