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60 61
The Motor Effect
Electromagnetism
The motor effect
Permanent magnetscanare
happen
great,when
but ityou put be
would a current-carrying wire
really handy to be in atomagnetic
able field. It’s
turn a magnetic really
field useful
on and off.in
Well, it turnswell...
stuff like... out that whenmotors.
electric electric Ifcurrent flows
you want to itknow
produces a magnetic
exactly what it is,field — have
you’ll problem solved.
to keep Hooray
reading . .
A Current
Current-Carrying
in a Magnetic
WireField
Creates
Experiences
a Magnetic
a FField
orce
When
1) Anaelectric
current-carrying
current in wire is put between
a conductor magnetic
produces poles,
a magnetic thearound
field two magnetic
it. fields affect one another.
The result
2) The is a the
larger force on thecurrent,
electric wire. This
the can causethe
stronger themagnetic
wire to move
field.. This is called the motor effect.
3) The directioncharged
of the magnetic field depends
electronson
in the direction of thethrough
current.a magnetic
Paper 2
This is because particles (e.g. a current) moving
Paper 2
field will experience a force, as long as they’re not moving parallel to the field lines. Current
Magnetic Field
The Magnetic Field Around a Straight Wire
Resulting Force
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||
This is an aerial view.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
1) There is ared
The dot represents
magnetic field aaround a straight, current-carrying wire. Normal magnetic field of wire
wire carrying current “out of N S Normal magnetic field of magnets
2) The field is made up of concentric circles with the wire in the centre.
| | | | |
the page” (towards you). | | | | | | |
Deviated magnetic field of magnets
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1)
To experience the full force, the wire has to be at 90° to the magnetic field. If the wire runs along
Thethe
Magnetic Field
magnetic field Around
, it won’t a Flat
experience Circular
any force Coil
at all. At angles in between,
Currentit’ll feelMagnetic
some force.Field
2) The force always acts in the same direction Horseshoe Magnet
1) The magnetic field in the centre of a flat circular
relative to the magnetic field of the magnets
coil of wire is similar to that of a bar magnet.
and the direction of the current in the wire.
2) There are concentric ellipses (stretched circles)
N F N
3) A good way of showing the direction of the
of magnetic field lines around the coil. S
Paper 2
Paper 2
force is to apply a current to a set of rails
inside a horseshoe magnet (shown opposite).
A bar is placed on the rails, which completes the circuit.
TheThis
Magnetic
generates aField Around
force that rolls theabar
Solenoid
along the rails.
Bar rolls along rails
when current is applied
4) The magnitude (strength) of the force increases with the strength of the magnetic field.
1) The magnetic field inside a current-carrying solenoid
5) The force also increases with the amount of current (a coilpassing
of wire)through theand
is strong conductor.
uniform.
6) Reversing the current or the magnetic field2) alsoOutside
reverses the direction of the force
the coil, the field is j ust like. the
one around a bar magnet.
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule Tells You Which Way the Force Acts
3) This means that the ends of a solenoid act like the
1) They could test if you can do this, so practise north
it. pole and south pole of a bar magnet.
thuMb
2) Using your left hand, point your First finger in This type of magnet
the direction of is called an Motion
ELECTROMAGNET
First finger .
Field
the Field and your seCond finger in the direction of the Current.
seCond finger
3) Your thuMb will then point in the direction of the force (Motion). Current
Magnetic Materials
EXAMPLE: canisbe
Which direction the‘Soft’ orthe
force on ‘Hard’
wire?
1) A magnetic material is considered ‘soft’ if it loses its induced
magnetism quickly, or ‘hard’ if it keeps it permanently. Soft iron core
2) Iron is an example
ANSWER: 1) Drawofinacurrent
soft magnetic
arrows material.
Electrical
Steel is an example ofto
a hard 2) Fleming’s LHR. supply3) Draw in direction of force
(+ve –ve).magnetic material.
3) Iron is used in transformers because of this property seC—
onditfinger (motion). Solenoid
Current
needs to magnetise and demagnetise 50 times First a second
finger
(mains electricity in the UK runs at 50 Hz) — see Field p.64.
4) You can increase the strength of the magnetic field around
thuMb a solenoid F
Motion
by adding a magnetically “soft” iron core through the middle of the coil.
Remember
A thewalks
soft iron bar Left-Hand Rule
into a for the motor effect — drive on the left...
solenoid...
...and
You’resuddenly
going to has
needa magnetic
to know thepersonality.
difference Groan.
betweenEnough
left andof
right
the for
badthis
j okes
page.
— electromagnetism
Learn the rule andallows
use itus
—todon’t
make be
scared of
electric looking
motors, like a muppet
doorbells, those in the magnets
giant exam. Learn all the
that pick up details,
cars in diagrams
scrapyards,and all, thenlocks,
magnetic coverparticle
the pageaccelerators,
and scribble it
levitating
all down from
trains...
memory.
Frogs Then
can even
checkbe back,
made see
to float
whatinyou’ve
mid-air.
missed,
Fact.and try again.
Q1 State what
Explain thethe three fingers
difference in Fleming’s
between ‘soft’ andLeft-Hand Rule represent.
‘hard’ magnetic materials. [2[1marks]
mark]
Section 6 — Magnetism and Electromagnetism Section 6 — Magnetism and Electromagnetism
60 / BC
