HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part IX Rate of reaction

Chemistry: Chapter 38 Molar volume of gases at room temperature and pressure

(r.t.p.)

Structured questions

Sections 38.138.2
|!|CMELF0093800001|!|
Oxygen can be prepared by the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

(a) Name a catalyst for the decomposition. (1 mark)

(b) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up used to prepare and collect oxygen
produced by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (2 marks)

(c) At room temperature and pressure, 100 cm3 of 1.0 M hydrogen peroxide
decomposed in the presence of the catalyst.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen peroxide in 100 cm 3 of 1.0 M
hydrogen peroxide. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the volume of oxygen produced at room temperature and pressure.
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1)
(2 marks)

(iii) The actual volume of oxygen collected is 0.98 dm 3. Calculate the

percentage yield of the reaction. (1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

##
(a) Manganese(IV) oxide 1
(b)

O2(g)

MnO2(s) H2O2(aq)

Correct diagram 1
Correct labels 1

(c) (i) Number of moles of H2O2 = 1.0 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.10 mol 1

(ii) 2H2O2(aq)  2H2O(l) + O2(g)

From the equation, mole ratio of H2O2 : O2 = 2 : 1

Number of moles of O2 produced = = 0.05 mol 1

Volume of O2 = 0.05 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 1.20 dm3 1

(iii) Percentage yield = × 100% = 81.7% 1

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|!|CMELH0093800002|!|
A gaseous mixture is known to contain ethyne and ethene only. In order to determine
the composition by volume of the two gases in the mixture, 10.0 cm 3 of the mixture is
burnt with 30.0 cm3 of oxygen. The residual gas is then passed through potassium
hydroxide solution. The final volume of the gas is 2.0 cm3.

(a) Write the equations for the complete combustions of ethyne and ethene
respectively. (2 marks)

(b) With the aid of a chemical equation, state what happened when the residual gas
passed through potassium hydroxide solution. (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(c) Calculate the composition by volume of the two gases in the mixture. (3 marks)

##
(a) 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 1
(b) Carbon dioxide in the residual gas reacts with potassium hydroxide
solution. 1
2KOH(aq) + CO2(g)  K2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) 1
(c) Let the volume of C2H2 be x cm3, then the volume of C2H4 is (10.0  x) cm3.

Volume of O2 reacted with C2H2 = x cm3 = 2.5x cm3

Volume of O2 reacted with C2H4 = 3 × (10.0  x) cm3 = (30.0  3x) cm3 1

∴ 30.0  2.5x  (30.0  3x) = 2.0
x = 4.0
Volume of C2H2 = 4.0 cm3 1
Volume of C2H4 = 6.0 cm3 1
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##

|!|CMELH0093800003|!|
When 20.0 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon A was exploded with 150 cm 3 of oxygen,
the residual gases occupied 110 cm3. After shaking the residual gases with sodium
hydroxide solution, the final volume of the gas was 30.0 cm3.
(All volumes were measured at room temperature and pressure.)

(a) Deduce the molecular formula of A. (3 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(b) Hence, write a possible structural formula of A. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the mass of water produced from the combustion.

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at room
temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (2 marks)

##

(a) CxHy(g) + (x + )O2(g)  xCO2(g) + H2O(l)

Volume of carbon dioxide formed = (110  30.0) cm3 = 80.0 cm3

CxHy was the limiting reactant.
Mole ratio of CxHy : CO2 = volume ratio of CxHy : CO2 = 20 : 80 = 1 : 4
Therefore, x = 4 1
Volume of O2 reacted = (150  30.0) cm3 = 120 cm3

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

Mole ratio of O2 : CO2 = volume ratio of O2 : CO2

Solving the equation, y = 8 1

∴ the molecular formula of A is C4H8. 1
(b)

/ / 1
(c) C4H8(g) + 6O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

Number of moles of C4H8 = = 8.33 × 104 mol

∴ number of moles of H2O = 8.33 × 104 mol × 4 = 3.33 × 103 mol 1

Mass of H2O = 3.33 × 103 mol × (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) g mol1 = 0.060 g 1
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##

|!|CMELF0093800004|!|
An airship was filled with 4.80 × 103 dm3 of hydrogen gas initially at room
temperature and pressure. In an accident, the hydrogen gas inside the airship was
ignited and all hydrogen gas reacted with oxygen in air to form water.

(a) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas present in the airship. (1 mark)
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the volume of oxygen consumed and water produced at room
temperature and pressure.
(Density of water = 1.0 g cm3) (3 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(d) Air contains 21% by volume of oxygen. Calculate the volume of air required to
complete the reaction. (1 mark)

##

(a) Number of moles of H2 = = 200 mol 1

(b) 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) 1

(c) From the equation, mole ratio of H2 : O2 = 2 : 1.
By Avogadro’s Law, volume ratio of H2 : O2 = 2 : 1.

Volume of oxygen consumed = = 2.40 × 103 dm3 1

Mole ratio of H2 : H2O = 1 : 1.

∴ number of moles of water produced = 200 mol
Mass of water produced = 200 mol ×(1.0 × 2 + 16.0) g mol1 = 3600 g 1

Volume of water produced = = 3600 cm3 1

(d) Volume of air required = = 11 400 dm3 1

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##

|!|CMELF0093800005|!|
45 cm3 of ammonia gas was mixed with 60 cm 3 of hydrogen bromide gas to give
ammonium bromide.

(a) Describe the appearance of ammonium bromide produced. (1 mark)

(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(c) Calculate the excess volume of hydrogen bromide gas. (2 marks)

(d) Calculate the mass of ammonium bromide produced. (2 marks)

##
(a) It is a white solid. 1
(b) NH3(g) + HBr(g)  NH4Br(s) 1
(c) From the equation, mole ratio of NH3 : HBr = 1 : 1.
∴ volume ratio of NH3 : HBr = 1 : 1. 1
Volume of HBr reacted = 45 cm3
Excess volume of HBr = (60  45) cm3 = 15 cm3 1

(d) Number of moles of NH3 = = 1.88 × 103 mol

∴ number of moles of NH4Br produced = 1.88 × 103 mol 1

Mass of NH4Br produced
= 1.88 × 103 mol × (14.0 + 1.0 × 4 + 79.9) g mol1 = 0.184 g 1
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##

|!|CMELF0093800006|!|
The following graph shows the volume of oxygen against time when 24.0 cm3 of
hydrogen was combusted with 12.0 cm3 of oxygen.
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

Volume of O2 (cm3)

Time (min)
(a) Calculate the average rate (in cm3 min1) of consumption of oxygen. (2 marks)

(b) (i) What was the volume of gases remained when the reaction was complete?
(2 marks)

(ii) Calculate the percentage change of volume of the gases in the reaction.
(2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

##
(a) The reaction took 7 minutes to complete. The final volume of oxygen was
1.4 cm3. 1

Average rate = = 1.51 cm3 min1 1

(The negative sign means the rate of decrease in amount of reactant.)

(b) (i) From the equation, the mole ratio of H2 : O2 is 2 : 1.
Volume of O2 reacted = (12.0  1.4) cm3 = 10.6 cm3
∴ volume of H2 reacted = 2 × 10.6 cm3 = 21.2 cm3
Volume of H2 remained = (24.0  21.2) cm3 = 2.8 cm3 1
∴ total volume of gases = (1.4 + 2.8) cm3 = 4.2 cm3 1

(ii) Percentage change of volume = × 100% 1

= 88.3% 1
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##

|!|CMELF0093800007|!|
To determine the molar volume of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure, 0.08 g
of magnesium ribbon is added to 50.0 cm3 of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid. The set-up is
shown below. 78.0 cm3 of hydrogen is collected at the end of the experiment.

hydrogen

magnesium ribbon hydrochloric acid

(a) Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium with hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

(b) Determine which reactant, HCl(aq) or Mg(s), is the limiting reactant by

calculation.
(Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24.3) (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(c) Using the experimental results, calculate the molar volume of hydrogen at room
temperature and pressure. (2 marks)

(d) The theoretical value of the molar volume of any gas is 24.0 dm 3 mol1 at room
temperature and pressure. Suggest TWO reasons for the difference between the
theoretical value and the experimental value. (2 marks)

##
(a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1

(b) Number of moles of Mg used = = 0.00329 mol

Number of moles of HCl used = 2.0 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.10 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of Mg : HCl = 1 : 2,

∴ 0.00329 mol of Mg requires 0.00658 mol of HCl for complete reaction. 1
Mg is the limiting reactant. 1
(c) From the equation, mole ratio of Mg : H2 = 1:1,
∴ number of moles of H2 produced = 0.00329 mol 1

Molar volume of H2 = = 23.7 dm3 mol1 1

(d) The magnesium used may not be pure. Magnesium oxide may have
formed on the surface of the metal. 1
The gas syringe may not be air-tight. 1
(Accept other reasonable answers.) ___
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

##

|!|CMELF0093800008|!|
Metal X can only be extracted from its ore (XCO3) by electrolysis.

(a) With the aid of an equation, state ONE observable change when metal X is added
to hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)

(b) When heating metal X in a non-luminous flame, a brick-red flame is observed.

(i) Identify metal X. (1 mark)

(ii) State ONE observable change when adding metal X to copper(II) chloride
solution. (1 mark)

(c) When 23.5 g of XCO3 is heated strongly, a gas is produced.

(i) Write a chemical equation for the thermal decomposition. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the theoretical volume of the gas produced at room temperature
and pressure.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1; molar volume of
gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (2 marks)

##
(a) Metal X dissolves / colourless gas bubbles evolve. 1
X(s) + 2HCl(aq)  XCl2(aq) + H2(g) 1
(b) (i) Calcium 1
(ii) Metal X dissolves / colourless gas bubbles evolve / a blue precipitate
forms / reddish brown solid deposits. 1
(c) (i) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g) 1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(ii) Number of moles of CaCO3

= = 0.235 mol 1

Number of moles of CO2 = 0.235 mol

Volume of CO2 produced = 0.235 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 5.64 dm3 1
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|!|CMELH0093800009|!|
Recently, scientists discovered that a new bacterium can convert cellulose into fuel
directly. Therefore, it is possible to convert cellulose in waste paper to useful fuel.

(a) The fuel containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following results
on analysis: 2.56 g of the fuel gave 6.09 g of carbon dioxide and 3.11 g of water
on complete combustion.
(i) Determine the empirical formula of the fuel.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0) (4 marks)

(ii) 2.56 g of the gaseous fuel occupies 830 cm3 at room temperature and
pressure. Determine the molecular formula of the fuel. (2 marks)
3
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24 dm )

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(b) Explain why this fuel is called ‘biofuel’. (1 mark)

(c) Ethanol is another biofuel. It is obtained from the fermentation of glucose.

(i) Write an equation for fermentation. (1 mark)

(ii) State ONE disadvantage of using ethanol as a biofuel when compared with
the new fuel. (1 mark)

##
(a) (i) Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from the fuel,

mass of C in the fuel = 6.09 g × = 1.66 g

mass of H in the fuel = 3.11 g × = 0.35 g

mass of O in the fuel = (2.56  1.66  0.35) g = 0.55 g 1

C H O
Mass (g) 1.66 0.35 0.55
Number of moles of
= 0.138 = 0.35 = 0.034
atoms (mol)

Mole ratio of atoms =4 = 10 =1

2
∴ the empirical formula of the fuel is C4H10O. 1

(ii) Number of moles of the fuel = = 0.0346 mol

Molar mass of the fuel = = 74.0 1

Let the molecular formula of the fuel be (C4H10O)n.

(12.0 × 4 + 1.0 × 10 + 16.0) × n = 74.0
n=1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

∴ the molecular formula of the fuel is C4H10O. 1

(b) The fuel is obtained from the cellulose in waste paper, which is a
renewable resource. 1
(c) (i) C6H12O6(s)  2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g) 1
(ii) Ethanol is produced from starch. The production of ethanol leads to
a waste of food. (Accept other reasonable answers) 1
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Section 38.3
|!|CMELF0093800010|!|
Sulphur dioxide is usually found in the exhaust gas produced by combustion of fossil
fuels. It is one of the major causes of acid rain which corrodes objects containing
calcium carbonate.

(a) Write the equations for the formation of acid rain by sulphur dioxide. (2 marks)

(b) With the aid of an ionic equation, explain the corrosion of marble by acid rain.
(2 marks)

(c) It is found that 1600 dm3 of sulphur dioxide at room temperature is produced by
a factory every day. If all sulphur dioxide produced forms acid rain, calculate the
mass of calcium carbonate corroded by the acid rain containing such amount of
sulphur dioxide.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at
room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

##
(a) SO2(g) + H2O(l)  H2SO3(aq) 1
H2SO3(aq) 2H+(aq) + SO32(aq) 1
(b) Marbles contain calcium carbonate, which reacts with acid and be washed
away by rain water. 1
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq)  Ca2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1

(c) Number of moles of SO2 = = 66.7 mol 1

From the equations, 1 mol of SO2 dissolves in water to give 2 mol of H+.
Number of moles of CaCO3 corroded = number of moles of SO 2
produced = 66.7 mol 1
Mass of CaCO3 corroded
= 66.7 mol × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol1 = 6680 g 1
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##

|!|CMELF0093800011|!|
Hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion to give carbon dioxide under sufficient
oxygen supply. Toxic carbon monoxide is produced if the oxygen supply is
insufficient. Catalytic converters are usually installed in vehicles to minimize the
emission of carbon monoxide in exhaust gas.

(a) (i) Balance the following equation: (1 mark)

CH3CH2CH3(g) + O2(g)  CO2(g) + CO(g) + H2O(l)

(ii) What is the volume of carbon monoxide produced at room temperature and
pressure when 4.95 g of propane gas undergoes incomplete combustion?
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0; molar volume of gas at room
temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

(b) Inside the catalytic converter, carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide.

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(i) Name a catalyst in the catalytic converters. (1 mark)

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(iii) What is the volume of oxygen required at room temperature and pressure to
remove the amount of carbon monoxide calculated in (a)(ii)? (2 marks)

##
(a) (i) CH3CH2CH3(g) + 4O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l) 1
(ii) Number of moles of CH3CH2CH3

= = 0.113 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of CH3CH2CH3 : CO = 1 : 2.

∴ number of moles of CO = 0.113 mol × 2 = 0.226 mol 1
Volume of CO produced = 0.226 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 5.42 dm3 1
(b) (i) Platinum / rhodium 1
(ii) 2CO(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) 1
(iii) From the equation, mole ratio of CO : O2 = 2 : 1.

Number of moles of O2 = = 0.113 mol 1

Volume of O2 = 0.113 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 2.71 dm3 1

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|!|CMELF0093800012|!|
The operation of automobile airbags depends on the rapid decomposition of sodium
azide (NaN3) to its elements.

(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of sodium azide. (1 mark)

(b) If an airbag has a volume of 5.20 × 104 cm3, calculate the number of moles of

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

nitrogen gas required to fill it at room temperature and pressure. (1 mark)

3 1
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm mol )

(c) Calculate the mass of sodium azide needed to provide such volume of nitrogen.
(Relative atomic masses: N = 14.0, Na = 23.0) (2 marks)

(d) If the decomposition is complete in 40 ms, calculate the average rate of

formation of nitrogen in dm3 s1. (1 mark)

##
(a) 2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g) 1

(b) Number of moles of nitrogen gas = = 2.17 mol 1

(c) From the equation, mole ratio of NaN3 : N2 = 2 : 3.

Number of moles of NaN3 = 2.17 mol × = 1.45 mol 1

Mass of NaN3 needed = 1.45 mol × (23.0 + 14.0 × 3) g mol1 = 94.3 g 1

(d) Average rate = = 1300 dm3 s1 1

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|!|CMELA0093800013|!|
A mixture of gases contains only hydrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrogen. At room
temperature and pressure, 40.0 cm3 of the mixture was carefully exploded with 40.0
cm3 of oxygen (known to be in excess), so that only hydrogen and carbon monoxide
would react with oxygen. On cooling to room temperature, the volume was 51.0 cm 3.
After adding potassium hydroxide solution, the volume decreased to 41.0 cm3.

(a) Write the equations for the reactions occurred on explosion. (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(b) Calculate the volume of CO2 produced. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the volume of CO in the original 40.0 cm3 of the mixture. (1 mark)

(d) Calculate the decrease in volume caused by the following gas on explosion.
(i) CO (1 mark)

(ii) H2 (1 mark)

(e) Find the volumes of the following gases in the original 40.0 cm3 of the mixture.
(i) H2 (2 marks)

(ii) N2 (1 mark)

##
(a) 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) 1
2CO(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) 1
(b) Volume of carbon dioxide produced = (51.0  41.0) cm3 = 10.0 cm3 1
(Potassium hydroxide solution is used to absorb carbon dioxide.)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(c) From the equation, mole ratio of CO : CO2 = 1 : 1.

Volume of CO in the mixture = 10.0 cm3 1
(d) (i) 10.0 cm3 of CO reacted with 5.0 cm3 of O2 to form 10.0 cm3 of CO2.
Decrease in volume caused by CO = (10.0 + 5.0  10.0) cm3 = 5.0 cm3 1
(ii) Decrease in volume caused by H2
= total decrease in volume  decrease in volume caused by CO
= [(40.0 + 40.0)  51.0  5.0] cm3 = 24.0 cm3 1
(e) (i) Let the volume of H2 be x cm3.
Volume of unreacted O2 + volume of unreacted mixture + volume of
CO2 formed = total volume of final gaseous mixture

(40.0   5.0) + (40.0  x  10.0) + 10.0 = 51.0 1

x = 16.0
∴ volume of H2 = 16.0 cm3 1
(ii) Volume of N2 = (40.0  16.0  10.0) cm3 = 14.0 cm3 1
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|!|CMELF0093800014|!|
Ethyne gas (C2H2) can be produced from the reaction between calcium carbide (CaC 2)
and water, which gives calcium hydroxide as the only side product.

(a) Write an equation for the reaction between calcium carbide and water. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the mass of calcium carbide needed to prepare 650 cm3 of ethyne at
room temperature and pressure.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at room
temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

(c) (i) Write an equation for the hydrogenation of ethyne. (1 mark)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(ii) What is the volume of hydrogen needed to convert 650 cm3 ethyne into
ethane by hydrogenation? (1 mark)

##
(a) CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l)  C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 1

(b) Number of moles of ethyne = = 0.0271 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of CaC2 : C2H2 = 1 : 1.

Number of moles of CaC2 needed = 0.0271 mol 1
Mass of CaC2 needed = 0.0271 mol × (40.1 + 12.0 × 2) g mol = 1.74 g
1 1
(c) (i) C2H2(g) + 2H2(g)  C2H6(g) 1
(ii) From the equation, mole ratio of C2H2 : H2 = 1 : 2, so the volume
ratio of C2H2 : H2 = 1 : 2.
Volume of hydrogen gas required = (650 × 2) cm3 = 1300 cm3 1
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|!|CMELH0093800015|!|
In an experiment to investigate the rate of a reaction, some calcium granules were
added to excess amount of water at room temperature and pressure. Hydrogen gas was
given off and the volumes obtained at different time intervals were shown below.

Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of hydrogen gas (cm3) 0 145 220 265 295 300 300

(a) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up used in the experiment. (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(b) Plot a graph of volume of hydrogen gas against time. Label the curve as ‘X’.
(2 marks)

(c) Sketch, on the same graph, the curves that would be obtained if only the
following changes were made to the original conditions respectively.
(i) The reaction temperature was 40C. Label this curve as (i). (1 mark)

(ii) Half the original mass of calcium was used. Label this curve (ii). (1 mark)

(d) Using the information given on curve X, calculate the mass of calcium used in
the original experiment.
(Relative atomic mass: Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (2 marks)

(e) Calcium also reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen. If the same mass
of calcium as in part (d) was used to react with excess hydrochloric acid, state
the volume of hydrogen that would form. Explain your answer. (2 marks)

##

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(a)

hydrogen

calcium granules water

Correct diagram 1
Correct labels 1
(b)
Volume of H2 (cm3)

Time (min)

Correct curve 1
Correct labelling of axes 1
(c)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

Volume of H2 (cm3)

(i) X

(ii)

Time (min)

Correct sketching of curve (i) 1

Correct sketching of curve (ii) 1
(d) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Number of moles of hydrogen gas = = 0.0125 mol 1

∴ number of moles of Ca = 0.0125 mol

Mass of Ca = 0.0125 mol × 40.1 g mol1 = 0.501 g 1
(e) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Since the amount of the limiting reactant (Ca) and the mole ratio of Ca to
H2 are the same, 1
the volume of hydrogen gas formed is still 300 cm3. 1
___
10
##

|!|CMELF0093800016|!|
3.00 g of an alloy of sodium and lead is added to water.
2Na/Pb(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + 2Pb(s)
144 cm3 of hydrogen gas was collected at room temperature and pressure at the end of
the reaction.

(a) Calculate the volume of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid required to neutralize the

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

sodium hydroxide produced. (3 marks)

(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm mol 1)
3 

(b) Calculate the mass of sodium in 3.00 g of the alloy. (2 marks)

(c) What is the percentage by mass of lead in the alloy? (1 mark)

##

(a) Number of moles of hydrogen gas = = 6.00 × 103 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of NaOH : H2 = 2 : 1.

Number of moles of NaOH formed = 6.00 × 103 mol × 2 = 0.012 mol 1
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
From the equation, mole ratio of HCl : NaOH = 1 : 1.
∴ number of moles of HCl needed = 0.012 mol 1

Volume of HCl needed = = 0.024 dm3 = 24.0 cm3 1

(b) From the equation, mole ratio of the alloy to sodium hydroxide is 1 : 1,
∴ 0.012 mol of sodium is present in the alloy. 1
Mass of sodium = 0.012 mol × 23.0 g mol1 = 0.276 g 1

(c) Percentage by mass of lead = × 100% = 90.8% 1

___
6
##

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

|!|CMELF0093800017|!|
A power plant burns 25 000 tonnes of coal each day. The coal contains 0.6% by mass
of sulphur.

(a) Calculate the mass of sulphur burnt each day. (1 mark)

(b) Sulphur burns in oxygen to give sulphur dioxide. Write an equation for the
reaction. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the volume of sulphur dioxide produced each day from the power
station at room temperature and pressure.
(Relative atomic mass: S = 32.1; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

(d) (i) Suggest ONE harmful effect of sulphur dioxide on the environment. (1
mark)

(ii) Suggest ONE method to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide from the
power plant. (1 mark)

##
(a) The mass of sulphur burnt each day = 25 000 tonnes × 0.6 % = 150 tonnes 1
(b) S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) 1

(c) Number of moles of sulphur = = 4.67 × 106 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of S : SO2 = 1 : 1.

∴ number of moles of SO2 = 4.67 × 106 mol 1
Volume of SO2 = 4.67 × 106 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 1.12 × 108 dm3 1
(d) (i) It causes acid rain. (Accept other reasonable answers.) 1
(ii) Install scrubbers / flue gas desulphurization system in the power

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

plants / use fuels of low sulphur content. 1

___
7
##

|!|CMELH0093800018|!|
In Brazil, the fuels used in cars are blended with alcohol. A kind of fuel contains 75%
by mass of octane (C8H18) and 25% by mass of ethanol (C2H5OH).

(a) Write the equations for the combustion of octane and ethanol respectively.
(2 marks)

(b) Calculate the volume of oxygen required to completely burn 100 g of the fuel at
room temperature and pressure.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at
room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (4 marks)

(c) Another kind of fuel contains a higher percentage by mass of ethanol. Suggest
ONE advantage of using fuels with a higher percentage by mass of ethanol.
(1 mark)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

##
(a) 2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g)  16CO2(g) + 18H2O(l) 1
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) 1

(b) Number of moles of octane = = 0.658

mol
From the equation, mole ratio of C8H18 : O2 = 2 : 25.
Number of moles of O2 required to burn C8H18

= 0.658 mol × = 8.23 mol 1

Number of moles of ethanol = =

0.543 mol
From the equation, mole ratio of C2H5OH : O2 = 1 : 3.
Number of moles of O2 required to burn C2H5OH
= 0.543 mol × 3= 1.63 mol 1
Total number of moles of O2 required to completely burn 100 g of the
fuel = (8.23 + 1.63) mol = 9.86 mol 1
Volume of O2 needed to completely burn 100 g of the fuel
= 9.86 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 237 dm3 1
(c) The carbon content of ethanol is lower than that of octane. The mass of
carbon dioxide produced would be lower when using fuels with a higher
percentage by mass of ethanol. (Accept other reasonable answers) 1
___
7
##

|!|CMELF0093800019|!|
Ammonia is manufactured by Haber process industrially.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
3
72.0 cm of H2(g) reacts with excess N2(g) at room temperature and pressure.

(a) Name the catalyst used in Haber process. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the number of moles of N2(g) required to react completely with 72.0
cm3 of H2(g). (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1)

(c) Calculate the maximum volume of NH3(g) produced. (2 marks)

(d) Explain why the maximum volume of NH3(g) can never be obtained. (1 mark)

##
(a) Finely divided iron 1
(b) From the equation, mole ratio of N2 : H2 = 1 : 3.

Number of moles of H2 reacted = = 3.00 × 103 mol 1

Number of moles of N2 used = 3.00 × 103 mol × = 1.00 × 103 mol 1

(c) From the equation, mole ratio of NH3 : N2 = 2 : 1.

Number of moles of NH3 = 1.00 × 103 mol × 2 = 2.00 × 103 mol 1
Maximum volume of NH3 produced
= 2.00 × 103 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 0.0480 dm3 1
(d) The reaction is reversible. 1
___
6
##

|!|CMELF0093800020|!|
The major components of town gas are hydrogen and methane, which are made from
naphtha (C5H12). Naphtha reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
These two gases further react to form methane.

(a) Write the equations for the manufacture of hydrogen and methane. (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(b) Calculate the mass and volume (measured at room temperature and pressure) of
methane formed when 2.8 g of CO and 1.5 g of H2 are allowed to react.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0; molar volume of gas at
room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (4 marks)

(c) When town gas is passed over heated iron(III) oxide, iron forms.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the volume of H2 (measured at room temperature and pressure)

required for the complete reduction of 100 g of iron(III) oxide.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Fe = 55.8) (2 marks)

(iii) Calculate the volume of town gas (measured at room temperature and
pressure) used in the above reduction, assuming that town gas contains 49%
of H2 by volume. (1 mark)

##
(a) C5H12(g) + 5H2O(g)  5CO(g) + 11H2(g) 1
2CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CO2(g) + CH4(g) 1

(b) Number of moles of CO = = 0.10 mol

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

Number of moles of H2 = = 0.75 mol 1

2CO(g) + 2H2(g)  CO2(g) + CH4(g)

From the equation, mole ratio of CO : H2 = 1 : 1.
CO is the limiting reactant.

∴ number of moles of CH4 formed = 0.10 mol × = 0.05 mol 1

Mass of CH4 formed = 0.05 mol × (12.0 + 1.0 × 4) g mol1 = 0.8 g 1

Volume of CH4 formed = 0.05 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 1.2 dm3 1
(c) (i) Fe2O3(s) + 3H2(g)  2Fe(s) + 3H2O(l) 1

(ii) Number of moles of Fe2O3 = = 0.627

mol
From the equation, mole ratio of Fe2O3 : H2 = 1 : 3.
Number of moles of H2 required = 0.627 mol × 3 = 1.88 mol 1
Volume of H2 needed = 1.88 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 45.1 dm3 1

(iii) Volume of town gas needed = = 92.0 dm3 1

___
10
##

|!|CMELF0093800021|!|
100 cm3 of ammonia reacts with excess copper(II) oxide at room temperature and
pressure. Copper, water and a gaseous product form at the end of the experiment.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) (i) Calculate the number of moles of ammonia reacted. (1 mark)

(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm mol1)
3

(ii) Calculate the volume of the gaseous product formed. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide reacted with ammonia.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Cu = 63.5) (2 marks)

##
(a) 2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s)  N2(g) + 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(l) 1

(b) (i) Number of moles of NH3 = = 4.17 × 103 mol 1

(ii) From the equation, mole ratio of NH3 : N2 = 2 : 1.

∴ number of moles of N2 = 4.17 × 103 mol × = 2.09 × 103 mol 1

Volume of N2 = 2.09 × 103 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 0.0502 dm3 1

(c) From the equation, mole ratio of NH3 : CuO = 2 : 3.

Number of moles of CuO reacted = 4.17 × 103 mol × = 6.26 × 103 mol 1

Mass of CuO reacted = 6.26 × 103 mol × (63.5 + 16.0) g mol1 = 0.498 g 1
___
6
##

|!|CMELF0093800022|!|
Dilute nitric acid reacts with copper to produce nitrogen monoxide.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the volume of nitrogen monoxide obtained by the complete reaction of
100 g of copper with excess dilute nitric acid at room temperature and pressure.
(Relative atomic mass: Cu = 63.5; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (2 marks)

(c) Nitrogen monoxide is colourless. However, a brown gas evolves in the reaction.
(i) With the aid of an equation, explain the above phenomenon. (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(ii) Calculate the volume of nitrogen monoxide needed to produce 500 cm3 of
the brown gas. (2 marks)

(iii) Air contains 21% of O2 by volume. Calculate the volume of air, measured at
room temperature and pressure, reacted in the reaction. (2 marks)

##
(a) 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) 1

(b) Number of moles of copper = = 1.57 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of Cu : NO = 3 : 2.

Number of moles of NO = 1.57 mol × = 1.05 mol 1

Volume of NO = 1.05 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 25.2 dm3 1

(c) (i) Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen in air to form brown nitrogen
dioxide. 1
2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g) 1
(ii) From the equation, mole ratio of NO : NO2 = 1 : 1.
∴ volume ratio of NO : NO2 = 1 : 1 1
Volume of NO needed = 500 cm3 1
(iii) Volume ratio of O2 : NO2 = 1 : 2

Volume of O2 needed = = 250 cm3 1

Volume of air needed = = 1190 cm3 1

___
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##

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

|!|CMELH0093800023|!|
A student performed the following experiment to determine the percentage purity of a
sample of calcium granules:

gas A

calcium granules excess 1 M hydrochloric acid

(a) Suggest a chemical test for gas A. (2 marks)

(b) At the end of the experiment, 187 cm3 of gas A was collected. If 0.50 g of
calcium granules were used, calculate the percentage purity of the granules.
(Relative atomic mass: Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at room temperature and
pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

(c) A student proposed using the same experimental set-up to determine the
percentage purity of a sample of ammonium chloride powder. He replaced
calcium granules and 1 M hydrochloric acid with ammonium chloride powder
and 1 M sodium hydroxide solution respectively. He then warmed the solution
and measured the volume of gas collected.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ammonium chloride and
sodium hydroxide solution. (1 mark)

(ii) Do you think he can determine the percentage purity of the powder?
Explain your answer. (1 mark)

##

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(a) Test gas A with a burning splint. 1

It burns with a ‘pop’ sound. 1
(b) Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Number of moles of H2 = = 0.00779 mol 1

Mass of Ca = 0.00779 mol × 40.1 g mol1= 0.312 g 1

Percentage purity of calcium granules = × 100% = 62.4% 1

(c) (i) NH4Cl(s) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O(l) 1

(ii) No, he cannot. Ammonia is highly soluble in water and so the
volume of gas collected will be much smaller than the theoretical
volume. 1
___
7
##

|!|CMELF0093800024|!|
25 g of chalk was immersed in excess vinegar at room temperature and pressure. A
decrease in mass of 9.59 g was recorded at the end of the reaction.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at room
temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1)

(a) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up used to measure the decrease in mass of
the reaction mixture. (2 marks)

(b) Write an equation to show the reaction between chalk and vinegar. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the volume of gas evolved in dm3. (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(d) Calculate the percentage purity of the chalk. (2 marks)

##
(a)
cotton wool

chalk vinegar

electronic balance

Correct diagram 1
Correct labels 1
(b) CaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq)  (CH3COO)2Ca(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(c) The decrease in mass was caused by the escape of CO2(g).

Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.218 mol 1

Volume of CO2 evolved = 0.218 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 5.23 dm3 1
(d) From the equation, mole ratio of CaCO3 : CO2 = 1 : 1.
Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted = 0.218 mol
Mass of CaCO3 = 0.218 mol × (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 × 3) g mol1 = 21.8 g 1

Percentage purity = × 100% = 87.2% 1

___
7
##

|!|CMELF0093800025|!|
Both strontium and barium belongs to Group II of the Periodic Table.

(a) State and explain whether strontium or barium is more reactive towards water.
(2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(b) Strontium has four natural isotopes. The relative abundances of the four isotopes
are shown below:

Isotope Relative abundance (%)

84
Sr 0.56
86
Sr 9.86
87
Sr 7.00
88
Sr 82.58

Calculate the relative atomic mass of strontium. (2 marks)

(c) Barium has eight natural isotopes. It reacts with chlorine to give barium chloride.
(i) Comment on the following statement. (1 mark)
‘137Ba is more reactive than 138Ba as 137Ba has one fewer neutron.’

(ii) Draw the electron diagram of barium chloride, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only. (1 mark)

(iii) 5.62 g of barium is put into a 2.0 dm3 vessel of chlorine gas. Calculate the
theoretical mass of barium chloride produced.
(Relative atomic masses: Cl = 35.5, Ba = 137.3; molar volume of gas at
room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(iv) With the aid of a half equation, state an expected observation when fluorine
gas is bubbled into barium chloride solution. (2 marks)

##
(a) Barium is more reactive than strontium. 1
Barium is below strontium in the Periodic Table. The reactivity of Group
II metals increases down the group. 1
(b) (84 × 0.56% + 86 × 9.86% + 87 × 7.00% + 88 × 82.58%) 1
= 87.7 1
(c) (i) The statement is incorrect as isotopes of the same element have the
same chemical properties. 1
(ii)

1
(iii) Ba(s) + Cl2(g)  BaCl2(s)

Number of moles of Ba = = 0.0409 mol

Number of moles of Cl2 = = 0.0833 mol 1

Ba is the limiting reactant.

From the equation, mole ratio of Ba : BaCl2 = 1 : 1.
Mass of BaCl2 = 0.0409 mol × (137.3 + 35.5 × 2) g mol1 = 8.52 g 1
(iv) A pungent smell is detected / a greenish yellow gas forms. 1
2Cl(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e 1
___
10
##

|!|CMELF0093800026|!|
In an experiment, 1.6 g of calcium carbonate granules was added to 75 cm 3 of 1.0 M
hydrochloric acid. The graph below shows the change in mass of the set-up.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

Mass of the set-up (g)

Time (s)

(a) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up used in the experiment. (2 marks)

(b) From the graph above, calculate the initial rate of the reaction. (1 mark)

(c) With reference to the collision theory, state and explain the effect of replacing
calcium carbonate granules with calcium carbonate powder on the initial rate of
reaction. (2 marks)

(d) Calculate the theoretical volume of carbon dioxide liberated at room temperature
and pressure.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Ca = 40.1; molar volume of gas at

room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

##
(a)
cotton wool
calcium
carbonate
dilute hydrochloric acid

electronic balance

Correct diagram 1
Correct labels 1

(b) Initial rate = = 0.36 g s1 1

(c) The initial rate of reaction would increase. 1

As the surface area of the reactant increases, the chance of collisions
increases. This increases the number of effective collisions and hence the
reaction rate. 1
(d) CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Number of moles of CaCO3 = = 0.0160

mol 1

Number of moles of HCl used = 1.0 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.075 mol

∴ CaCO3 is the limiting reactant.

Number of moles of CO2 liberated = 0.0160 mol 1
Volume of CO2 liberated = 0.0160 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 0.384 dm3 1
___
8
##

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

|!|CMELF0093800027|!|
Baking soda is a solid form of sodium hydrogencarbonate. In the preparation of
sorbet, baking soda reacts with citric acid in fruit juice to release carbon dioxide. This
gives sorbet a soft texture.

(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between sodium hydrogencarbonate and
citric acid. (1 mark)

(b) To prepare a sorbet, a student added 1.0 g baking soda to 2 cm 3 of lemon juice,
which has a pH value of 1.36. Calculate the theoretical volume of carbon dioxide
generated in the reaction at room temperature and pressure.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0; molar volume
of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

(c) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between sodium hydrogencarbonate

solution and sodium carbonate solution. (2 marks)

##
(a) HCO3(aq) + H+(aq)  CO2(g) + H2O(l) 1
(b) 1.36 = log [H+(aq)]
[H+(aq)] = 0.0437 mol dm3

Number of moles of H+ = 0.0437 mol dm3 × dm3 = 8.74 × 105 mol 1

Number of moles of NaHCO3

= = 0.0119 mol

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

∴ H+ is the limiting reactant.

Number of moles of CO2 generated = 8.74 × 105 mol 1
Volume of CO2 generated = 8.74 × 105 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 2.01 dm3 1
(c) Add calcium hydroxide solution to the two solutions. 1
Only Na2CO3 forms a white precipitate with (CaOH)2(aq). 1
___
6
##

|!|CMELF0093800028|!|
Upon mild heating, ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO4) decomposes to nitrogen,
chlorine, oxygen and water.

(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. (1 mark)

(b) State the change in oxidation number of chlorine in the reaction. (1 mark)

(c) Draw the electron diagram of ammonium ion, showing electrons in the outermost
shells only. Label the dative covalent bond in the diagram. (2 marks)

(d) 0.824 g of ammonium perchlorate completely decomposes under mild heating.

After the reaction, the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and
pressure. Determine the total volume of gases produced.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Cl = 35.5; molar volume
of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

##
(a) 2NH4ClO4(s)  N2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2O2(g) + 4H2O(l) 1
(b) The oxidation number of chlorine decreases from +7 to 0. 1
(c)

dative covalent bond

Correct electron diagram 1

Correct indication of dative covalent bond 1
(d) Number of moles of NH4ClO4

= = 7.01 × 103 mol 1

From the equation, 2 moles of NH4ClO4 decomposes to 4 moles of gases.

Total number of moles of gases produced = 7.01 × 103 mol ×

= 0.0140 mol 1
Total volume of gases produced = 0.0140 mol × 24.0 dm mol 3 1

= 0.336 dm3 1
___
7
##

|!|CMELH0093800029|!|
Silicon tetrafluoride is a gas often used in organic syntheses. In large scale production,
silicon dioxide reacts with hydrofluoric acid to give silicon tetrafluoride and water.

(a) Write an equation for the manufacture of silicon tetrafluoride from silicon
dioxide and hydrofluoric acid. (1 mark)

(b) To manufacture silicon tetrafluoride, a worker passed 200 dm 3 of hydrogen

fluoride into 400 dm3 of distilled water. He then added 100 g of silicon dioxide to
the solution prepared.

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

(i) Calculate the volume of silicon tetrafluoride produced (measured at room

temperature and pressure).
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Si = 28.1; molar volume of gas at room
temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (3 marks)

(ii) At the end of the reaction, the resultant solution should be treated before
discharge. With the aid of a chemical equation, suggest ONE chemical that
should be added to the resultant solution before discharge. (2 marks)

(c) (i) State the molecular shape of silicon tetrafluoride. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain why silicon tetrafluoride has a higher boiling point than
tetrafluoromethane. (2 marks)

##
(a) SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq)  SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l) 1

(b) (i) Number of moles of SiO2 = = 1.66 mol

Number of moles of HF = = 8.33 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of SiO2 : HF = 1 : 4.

∴ SiO2 is the limiting reactant. 1
Number of moles of SiF4 = 1.66 mol 1
Volume of SiF4 produced = 1.66 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 39.8 dm3 1
(ii) Any ONE:

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38

 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

- Slaked lime / calcium hydroxide 1

2HF + Ca(OH)2  CaF2 + 2H2O 1
- Sodium carbonate (1)
2HF + Na2CO3  2NaF + H2O + CO2 (1)
(c) (i) Tetrahedral 1
(ii) As silicon tetrafluoride has a larger molecular size than
tetrafluoromethane, 1
the van der Waals’ forces between silicon tetrafluoride molecules are
stronger than those between tetrafluoromethane molecules. 1
___
9
##

|!|CMELF0093800030|!|
A student prepared 100.0 cm3 of 1.0 M sulphuric acid from 18.0 M sulphuric acid.

(a) State TWO precautions for the diluting process. (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the volume of 18.0 M sulphuric acid required for preparing 100.0 cm 3
of 1.0 M sulphuric acid. (2 marks)

(c) The student added 0.34 g of zinc granules to the dilute acid prepared and
measured the volume of hydrogen gas collected. The set-up was shown below:

hydrogen

zinc granules 1.0 M sulphuric acid

(i) Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas collected.

(Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65.4; molar volume of gas at room temperature
and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1) (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
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(ii) The actual volume of hydrogen collected was less than the theoretical
volume. Suggest TWO reasons for the difference. (2 marks)

##
(a) Any TWO:
Wear safety spectacles / wear protective gloves / dilute the acid in a fume
cupboard / add the concentrated acid slowly to a large amount of water
with stirring. 2
3
(b) Number of moles of H2SO4 in 100.0 cm of 1.0 M H2SO4

= 1.0 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.10 mol 1

Volume of 18.0 M H2SO4 required = = 5.56 cm3 1

(c) (i) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)  H2(g) + ZnSO4(aq)

Number of moles of Zn = = 5.20 × 103 mol

Number of moles of H2SO4 = 1.0 mol dm3 × dm3 = 0.10 mol

∴ Zn is the limiting reactant.

Number of moles of H2 = 5.20 × 103 mol 1
Volume of H2 = 5.20 × 103 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 125 cm3 1
(ii) Any TWO:
The zinc granules used may not be pure / the gas syringe may not be
air-tight / the concentration of sulphuric acid prepared may not be
1.0 M as concentrated sulphuric acid is hygroscopic. (Accept other
reasonable answers) 2
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|!|CMELH0093800031|!|
Borane (BH3) and diborane (B2H6) can be used as rocket propellants. The oxidation

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

number of boron in both compounds is positive.

(a) Draw the electron diagram for a borane molecule, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only. (1 mark)

(b) Diborane is a colourless gas at room conditions. It reacts with water to give
hydrogen and boric acid (B(OH)3).
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) Explain, in terms of oxidation number, whether the reaction of diborane

with water is a redox reaction. (2 marks)

(iii) Calculate the volume of diborane required to produce 14.0 dm 3 of hydrogen

at room temperature and pressure. (2 marks)
(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm mol1)
3

(c) State and explain whether borane or diborane has a higher boiling point. (3
marks)

##
(a)

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1
(b) (i) B2H6(g) + 6H2O(l)  6H2(g) + 2B(OH)3(aq) 1
(ii) The reaction is a redox reaction 1
as the oxidation number of hydrogen increases from 1 (in B2H6) to 0
(in H2) / decreases from + 1 (in H2O) to 0 (in H2). 1

(iii) Number of moles of H2 = = 0.583 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of B2H6 : H2 = 1 : 6.

Number of moles of B2H6 = 0.583 mol × = 0.0972 mol 1

Volume of B2H6 required = 0.0972 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 2.33 dm3 1
(c) Diborane has a higher boiling point than borane. 1
Diborane has a larger molecular size than borane. 1
The van der Waals’ forces between diborane molecules are stronger than
those between borane molecules. 1
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|!|CMELF0093800032|!|
Pearl mainly consists of calcium carbonate. A student performed an experiment to
study the rate of reaction of pearl in vinegar. Excess pearls were added to 40 cm 3 of
vinegar. The following graph shows the volume of gas evolved with time.

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

volume of gas (cm3)

C
B

Time (min)

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between pearl and vinegar. (1 mark)

(b) Compare the rate of reaction of pearl with vinegar at point A, B and C. Explain
the change in reaction rate with time. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the molarity of the vinegar. (2 mark)

(Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol1)

(d) The student repeated the experiment by replacing vinegar with dilute sulphuric
acid. He found that the volume of gas evolved is negligible after ten minutes.

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
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With the aid of a chemical equation, explain his observation. (2 marks)

##
(a) CaCO3(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq)  Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1
(b) The rate of reaction of pearl with vinegar was the highest at A, then
became lower at B and finally the reaction stopped at C. 1
As the reaction proceeded, the concentration of the reactant decreased
with time. The number of effective collisions per unit time decreased. 1
(c) Total volume of gas evolved = 42 cm3

Number of moles of carbon dioxide = = 1.75 × 103 mol

Number of moles of vinegar = 1.75 × 103 mol × 2 = 3.50 × 103 mol 1

Molarity of vinegar = = 0.0875 M 1

(d) When pearl reacts with sulphuric acid, an insoluble layer (CaSO 4(s))
forms on the surface of pearl. This prevents further reaction between
pearl and the acid. 1
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 1
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|!|CMELH0093800033|!|
Sodium carbonate is an essential chemical in the production of glass. Leblanc process
was one of the methods used to manufacture sodium carbonate. The process involves
two stages. In the first stage, sodium chloride is heated with dilute sulphuric acid to
give sodium sulphate and hydrogen chloride.
2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(g)

(a) State ONE harmful effect of hydrogen chloride on the environment. (1 mark)

(b) One of the functions of sodium carbonate is to neutralize acidic waste. The
hydrogen chloride produced in the reaction is collected and passed through

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IX Rate of reaction

sodium carbonate solution. The rate of reaction can be determined by the

following concentration-time graph.

Concentration of Na2CO3(aq) (M)

Time (min)

(i) Calculate the average rate of consumption of Na 2CO3(aq) in the first two
minutes. (1 mark)

(ii) Briefly describe how the instantaneous rate at time t = 0 can be found.
(1 mark)

(c) In the second stage, sodium sulphate is heated with limestone and carbon to
produce sodium carbonate.
Na2SO4(s) + CaCO3(s) + 2C(s)  Na2CO3(s) + CaS(s) + 2CO2(g)

(i) Given that CaS is insoluble in water, suggest how solid sodium carbonate
can be obtained from the product mixture. (2 marks)

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
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(ii) Consider a furnace with a mixture of 1.50 kg of Na2SO4, 1.20 kg of CaCO3

and 0.60 kg of carbon. Calculate the theoretical volume of carbon dioxide
produced (measured at room temperature and pressure). (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, S = 32.1, Ca =
40.1; molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm 3
mol1)

##
(a) It corrodes building materials / corrodes metal objects. (Accept other
reasonable answer) 1

(b) (i) Average rate = = 0.05 M min1 1

(ii) The instantaneous rate at time t = 0 can be found by finding the

slope of tangent to the curve at time t = 0. 1
(c) (i) Add water to the product mixture and then perform filtration. 1
Heat the filtrate to dryness to obtain solid sodium carbonate. 1
(ii) Number of moles of Na2SO4

= = 10.6 mol

Number of moles of CaCO3

= = 12.0 mol

Number of moles of C = = 50.0 mol

∴ Na2SO4 is the limiting reactant. 1

Number of moles of CO2 produced = 10.6 mol × 2 = 21.2 mol 1
Theoretical volume of CO2 produced
= 21.2 mol × 24.0 dm3 mol1 = 509 dm3 1

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 HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
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© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2015 Chapter 38