Water Properties Notes - Pure water freezes at 0 deg * C at
normal pressure (1 atm).
**1. Molecular formula of the water
molecule**
- H_{2}*O **Effect of pressure**
- If the pressure is increased, then the
boiling point increases.
**2. Chemical name of water**
- If the pressure is decreased, then the
- Dihydrogen oxide. boiling point decreases.
**3. Molecular mass of water** **Density**
- = 2 (atomic mass of H) + 1 (atomic mass - Maximum 1g / c * m ^ 3 or 1000kg / (m
of O) ^ 3) at 4 deg * C
- = 2(1) + 1 16) = 2+16 = 18 amu
**Anomalous expansion of water**
**4. Bond angle in water molecule** - When water is cooled, it first contracts
- Hydrogen to oxygen to hydrogen bond in volume just like other liquids up to 4
angle: 104.5°. deg * C
- On further cooling, it expands instead of
contracting. This expansion takes place
**Physical Properties of Water** up to 0 deg * C
**Nature** - Thus, at 0 deg * C water has maximum
volume and minimum density.
- Pure water is a colourless, transparent,
clear liquid at room temperature. - At 0 deg * C it becomes ice and has a
density of 0.92g / c * m ^ 3 and floats on
- It is odourless and tasteless. water.
**Boiling point** **Conductivity**
- Pure water boils at 100 deg * C at - Pure water is a non-conductor of
normal pressure. electricity because it does not form ions.
- Water can be decomposed by the
passing of electric current. This process is
**Freezing point**
called electrolysis.
- Electrolysis → H_{2} + O_{2} - The latent heat of vaporisation of water
is 2260 J/g or 540 cal/g.
- 2H2O
- In the reverse process, 2260 joules of
heat is released when 1 g of
**Universal Solvent** steam.condenses to form 1 g of water at
100°C
- Water is a universal solvent and can
dissolve many substances as compared to
other solvents because of its polar **Specific heat capacity**
covalent nature.
- The specific heat or specific heat
capacity of a substance is the amount of
**Dielectric Constant** heat required to raise the temperature of
a unit mass of that substance through
- Water has a high dielectric constant of 1°C.
80.10 at 20 deg * C
- The specific heat of water is 4.2 joules or
- Because of this large value of the 1 calone.
dielectric constant, water can dissolve a
large number of ionic compounds.
**Importance of dissolved salts in
water:**
**Latent heat of fusion of ice**
- The dissolved solids in water are salts,
- The amount of heat energy required by minerals and impurities.
ice to change into water is called the
latent heat of fusion of ice. 1. Salts and minerals are essential for
growth and development of plants.
- The latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 J/g
or 80 cal/g. 2. They add taste to water.
- In the reverse process, 336 joules of 3. They supply the essential minerals
heat is released when 1 g of water needed by our bodies.
solidifies to form 1 g of ice at 0 deg * C
**AIR DISSOLVED IN WATER**
**Latent heat of vaporisation of water** - Air is present in dissolved state in all the
- The energy required to change water natural sources of water.
into its vapour at its boiling point - Of the two main components of air,
without any change in temperature is oxigen is most soluble in water than
called the latent heat of vaporisation of nitrogen.
water.
- Since oxygen is more soluble in water
compared to nitrogen, composition of the
air dissolved in water differs from
ordinary air.
- The composition of air dissolved in
water is 33% Oxygen, 66% nitrogen and
1% carbon dioxide.
**IMPORTANCE OF AIR DISSOLVED IN
WATER**
- Air dissolved in water is biologically
very important.
1. Marine life, like fish, use the oxygen of
the air dissolved in water for respiration,
and thus aquatic life is sustained.
- 1 dm³ (1 litre) of water contains
nearly 40 cm³ of dissolved oxygen.
2. (i) Aquatic plants make use of
dissolved carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis, i.e. to prepare their food.
- 6CO² + 12H²O ⇌ chlorophyll /
sunlight C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6O² + 6 H²O glucose
**SOLUTION**
... (continues through the entire provided
text) ...
