Cell Communication

Binding

transduction

Responder
 Session Learning Outcomes (SLOs)
communication
yansdiction
SLO# 1 : Describe the importance of cell signaling in biology.

SLO# 2 : Explain the basic principles of cellular signal

transduction.

SLO# 3 : Compare the main types of cell communication that exist

in multicellular organisms.

SLO# 1 : Compare the 2 types of receptors that are classified based on

location in the cell d intracellular
transmembrane
SLO# 2 : List the major classes of signalling molecules and the
receptor types upon which they act.

SLO# 3 : Describe the stages and events of cell signaling.

SLO# 4 : Describe how signal information is transduced into cellular

je
responses in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus genes
metabolism enzyme
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 Definitions
ggT
É
nausea for a
• Ligand: the chemical signal that binds to a receptor. ee
i
[Link]
• Receptor: a protein that can bind to the signal (in the case of a
molecule) or detect a signal in the case of light or other non-
have spacificsitetospecificlegend spacitis ithasbindingsitewhichis
because
molecule signals. in its conformationcomplomantrywitnthaolegend

legendmolecule
• Reception: when the receptor binds to the signal, causing the
receptor to change shape. Tactivation
gInIEfd
Giant translation
[Link]
• ydFsisKinase: an enzyme that attaches a phosphate to another protein
Ihosphathosphorelation

FILE(usually
alwaysmeanphosphoremationmenanthitation'[Link]
activating it) Lychange conformation

Remove phosphate dephosphorylation

• Phosphatase: an enzyme that removes phosphate from a protein
inhibition
(usually inactivating it) s
protientnucleus then activate
sp sp activate entracenular
activate
Iprotien target zmassenger protien
• Second Messenger: a small non protein molecule that diffuses
*
Fignon
rapidly through the cell during signal transduction. Examples
thecelltransmitthesignal
inside o
includecylic cAMP, IP3, DAG, Ca2+.
molecule

mechanism Response
• Signal Transduction: converting a signal into a cellular response.
ineterotien

converted
fix theresponse
 adapting
Cell Communication
• The basics of cell communication are found in all living
things.
• All living cells must respond appropriately to their
environment. Toadaptwiththese
extracellularmatrix
environment

secreted
orprotien
anyhormone

Importance of cell signaling

in unicellular organisms
done cell

➢ In single-celled organisms, signal transduction

pathways influence how the cell responds to its
direct
or not
environment and signaling between organisms. direct
togie the
rightrespond
 Unicellular organisms
nucleus 2 cell chemical
eukaryotes
Example: Yeast cells identify their mates by cell language
cell
between

MFitiliza
*
on
signaling breeding

specific factor a female

Receptor
1 Exchange of mating factors:
Each cell type secretes a mating a
factor that binds to receptors on
g
the other cell type.
ancellscanreleasesignalsatthesametimethey have
receptor Yeast cell,
FIFIYeast cell,
a factor
because havespecific
they
to
receptors recieve

ÉÉ
signals
totheismolecules mating type a mating type
2 Mating:
Binding of the factors to receptors ed
elonge
response
enter
tobeclose
andto
am
T
induces changes in the cells that
lead to their fusion. Elongate
a

3New a/ cell: dafssionforanucleus

The nucleus of the fused cell a/
together

thenderide
includes all the genes
mum
from the a and orgeriess
α cells. to produce
 a
Immune system
bacteriaenterour body
macrophage T
b
lamphocyte
send some
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begeuffyattheir
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 Importance of cell signaling xoxod
and
in multicellular organisms tissue
Eaforthesponse

quem
➢ Cell communication is necessary for the existence of
cel'shighest

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brain
between
coordination

multicellular organisms. andoarsto

[Link]

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function

WE
➢ Cell-cell signalling permits coordinated function of cells within
and between tissues, up to the organism level
i
➢ Cells must interpret the multitude of signals they receive from
other cells to help coordinate their behaviors.
➢ Cells must communicate in order to proliferate, differentiate,
migrate and maintain a functional state. homeostasis
someprotien because thereare amnintal
cell
➢ Most animal cells both send and receive [Link]
depend
on
kind ofthesignal
kind ofthecell jbtend
➢ Signals from other cells or the environment can be stimulatory activate

(turn on a gene or protein) or inhibitory (turn off a gene or protein

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willmegratethen
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eating thecea
specific signal
molecules will recret
ere this
infection
hecell when wehaveinflammation

Wound bacteriaenterinsidesite
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megration
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this blood macrophage came to
fromthe
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communication
environment
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leave bindto
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it's megration
 Ig
example
multicellular organisms [Link]
m
Example: During animal development, cells in the embryo
exchange signals to determine whichafdiferinfaite
specialized role each cell
will adopt, what position it will occupy in the animal, and Isis Eger
Ittf
signal some signal activatecelldivision
whether it will survive, divide, or die.
stopydevide
tommunication tapoptocysel signal
info
-
withother
round
➢ The ability of cells in multicellular organisms to perceive and
correctly respond to their microenvironment is the basis of again
growth, development, tissue repair, and immunity as well as
normal tissue homeostasis. niftier
in the resption
A
Respond
Receptor a some things wrong
➢ Errors in cellular information processing are responsible for
diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes.
healingTeair tissueHew
 General Principal of Cell Signaling

- Cells in a multicellular organism communicate

differentiation
via
chemical
I
messengers.
need tedividing
- Communication between cells requires:
signal
fmmunication apoptosis
need
• Ligand: Extracellular
am gym signaling molecules that are
in
produced
in
important
and released by signaling cells.
his
• Receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor
binds and recognize the signaling molecules on the
surface of target cells where they cause
recieving or
a cellular
responding
pin
response
defesincy
by means of a signal transduction pathway.
 Signal transduction pathways
• A signal transduction pathway is a series of steps by
which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a
specific cellular response.

Mother cell

fie
bind
Figure 16-2 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010) with the
surfareof

External signal is received and converted to another targeted

form to elicit a response Receptor
gene
Isytoplasmic
potties
 Methods used by Cells to Communicate
There are different basic mechanisms for cellular
communication:
1- Direct contact: Cell-cell or cell-matrix contact
using membrane bound receptors.

2- Indirect: there are three kinds of chemical

signaling: Mother cell

fie
Extracellular signal molecules can act over either long
or short distance bind
with the
A. Autocrine signaling surfareof
targeted
B. Paracrine signaling
Receptor
C. Endocrine signaling gene potties
Isytoplasmic
 Types of signaling
● Cells that maintain an intimate membrane-to-membrane interface
can engage in contact-dependent signaling.

● Cells may communicate by direct contact, or cell-cell recognition

1- Direct contact only activate
has
• the cell witch
Animal and plant cells have cell junctions that directly
spatial
connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Plasma
membranes
legend receptor

principle
Gap junctions Plasmodesmata
between animal between plant
 Types of signaling

2- Cell-cell recognition

● The cells make direct physical contact through

signal moleculesdifferent
convert lodged in the plasma membrane of
receptor
the signaling cell and receptor proteins embedded in
fingletgroft
g
the plasma membrane of the target cell.
cytoplasm
protien
converted inside
extract call to another
signal typerespond
then
● Signaling by direct (cell-cell or cell-matrix) interactions plays
a critical role in regulating the behavior of cells in animals
tissues.
close to eachother directiontact
For example:
The integrins and cadherins function not
only as cell adhesion molecules but also
integralprotien
Tepithiacen
cell and extracellular
as signaling molecules that regulate cell
gifetitifrespondreto matrix
proliferation and survival in response to
cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts.
neboringcell longe distance
between
call sendsignal andrecYetE

littledistan.e
During embryonic development, such contact-dependent
according signal
signaling allows adjacent cells that are
send and
initiallyrelieve
similar to same
become
specialized to form different cell types een
disff
 o
e
epithilal
simple junction nutrients endother
cell cell contact through tartries
receptor tell
from2Tell

guaniction
T
frog plant
 cell-cell recognition
Cell to Cell
actContact:
on same
used cell
to distinguish “self” from “other”

• Animal cells have MHC proteins on the surface of the

cell to distinguish “self” from “other”
• Antigen Presenting Cells present antigen to T cells by cell-
contact nerboning
not direct
cell contact.

longe distance
Recognition of foreign antigen causes T cell activation and
signal to other immune cells to mature
B Cells are antigen presenting cells to T helper cells

B cells present antigen to

TH cell.
If the T cell receptor
recognizes the antigen it
will release lymphokines have specific receptor
molelate because
The B cell matures into a
gignal

plasma
immunecell and releases preceptor
system
antibodies into the blood
plasma.
 Three kinds of chemical signaling

1- Autocrine signaling: extracellular matrix

1
● Cells respond to signaling molecules that they
themselves produce.
● Examples: response of the immune system to foreign
GMEtegren
antigens, and cancer cells.
I
integren
receptor intracellular
integrins
of
cycoslyton
call enviromnt adnisionthape

Eptiliziation 1 monocyte
maggqnagej [Link] divide

H
commodity
enow 31dL
eplithitalcell

Fiesta
6.4 divide well
 by receptor

Examples of an autocrine:
1- The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in monocytes:
When interleukin-1 is produced in response to external
stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell
that reaction
producedstiffen it.
He
inflammatory

monocyte macrophagezsignal
These
fragment
d T cellscrecret
phagocytosis can then go on to perform effector functions
activate
tiohsyfapnocyte
ffenbeaton
different

such as
[Link]
macrophage activation
Paramour titivate
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ma
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 kinds of chemical signaling
Short distance signaling:

2- Paracrine signaling: 2 contact of

dweeb
● The signaling molecules released by I
one cell in the extracellular fluid act on
neighboring target cells spacitic
receptor

● Examples: 7i
- Neurotransmitters at synapses in
regs the nervous system.
- Cytokines that cause an inflammatory response moleculein the

infection area. I signal

*
- Growth factors that control cell proliferation
macrophage
in a healing
wound function.
Synaptic signaling: Indirect
Neuronal signals are transmitted along axons to remote
target cells.

phagocytosis

Lprotier

* sykotin Iprotien
more power same
cell
 Three kinds of chemical signaling
Long distance signaling:
Long-distance signaling
3- Endocrine signaling: Blood
Endocrine cell
● The signaling molecules are vessel

hormonesfmmonocyte
secreted by
endocrine cells and carried
in the samecel
through the circulation system
to act on target cells at distant Hormone travels
in bloodstream
body sites. more to target cells

Examples: Areproductive
hormone secreted by the female
system
Target
cell
- Progesterone and testosterone.
- Thyroid hormones. Aproduced hormone
in the
testicles
 Types of signaling
norotransummer

The endocrine hormones FSH and LH are made by

the pituitary gland in the brain.
- These hormones coordinate the maturation of ovules
and and Endometrium

Erecrate cell from

blood
Figure 45.10 Glucose homeostasis maintained by insulin and glucagon

actor
EEet
I
pi wood
repair

release
factor

y relieve factor
Each Cell Responds to a Limited Set of Signals

● A typical cell in a multicullarlonge

organism is exposed to hundreds of
different signal molecules in its environment.
● These may be free in the extracellular fluid, embedded in the
protien matrix in which cell
extracellular rest, or bound to the surface of the
bydulation
neighboring cells.
● Each cell must respond selectively to a mixture of signal,
disregarding some and reacting to others, according to the cell
specialized function.
● Cell responds to a signal molecule depends on whether it possesses
a receptor for that signal.
● Limited range of signals can still be used to control the behavior of
cell in complex ways.
● The complexity is of two sorts:
1. Binding to one type of receptor protein, can cause a
multitude of effects in the target cell. It can alter the cell’s
shape, movement, metabolism, and gene expression.

o
from I gevaylation
brain
O O
distance
Lowry
long eel

target cell d
matoration
The information conveyed by the signal depends on how the target ovary
cell receives and interprets the signal. in the
2. A typical cell possesses a collection of different receptors.
Such a variety makes tissue blood
the cell simultaneously be sensitive to
many extracellular signals. these signal molecules work in
g
combinations to regulate the behavior of the cell. in
I am

Each cell is programmed to respond to specific combinations of

extracellular signal molecules
 depend of the location collecting A receptor

Extracellular signals alter the activity of a variety of cell

proteins to change the behavior of the cell.

●The signal molecule binds to a cell-

surface receptor protein.

jWIETtor
to
●The receptor
f [Link] activates an
this signal
targetmen
intracellular signaling pathway that is
mediated by a series of intracellular I
signaling proteins.
swim
spacificity
it
narongvengrain ji j
É
qÉ
[Link] signal

●Some of these signaling I

proteins interact with target
proteins, altering them to
change the behavior of the cell.
Signaling cascades of intracellular signaling molecules
have several crucial functions.
receptor
They transform the signal into a molecular 4 98SN
form suitable for passing the signal along or
stimulating a response. forspecific
Modulation
signal
They relay the signal from the point in the cell at by other
which it is received to the point at which the factors
response is produced. activate

Signaling cascades amplify the signals

regesation grown factor

different Interaction
erotienatijid
The signaling cascades can also distribute
the signal so as to influence several
processes in parallel. respond
differ
because of different
gintegrate protier inside thecell

Howthe cell
receive and
collectionof
patients Tactivate
many the cell
 d
amok pathway respond
T
Extracellular signals
Extracellular signal molecules generally fall into two
classes:
Tw m
s extracellular
1- The most of the signal molecules are infract
collectiondprotien
goniff
Hydrophylic molecules. gfp
Large polypeptide hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth
a

at
hormones).
Small charged compounds (Adrenaline).
Unable
collection to cross the plasma membrane of the target cell.

Bind to cell surface receptors.

Usually
signal Wh
molecules
use
t a 2nd messenger. [Link]
Generate one or more signaling molecules inside the
target cell.
2- Some of the extracellular signal molecules are:

Small or hydrophobic.
Diffuses through the plasma membrane. Thorman protien
signal
molecule
Made from cholesterol, lipids, hydrophobic AAs, or Vit A.
Very stable change = hours to days (slow change
and long-lasting to
conformation

cellular change). one man receptor

respon
WE
Activate intracellular enzymes directly or bind to pass signal to
intracellular receptors proteins in either the cytosol or
the nucleus. reach the

Both the cytosolic and nuclear receptors are referred to as

nuclear receptors.
É
Most steroid receptors are transcription regulators,T respond
seethe
which bind to promoter and turn on specific genes.
image
movementmegration
at
shape

Regulates gene expression Itani

mrna
gene
 - Cells in multicellular organisms use hundreds of kinds of
extracellular molecules to send signals to one another.

- Ligand can be:

[Link]
• Proteins g
• Peptide IET 20
signal a
• Amino acids, fatwas
J
a 3
• Nucleotides,
o_0 899 0
30
• Steroids Iftar
integration

one target
• Fatty acid derivatives, molecule

aformor
• Dissolved gases thanon

aÉÉÉ
 Glass
Type receptor location
of
Extracellular signal molecules type example

Extracellular signal molecules bind either to cell-surface

receptors or to intracellular enzymes or receptors.

watersoluble

a g

iii
Extracellular signal molecules
a cell’s response to a signal can be fast or slow
Cell responses that need not involve changes in gene
expression (changes in cell movement, secretion, or

fried
metabolism) occur more quickly.

the cytoplasm
In
Title steroid
it express genes
present in cytoplasm complexreceptor legend
nucleus

1 IF
a

hind
activestate
an I 9 steroid
expresstigen to
coming
qq that involve changes in gene expression and
Cell responses the
nucleus
bindwith
synthesis of new proteins (cell growth and division) occur gender

to express
relatively slowly. spacific
regulate
Intracellular Receptors

Intracellular receptors are cytoplasmic or nuclear

proteins.

Receptors are often in the cytoplasm until a

ligand binds to them and then they move to the
nucleus.
É
Signal molecules are lipid-soluble molecules.
I No
join say
 Intracellular Receptors

● A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:

1. Hormone-binding domain
2. DNA binding domain
3. Domain that interacts with coactivators to affectbind
legend
gene expression A with
receptor
fr
inter
● Steroid Receptor Superfamily are fega
activate
transcription factors that function eithergene
as
inhibate expression
activators or repressors of transcription.
 we ha
Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals

Nitric oxide (NO) triggers smooth muscle relaxation in

a blood-vessel wall
- Nitric oxide (NO), is able to diffuse across thefactor
transcription
membrane.
- Nitric oxide gas signals
got If
by binding directly to an enzyme
inside the target cell, and alters the activity of intracellular
target enzymes..
a

Ex. It signals the dilation of blood

vessels.
The mechanism : steroid

1. Acetylcholine is
S nareleased from the
I hidroophi
hydrophipy
terminus of nerve cell in the blood
vessel wall.
6. the activated cyclase
catalyzes the production
of cGMp from Gtp.
5. NO bound to
guanylyl cyclase.

3. The endothelial cells are

stimulated to produce NO 7. cGMP causes
2. Acetylcholine
(from arginine). muscle cells
diffuses to reach
relaxation
acetylcholine
receptors 4. The NO diffuses into adjacent
smooth muscle cells.
 Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals

One important class of signal molecules that rely on

intracellular receptor proteins is the steroid hormones
(cortisol, estradial, and testosterone) and the thyroid
hormones (thyroxine). d bindingsite

DNA binding cite

5 2M
gene
TFIOS
helpactivate gene
factor neg
gene exprifon
expression

yegg

qtr
Cell Signaling by hydrophobic signals

Imman

artery
 Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors
1. Hormone binds to a
receptor protein in the 5. The mRNA is
cytoplasm,. translated into a
specific protein
i

exocytosis

y
5
secret
spogeptor cytosolic
Hormone passes
through the intracellular
plasma membrane.
no 1. Hormone-receptor
complex enters the
nucleus.
smooth

4. Hormone-receptor
complex binds to target gene
Response
and stimulates the
transcription of the gene
ya response Stassi
into mRNA.