Analog Electronics
Lecture 3
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Assoc. Prof. Roaa Mubarak
The course includes:
1. Introduction to Amplifiers.
[Link] Response of Amplifiers.
3. Multistage Amplifiers.
4. Differential Amplifier.
Reference:
Microelectronics Circuits, Sedra/Smith- sixth edition
Electronics Devices, Floyd – Ninth Edition
Introduction
Introduction
• Whenever a sinewave signal is applied to a linear circuit, the resulting output
is sinusoidal with the same frequency as the input.
• Transfer function / amplifier transmission
- Magnitude of the amplifier gain @ 𝜔 : |𝑻(𝝎)| = 𝑉𝑜 /𝑉𝑖
- Phase of the amplifier transmission: ∠𝑇(𝜔) = 𝜙
Introduction
• Amplifier Bandwidth
- Band of frequencies over which the gain of the amplifier is almost constant.
- If not, distort the frequency spectrum of the input signal with different
components of the input signal being amplified by different amounts.
Introduction
• Analytically obtaining an expression for the frequency response, To evaluate the
frequency response of an amplifier:
- Inductance L: 𝑗𝜔𝐿
- Capacitance C: 1/ 𝑗𝜔𝐶
- Frequency domain analysis (impedance and/or admittance)
- Amplifier transfer function 𝑇(𝜔) = 𝑉𝑜(𝜔) /𝑉𝑖 (𝜔)
• Using complex frequency variable, s,
- Inductance L: 𝑠𝐿
- Capacitance C: 1/𝑠𝐶
- Performing standard circuit analysis
- 𝑇(𝑠) = 𝑉𝑜(𝑠)/ 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
• Replace s by 𝑗𝜔 to determine the transfer function for physical frequencies, 𝑇(𝑗𝜔)
obtained from 𝑇(𝑠)
Introduction
Single-Time-Constant Networks
• One reactive component(L or C) and one resistance
• Time constant, 𝜏 = 𝐿/𝑅 , 𝜏 = 𝐶𝑅
• Low-pass filter
• High-pass filter
Introduction
Introduction
Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Frequency Response of amplifiers
Frequency Response of amplifiers
Frequency Response of amplifiers
• The effect of the capacitive elements in an amplifier are ignored for the mid-
frequency range when important quantities such as the gain and impedance
levels are determined.
Frequency Response of amplifiers
• External Capacitances “Micro-Farad”
Frequency Response of amplifiers
• External Capacitances
Frequency Response of amplifiers
The External Capacitances “Micro-Farad”
• The larger capacitors of a system will have an important impact on the
response of a system in the low-frequency range and can be ignored for the
high-frequency region.
Frequency Response of amplifiers
• Internal Capacitances “ Pico-Farad”
Frequency Response of amplifiers
The Internal Capacitances “ Pico-Farad”
• The smaller capacitors of a system will have an important impact on the
response of a system in the high-frequency range and can be ignored for the
low-frequency region.
Frequency Response of amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of
Amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of amplifiers
• In the low-frequency region of the single-stage BJT or FET amplifier, it is the RC
combinations formed by the network capacitors CC , CE , and Cs and the
network resistive parameters that determine the cutoff frequencies
Low Frequency Response of amplifiers
• is the mid band gain,
• is the lower cutoff radian frequency “ lower 3dB radian frequency
• So, the magnitude of the gain in the low frequency in dB:
Low Frequency Response of amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT
Amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Common Emitter BJT
Gain Equations
• Determine:
AM, FCc1,FCc2,FCcE and FL
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• Getting AM using small signal model of BJT
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• Calculate FCc1 by take Cc1 into account and ignore Cc2 and CE
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• Calculate FCE by take CE into account and ignore Cc1 and Cc2
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• Calculate FCc2 by take Cc2 into account and ignore Cc1 and CE
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• In the voltage -divider Circuit the capacitors Cs, CC , and CE will determine the
low -frequency response.
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• For Cs
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• For Cc
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• For CE
Low Frequency Response of BJT amplifiers
• Impact of Rs
