TOA (INTRO TO THEORY)

Theory - Abstract thought or speculation in analyzing, explaining, or predicting

phenomena
Descriptive - explains events or phenomena
Prescriptive - prescribes guidelines
Spatial System - program elements and spaces accommodates the multiple functions of
a house
Structural System - support horizontal beams and slabs
Enclosure System - Four exterior wall planes define a rectangular volume
Circulation System - movement of the automobile in villa savoye
Context - wraps around a complex interior organization of forms and spaces
Perceptual - Sensory perception and recognition of the physical elements
Conceptual - Comprehension of the ordered and disordered of buildings elements and
systems
Design process - aimed at devising a plan for changing an existing situation
Initiation - Identifying a problem and its social, economic, and physical context
Preparation - Collecting and analyzing relevant information
Synthesis - Discovering constraints and opportunities for possible alternative solution
Evaluation - Simulating, testing, and modifying acceptable alternatives
Action - Selecting and implementing the most suitable solution
Reevaluation - Assessing how well an implemented solution is use

TOA (ELEMENTS+PRINCIPLES)

Point - Primary elements of design that marks a position of space and known for its
directionless
Two Points - line that connects them and describes as symmetrical
Line - an extended point in expressing direction, movement and growth
Plane - An extended line has length, width but no depth
Shape - identify as a characteristic of a plane
Volume - plane extended that has length, width and depth
Form - primary identifies a characteristic of volume
Form - the manner of arranging and coordinating the elements that produce coherent
image
Articulation - jointing parts that has relation (clear, distinct and precise) to each other
Shape - Visual Properties of Form: characterize outline of a surface or silhouettes and
contours of forms
Size - Visual Properties of Form: physical dimensions of length, width, and depth that
determine the proportion of forms
Texture - Visual Properties of Form: tactile quality that determines surfaces of a form
reflect or absorb incident light.
Color - Visual Properties of Form: perception of hue, saturation, and tonal value that
affects weight of a form
Hue - Parts of colors: another word for color
Value - Parts of colors: describes how light or dark
Temperature - Parts of colors: feeling of warmth or coolness
Intensity - Parts of colors: color from dull to vivid
Intensity - Also called chroma and saturation
Primary - Color Wheel: red, blue, and yellow
Secondary - Color Wheel: violet, green, and orange.
Tertiary - Color Wheel: red-violet, blue-violet, yellow-green, blue-green, red-orange, and
yellow-orange
Warm Colors - Colors that conveys emotions: energy and joy (when in rooms appears
larger)
Cool Colors - Colors that conveys emotions: calmness and peace (office: appears
smaller, used for background)
Complementary - Basic Color Schemes: colors opposite each other (blue and orange)
Split Complimentary - Basic Color Schemes: use of three colors or one color and two
colors matches together (blue, yellow-orange)
Analogous - Basic Color Schemes: three colors next to each other
Triadic - Basic Color Schemes:Three colors that are equally apart
Tetradic or Double Complementary - Basic Color Schemes: four colors together, in the
form of two sets of complementary colors
Tints - Basic Color Schemes: adding white
Shades - Basic Color Schemes: adding black
Tones - Basic Color Schemes: mixing hue to grey
Achromatic - Basic Color Schemes: no color or just shades of grey, black and white
(greyscale)
Position - location of a form which is seen
Orientation - direction of a form to a persons view
Visual Inertia - degree of concentration and stability depends on the orientation
Form Articulation - changing in materials, colors, texture or pattern; developing corners
and removing corners
Circulation - passage of one place to another from moving time through sequence of
spaces
Approach - first phase of the circulation system known as entrance
Frontal - directly to the entrance of a building along a straight, axial path.
Oblique - Enhances the effect of perspective on the front façade (path is not directly to
the building)
Spiral - prolongs the path usually move around its perimeter
Entrance - a vertical plane that distinguishes one space from another and separates
here from there
Flush - continuity of the surface of a wall and can be deliberately obscured
Projected - transitional space that provides overhead shelter
Recessed - Also provides shelter and receives a portion of exterior space into the realm
of the building
Configuration of Path - paths of movement are linear in nature from starting point to
sequence of spaces
Linear - straight path, curvilinear or segmented, intersect to other paths, have branches
or form aloop
Radial - linear path that extend s in terminating at a central, common point.
Spiral - from center point to a continuous single path that is increasingly distant from it
Grid - two sets of parallel paths that intersect at regular intervals and create square or
rectangular space
Composite - combination of the preceding patterns (linear, radial, spiral and grid)
Pass by Spaces - maintaning integrity of each space and a flexible path
Network - paths that connect established points in space
Pass through Spaces - path may pass through a space axially, obliquely, or along its
edge
Terminate in a Space - location of the space establishes the path to enter functionally or
symbolically
Enclosed - public galleria or private corridor that relates to the spaces it links through
entrances in a wall plane
Open on one side - balcony or gallery that provides visual and spatial continuity with the
spaces
Open on both sides - colonnaded passageway that becomes a physical extension of the
space
Design principle - fundamental and comprehensive concept of visual perception and
aesthetic composition
Proportion - harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole
Golden Section - ratio between two sections which is lesser of the two and greater sum
of both
Classical Orders - perfect expression of beauty and harmony
Le Corbusier (modulor) - he develop the dimensions of that which contains and that
which is contained
Modulor - based on both mathematics and proportions of the human body
Anthropometry - measurement of the size and proportions of the human body
Anthropometry - average dimension varry from the norm of the difference of men and
women
Ergonomics - developed from a concern with human factors
Scale - reference standard or relation to the size of something
Visual Scale - refers to how small or large something
Human Scale - dimensions and proportions of the human body or height
Contrast - Opposition or juxtaposition of dissimilar elements
Balance - ate of equilibrium between contrasting, opposing, or interacting elements in
harmonious arrangement
Symmetry - exact correspondence in size, form, and arrangement of parts on opposite
sides
Bilateral Symmetry - balanced arrangement of similar or equivalent elements
Radial Symmetry - balanced arrangement of similar, radiating element around the
center point along central axis
Hierarchy - importance or significance of a form or space by its size, shape, or
placement
Rhythm - Movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alternation of formal
elements
Repetition - act or process of repeating formal elements

TOA (DESIGN PERCEPTION)

Space - Relative positive and direction with a particular purpose

Space within a space - three-dimensional field for the smaller space contained within it
Interlocking spaces - overlapping of two spatial fields and merge of shared space
Adjacent spaces - most common type of spatial relationship and clearly defined a
specific function or symbolic requirements
Spaces linked by a common space - Two spaces that are separated by distance can be
linked or related to each other
Centralized - stable, concentrated composition consist of grouped around large,
dominant and central space
Linear - either be directly related to one another or be linked through a separate and
distinct
Radial - space combines elements of both centralized and linear
Clustered - physical proximity to relate its spaces to one another often consist of
repetitive, cellular space such as shape or orientation
Grid - forms and spaces whose positions in space and relationships with one another to
regulate pattern or field
Proxemics - Symbolic and communicative role in social and interpersonal situation on
how the nature relates to environment and cultural factor
Personal Space - one person feels comfortable talking to another
Personal Distance - Other term of personal space
Intimate Distance - Close range that can whisper, moan, or grunt usually 0-18 inches(0-
450mm) from each other
Personal Distance - available to be grasped, held, or shoved away usually 18 inches to
4 feet(450mm-1.20m) far from each other
Social Distance - rely solely on what we can see and hear and can ignore or disengage
a conversation usually 4 to 10 feet (1.20m -3.00m) far from each other
Public Distance - no longer pick up subtle nuances usually 10 feet to infinity (3 meters
and beyond) far from others
Semi-fixed feature space - Furniture arrangement in public places has distinct
relationship
Sociopetal Space - Bring people together
Sociofugal Space - keep people apart and discourage conversations
Style - artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period
Moorish - fluences were Mesopotamian brick and stucco techniques and frequent use of
horseshoe arch, and Roman columns and capitals
Classical - principles of Greek and Roman architecture
Romanesque - characterized by massive articulated wall structures, arches and
powerful vaults
Gothic - Characterized by balance of forces throughout a rigid structural lattice
Renaissance - rebirth of classical art and known as used of classical orders, round
arches, and symmetrical proportions
Baroque - attempt to impress and lavish of all styles
Rococo - associated with lightness, swirling forms, flowing lines, ornate stucco work,
and arabesque ornament
Expressionism - Buildings were Functional structures and has sculptural objects
Art Nouveau - style of fine and applied art derived from natural forms
Art Deco - Geometric, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharp outlines often bold
colors
International Style - Simple geometric forms usually steel or reinforced concrete used in
construction
Brutalism - no apparent concern for visual amenity and cast-in-place concrete used in
construction
Post-modernism - encourages use of elements from historical vernacular styles
Organic Architecture - all forms should express the natural use of materials
Deconstruction - Traditional assumptions take an extreme and exaggerates motifs
Evolutionary Architecture - living organism as if natural forces had shaped the structure
Eugene Tsui - Major proponent in evolutionary architecture
Conceptual Architecture - buildings and cities that have never been constructed known
an invisible or imaginary

TOA (TROPICAL ARCHITECTURE)

Climate - Measures temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation,

atmospheric particle
Weather - describes the short-term conditions mostly with in 15 Celsius N and S
Temperature - Measures 26.6 Celsius excluding Baguio
January - Coolest month about 25.5 Celsius in a year
May - Warmest month about 28.3 Celsius in a year
Humidity - moisture content of the atmosphere
71% - percentage of moisture content in March
85% - percentage of moisture content in September
Rainfall - most important climatic element in the Philippines
Seasons - Based in the climate of the country
June to November - Rainy season
December to May - Dry season
December to February - Cool dry season
March to May - Hot dry season
Type I - dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year
Type II - dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year
Type III - Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, and
wet during the rest of the year
Type IV - rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the yea
Amihan - Prevailing winds on North-East on November to April
Habagat - Prevailing winds on South-West on May to October
Monsoon - Seasonal shift and brin different kind of weather
Passive Design - Taking advantage of sun and breeze usually avoiding or minimizing
mechanical heating or cooling
Passive cooling - Energy efficient as result of saving cost of both cooling and lighting
Active cooling - Equipment that consumes energy
Orientation - Position and arrangement of building and site
Azimuth - angles run around the edge of celestial object and measured clockwise of
direction
Altitude - angular elevation of the sun above horizon in concentric circular motion
Date lines - sun path of one particular day of a year
Hour lines / Analemma - position of the sun at a specific hour of the day
Ventilation - circulation of air to replace stale air with fresh air
Stack Ventilation - angles run around the edge
Landscaping - Reducing the extent of paving and other hard surfaces with vegetation to
prevent building from absorbing and re-radiate heat
Thermal Mass - ability of building materials to absorb, store, and release heat
Trombe Wall - system for indirect solar heat gain and consist of dark colored wall facing
the sun
Insulation - most effective way to controls loses or gains heat in a building usually
installed in roof, ceiling and walls
Windows - encourage and direct air flow into a building
Tinted glass - type of glass that reduce the amount of heat transmitted
Reflective coatings - stop greater amounts of heat gain but potential to glare problems
Solar Shading - reduce glare and excessive solar heat gain in warm weather
Horizontal overhangs - -solar shading ideal in southern part of the building known as
most effective shading
Slanted louvers - more protection in shading the building
Vertical Louvers - most effective for eastern and western shading
Eggcrates - efficient in hot climates referred as brise-soleil due to its high shading ratio
Solar blinds - types of shading that reduces 50% reduction of solar radiation
Heat-absorbing glass - absorb up tp 40% of radiation
Natural Lighting - it maximize the amount of light enters in the building
Skylights - provide good quality light especially those areas away from window but
needed shaded and glazes to prevent heat transfer
Atria - large open space often several stories high and having a glazed roof and/or large
windows
Light Shelves - allows dayligh to penetrate deeper into the building and placed above
eye level
Clerestory Windows - vertically placed windows that are ideally north side

TOA (MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE)

Glass House - most respected work and applied a Modernist to Postmodernist to Anti-
Postmodernist style and showed a keen interest in style
Philip Johnson - He won Pritzker award in 1979 his famous works are Glass House and
Sony Tower
-
LA Sagrada Familia - sensuous, curving, almost surreal design which establish a
Spanish Art Nouveau movement by Antonio Gaudi
Frank Gehry - He designed the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao Spain and
deconstructed architectural style
Frank Lloyd Wright - He designed Gugenheim Museum in New York and the building
called organic architecture
Falling Water (Kauffman House) in Pennsylvania - developed the idea of the prairie
house - a long, low building with hovering planes and horizontal emphasis by Frank
Lloyd Wright
I.M Pei (Ieoh Ming Pei) - his famous buildings were Bank of china in Hongkong and
Louvre Pyramid in Paris France
Louvre Pyramid in Paris, France - I.M Pei designed sophisticated glass clad buildings
loosely related to the high-tech movement
Jorn Utzon - he designed National Assembly Building an Sydney Opera House in
Australia
Sydney Opera House in Australia - What building did Jorn utzon the design
incorporated the the sculptural quality of Alvar Aalto, and the organic structures of
FrankLloyd Wright into his designs
Kenzo Tange - he designed Peace Memorial Museum in Hiroshima and St. Mary's
Cathedral in Tokyo
St. Mary's Cathedral in Tokyo - What building did Kenzo Tange attempted to combine
the e modernism with traditional Japanese forms
Le Corbusier - he designed Unite d'Habitation in France, Notre Dame du Haut in France
and Villa Savoye
Villa Savoye, France - What building did Le Corbusier known as a machine for living in
and a five points of architecture
Louis Sullivan - He designed Sullivan Center and Wainwright Building
Wainwright Building in Missouri - What building did Louis Sullivan designs with simple
geometric form decorated with ornamentation based on organic system
Louis Sullivan - his philosophy is Form follows function
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe - He designed Farnworth House in Illinois and Seagram
Building in New York
Seagram Building in New York - What building designed by Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
developed advance structural techniques
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe - His philosophy is Less is more
Michael Graves - He designed Disney Hotel and Humana Building
Disney Hotel - generates an ironic, vision of Classicism
Michael Graves - become an an opponent of modern works who uses humor as an
integral part of his architecture
Norman Foster - He designed 30 st. Mary Axe and Hearst Tower
30 St. Mary Axe - exploration of technological innovations and forms
Oscar Niemeyer - he designed Brasilia Cathedral and Penang State Mosque
Brasilia Cathedral - Borrowed extensively from the Brazilian Baroque style of
architecture
Rem Koolhaas - designed a CCTV Headquarters and Seattle Central Library
CCTV Headquarters - the more humanist, lessabsolute branch of the Deconstructivist
Renzo Piano - he designed Centre Georges Pompido and The shard together with
Richard Rogers
Centre Georges Pompido - known as cultural machine with all colorcoded service
elements and structure
Richard Meier - designed Jubilee Church and Getty Center
Jubilee Church - usually designs white Neo Corbusian forms with enameled panels and
glass plays as e linear relationships of ramps and handrails
Robert Venturi - designed Vanna Venturi House and Allen Art Museum
anna Venturi House - uses a form of symbolically decorated architecture means
decoration should reflect the culture in which it exists
Santiago Calatrava - designed Turning Torso and Auditorio de tenerife
Turning Torso - innovative works that depend on a firm grasp of both the creative and
structural aspects of design
Walter Gropius - designed Bauhaus School and Faculty and Fagus Factory
Bauhaus School and Faculty - advocacy of industrialized building and designs a
innovative borrowed materials and method of construction from modern technology
Zaha Hadid - he/she design Heydar Aliyev Center
Frank Lloyd Wright - "An idea is salvation by Imagination"
Mies van der Rohe - "God is in the details"
Louis Sullivan - "But the building's identity resides in the ornament."
Philip Johnson - "Architecture is the art of how to waste space."
Frank Gehry - "Architecture should speak of its time and place, but should yearn for
timelessness."
Le Corbusier - "To create architecture is to put in order."
Louis Sullivan - "Form ever follows function"
Kenzo Tange - "Architects today tend to depreciate themselves, to regard themselves
as no more thanjust ordinary citizens without the power to reform thefuture."
Mies vander Rohe - "Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space."
Walter Gropius - "Architecture begins where engineering ends."
Le Corbusier - "Architecture is the learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms
assembled in the light."
Mies vander Rohe - "Less is more."
Frank Lloyd Wright - "A doctor can bury his mistakes, but an architect can only advise
his clients to plant vines."
Oscar Niemeyer - "form follows feminine."
Buckminster Fuller - "When I'm working on a problem, I never think about beauty. But
when I've finished, if the solution is not beautiful I know It's wrong"
Frank Gehry - "I don't know why people hire an architects and then tell them what to
do."