Principles of Macroeconomics 11th Edition Case

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Principles of Macroeconomics, 11e - TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster)
Chapter 11 Money Demand and the Equilibrium Interest Rate

11.1 Interest Rates and Bond Prices

1) The price of bonds and the interest rate are

A) positively related.
B) negatively related.
C) sometimes positively related and other times negatively related, depending on the bond payments.
D) not related.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

2) When the interest rate rises, bond values

A) rise.
B) fall.
C) are unchanged because the interest rate paid on a bond is fixed.
D) will either increase or decrease depending on the type of bond.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

3) A bond with a face value of $1,000

A) will always sell for more than the face value.
B) will always sell for less than the face value.
C) will always sell for exactly the face value.
D) will sell for the market determined price.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 526: If the estate in the Chekhov play Uncle Vanya is earning 2
percent, yet a potential buyer wants to earn more than 2 percent, the sales price of the estate would have
to
A) fall.
B) rise.
C) double.
D) no price will bring a higher return
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices: Economics in Practice
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

5) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 526: If the estate in the Chekhov play Uncle Vanya is earning 2
percent, the interest rate on suitable securities is 5 percent, and the securities are a better risk than the
estate, a potential buyer should require the price of the estate be ________ until the equivalent return on
the estate is ________.
A) raised; 5 percent
B) lowered; 5 percent
C) lowered; greater than 5 percent
D) raised; greater than 5 percent
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices: Economics in Practice
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

6) When interest rates fall, bond values rise.

Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

7) The market-determined prices of existing bonds and interest rates are directly related.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

2
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
8) Firms and governments can borrow funds by issuing bonds.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: Interest Rates and Bond Prices
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

11.2 The Demand for Money

1) Veronica's income is $4,000 a month. She deposits $800 in a saving account, buys $300 worth of
government securities, and leaves the rest for daily transactions. Veronica's transaction money demand is
A) $2,900.
B) $3,200.
C) $3,700.
D) $5,100.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

2) Mary is paid on the 1st of every month and her rent is due on the 15th of every month. This is an
example of the
A) cash flow problem.
B) financial float.
C) money management problem.
D) nonsynchronization of income and spending.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

3) The average monthly balance in Tony's bank account is $650. Tony spends the same amount of money
each day during the month and at the end of the month his account balance is $0. Tony's monthly starting
balance is
A) $1,300.
B) $975.
C) $650.
D) $21.67.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

3
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) The average monthly balance in Aaron's bank account is $2,000. Aaron spends the same amount of
money each day during the month, and at the end of the month his account balance is $0. Aaron's
monthly starting balance is
A) $2,000.
B) $3,500.
C) $4,000.
D) $6,000.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

5) The average monthly balance in Yolanda's bank account is $1,800. Yolanda spends the same amount of
money each day during a 30-day month, and at the end of the month her account balance is $0. Yolanda
spends her money at a constant rate of ________ per day.
A) $60
B) $120
C) $180
D) $360
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

6) The average monthly balance in Bobby's bank account is $3,000. Bobby spends the same amount of
money each day during a 30-day month, and at the end of the month his account balance is $0. Bobby
spends his money at a constant rate of ________ per day.
A) $75
B) $100
C) $200
D) $300
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

4
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
7) Ed's monthly starting balance is $3,000. Ed spends $100 per day. Initially, Ed keeps all of his income in
a non-interest-bearing checking account. Ed decided to change his strategy and at the beginning of each
month he deposits one-third of his income into his checking account and buys two bonds with the
remainder of his income. After 10 days he cashes in one bond and 10 days after that he cashes in the other
bond. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) If Ed uses either strategy, his average monthly balance is $1,500.
B) The second strategy involves lower money management costs because Ed now earns interest on the
bonds he has purchased.
C) Ed's optimal money balance is $100.
D) If the interest rate paid on bonds decreases, the opportunity cost of Ed's original strategy is reduced.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

8) An increase in the interest rate will

A) have no impact on the optimal money balance.
B) increase the optimal money balance.
C) lower the optimal money balance.
D) either increase or decrease the optimal money balance depending on the level of current household
wealth.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

9) John's optimal money balance has increased. This could have been caused by
A) a reduction in the costs paid for switching from bonds to money.
B) a decrease in the price of bonds.
C) a decrease in the amount of transactions spending.
D) a decrease in the interest rate.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

5
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
10) Lisa's optimal monetary balance has decreased. This could have been caused by
A) an increase in the amount of transactions spending.
B) a decrease in the interest rate.
C) a reduction in the costs paid for switching from bonds to money.
D) an increase in the price of bonds.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

11) The interest rate paid on bonds increases from 4% to 7%. This will cause
A) no change in the optimal balance of money because checking deposits don't earn interest.
B) the optimal balance of money to increase because it raises the opportunity costs of holding money.
C) the optimal balance of money to decrease because it raises the opportunity cost of holding money.
D) the optimal balance of money to increase because it reduces the opportunity cost of holding money.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

12) Which of the following is NOT a motive for holding money?

A) the transaction motive
B) the asset motive
C) the speculative motive
D) All of the above are motives for holding money.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

13) The speculative demand for money is

A) positively related to income.
B) positively related to interest rate.
C) negatively related to interest rate.
D) negatively related to income.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

6
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
14) The transactions demand for money is
A) positively related to aggregate income.
B) positively related to the interest rate.
C) negatively related to the price level.
D) negatively related to the interest rate.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

15) As the interest rate falls, people hold ________ money instead of bonds because the opportunity cost
of holding money has ________.
A) more; fallen
B) less; fallen
C) less; risen
D) more; risen
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

16) If interest rates are lower than what individuals consider normal, they will
A) increase their transaction money demand.
B) increase their speculative money demand.
C) decrease their speculative money demand.
D) decrease their transaction money demand.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

17) If interest rates increase to a very high level, people will most likely hold
A) more bonds and less cash.
B) less bonds and less cash.
C) less bonds and more cash.
D) more bonds and more cash.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

7
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
18) Which of the following will most likely cause a decrease in the quantity of money demanded?
A) an increase in the price level
B) an increase in the interest rate
C) an increase in nominal aggregate output
D) a decrease in the interest rate
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

19) The transaction demand for money depends on all of the following EXCEPT
A) income.
B) the price level.
C) the interest rate.
D) the amount of transactions spending.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

20) The transaction demand for money depends on

A) the money supply.
B) the price level.
C) bond prices.
D) the interest rate.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

21) The speculative demand for money

A) increases when income increases above normal.
B) decreases when interest rates decrease below normal.
C) increases when interest rates decrease below normal.
D) decreases when the price level decreases below normal.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

8
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22) The transaction demand for money
A) decreases when interest rates decrease below normal.
B) increases when interest rates increase above normal.
C) decreases when interest rates increase above normal.
D) increases when the price level rises.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

23) If the interest rate is higher than normal, people are more likely to hold
A) bonds instead of money because as the interest rate starts to rise, the value of the bonds will increase.
B) bonds instead of money because the opportunity cost of money is high.
C) money instead of bonds because the brokerage fees and other costs of buying bonds are high when the
interest rate is low.
D) money instead of bonds because there is a speculative motive for holding a larger amount of money.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.1 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.1

24) Refer to Figure 11.1. A movement from Point D to Point A can be caused by
A) a decrease in the interest rate.
B) an increase in income.
C) a decrease in nominal aggregate output.
D) an increase in the interest rate.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

9
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
25) Refer to Figure 11.1. A movement from Point B to Point A can be caused by
A) a decrease in income.
B) an increase in the price level.
C) a decrease in the interest rate.
D) an increase in the interest rate.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

26) Refer to Figure 11.1. A movement from Point B to Point D can be caused by
A) a decrease in income.
B) an increase in the interest rate.
C) a decrease in the interest rate.
D) an increase in nominal aggregate output.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

27) Refer to Figure 11.1. All of the following events can cause a movement from Point E to Point A
EXCEPT
A) an increase in the aggregate price level.
B) an increase in the nominal aggregate output.
C) a decrease in the interest rate.
D) an increase in real output and income.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

28) Refer to Figure 11.1. The money demand curve will shift from to if

A) the price level increases.

B) nominal output decreases.
C) interest rates fall.
D) interest rates rise.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

10
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
29) Refer to Figure 11.1. The movement from C to B could be cause by
A) a decrease in the interest rate.
B) an increase in the interest rate.
C) a decrease in income.
D) an increase in nominal output.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.2 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.2

30) Refer to Figure 11.2. Suppose money demand is currently at Point A. An increase money demand
could be caused by
A) an increase in the interest rate.
B) an increase in income.
C) a decrease in the interest rate.
D) a decrease in income.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

11
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
31) Refer to Figure 11.2. Suppose money demand is currently at Point A. A decrease in the interest rate to
5%, ceteris paribus, will likely
A) decrease the quantity of money demanded from $200 million to $100 million.
B) increase the quantity of money demanded from $100 million to $200 million.
C) increase the quantity of money demanded from $100 million to $150 million.
D) increase the quantity of money demanded from $150 million to $300 million.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

32) Refer to Figure 11.2. Suppose the money demand is currently at Point D. A movement to point C
could be caused by
A) a decrease in the interest rate.
B) a decrease in nominal output.
C) an increase in the interest rate.
D) an increase in the price level.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

33) Refer to Figure 11.2. Suppose that money demand is currently at Point B. A movement to Point D
could be caused by
A) an increase in income, ceteris paribus.
B) an increase in the price level, ceteris paribus.
C) a decrease in the price level, ceteris paribus.
D) a decrease in the interest rate, ceteris paribus.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

34) Which of the following causes the quantity demanded of money to increase?
A) an increase in income
B) a decrease in income
C) a decrease in the price level
D) a decrease in the interest rate
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

12
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
35) The ________ motive shifts the money demand curve, and the ________ motive causes movements
along the same money demand curve.
A) speculative; transaction
B) transaction; precautionary
C) transaction; speculative
D) precautionary; transaction
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

36) When the aggregate price level (P) is multiplied by real aggregate income (Y), the result is
A) the aggregate money multiplier.
B) the real aggregate price level.
C) nominal aggregate output.
D) aggregate money demand.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

37) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 531: The increase in the number of ATMs in Italy has had
what impact on the market for cash?
A) demand has increased
B) demand has decreased
C) supply has increased
D) supply had decreased
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money: Economics in Practice
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

13
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
38) Related to the Economics in Practice on p. 531: In Italy, checking accounts pay interest. As these interest
rates increase, ceteris paribus,
A) the demand for cash increases.
B) the demand for cash decreases.
C) the demand for cash does not change.
D) the supply of cash decreases.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money: Economics in Practice
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

39) A mismatch between the timing of money inflow to the household and the timing of money outflow
for household expenses is known as the nonsynchronization of income and spending.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Definition
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

40) Less switching from bonds to money means less interest revenue lost, but higher money management
costs.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

41) The optimal money balance will increase as the interest rate rises, ceteris paribus.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

42) If people think interest rates are above their normal levels, they will want to hold bonds in
anticipation of a capital gain when interest rates fall to their normal level.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

14
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
43) Investors may wish to hold bonds when interest rates are low with the hope of selling them when
interest rates increase.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

44) A decrease in nominal aggregate output will lead to an increase in the interest rate.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

45) An excess demand for money drives interest rates down.

Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Demand for Money
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

15
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
11.3 The Equilibrium Interest Rate

Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.3 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.3

1) Refer to Figure 11.3. At an interest rate of 6%, there is a

A) shortage of money and the interest rate will decline.
B) shortage of money and the interest rate will rise.
C) surplus of money and the interest rate will decline.
D) surplus of money and the interest rate will rise.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

2) Refer to Figure 11.3. At an interest rate of 3%, there is a

A) shortage of money and the interest rate will decline.
B) shortage of money and the interest rate will rise.
C) surplus of money and the interest rate will decline.
D) surplus of money and the interest rate will rise.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

16
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
3) Refer to Figure 11.3. A decrease in nominal aggregate output, ceteris paribus, will likely
A) increase the equilibrium interest rate without changing equilibrium money holdings.
B) decrease both the equilibrium interest rate and equilibrium money holdings.
C) increase the equilibrium interest rate and decrease equilibrium money holdings.
D) decrease the equilibrium interest rate without changing equilibrium money holdings.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

4) Refer to Figure 11.3. An increase in nominal aggregate output, ceteris paribus, will likely
A) increase both the equilibrium interest rate and equilibrium money holdings.
B) decrease the equilibrium interest rate without changing equilibrium money holdings.
C) increase the equilibrium interest rate without changing equilibrium money holdings.
D) keep the equilibrium interest constant and increase equilibrium money holdings.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

5) Refer to Figure 11.3. An increase in the money supply, ceteris paribus, will likely
A) increase the equilibrium interest rate and decrease equilibrium money holdings.
B) increase the equilibrium interest rate without changing equilibrium money holdings.
C) decrease the equilibrium interest rate and increase equilibrium money holdings.
D) decrease the equilibrium interest rate without changing equilibrium money holdings.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

6) Refer to Figure 11.3. A decrease in the money supply and an increase in nominal aggregate output will,
for sure,
A) increase the equilibrium interest rate.
B) decrease the equilibrium interest rate.
C) increase equilibrium money holdings.
D) decrease equilibrium money holdings.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

17
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.4 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.4

7) Refer to Figure 11.4. At an interest rate of 8%, there is

A) an excess demand for money of $400 billion.
B) an excess supply of money of $800 billion.
C) an excess supply of money of $400 billion.
D) an excess demand for money of $800 billion.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

8) Refer to Figure 11.4. At an interest rate of 3%, there is

A) an excess supply of money of $400 billion.
B) an excess supply of money of $800 billion.
C) an excess demand for money of $800 billion.
D) an excess demand for money of $400 billion.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

18
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
9) Refer to Figure 11.4. The money market will be in equilibrium at an interest rate of
A) 0%.
B) 3%.
C) 5%.
D) 8%.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

10) Refer to Figure 11.4. At an interest rate of 8%, firms and households
A) will attempt to increase their holdings of money by selling bonds.
B) are satisfied with the amount of money they are holding.
C) will attempt to increase both their holdings of money and their holdings of bonds.
D) will attempt to reduce their holdings of money by buying bonds.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

11) Refer to Figure 11.4. At an interest rate of 3%, firms and households
A) are satisfied with the amount of money they are holding.
B) will attempt to increase their holdings of money by selling bonds.
C) will attempt to increase both their holdings of money and their holdings of bonds.
D) will attempt to reduce their holdings of money by buying bonds.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

12) Refer to Figure 11.4. At an interest rate of 5%, firms and households
A) are satisfied with the amount of money they are holding.
B) will attempt to reduce their holdings of money by buying bonds.
C) will attempt to increase their holdings of money by selling bonds.
D) will attempt to increase both their holdings of money and their holdings of bonds.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

19
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
13) What will happen to the equilibrium interest rate when both money supply and nominal aggregate
output decrease?
A) The equilibrium interest rate increases.
B) The equilibrium interest rate decreases.
C) The equilibrium interest rate remains constant.
D) The impact on the equilibrium interest rate is ambiguous.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

14) If the quantity of money demanded is greater than the quantity of money supplied, then the interest
rate will
A) change in an uncertain direction.
B) rise.
C) remain constant.
D) fall.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

15) A shortage of money in the money market causes

A) a decrease in the equilibrium interest rate.
B) an increase in the quantity demanded of money.
C) an increase in the equilibrium interest rate.
D) a decrease in the money supply.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

16) A surplus of money in the money market causes

A) a decrease in the equilibrium interest rate.
B) a decrease in the money supply.
C) an increase in the demand for money.
D) a decrease in the quantity demanded of money.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

20
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.5 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.5

17) Refer to Figure 11.5. Assume the interest rate equals 4% and the money supply decreases from

to . If the interest rate remains at 4%

A) money demand will increase.

B) money demand will decrease.
C) there will be an excess demand for money of $200 million.
D) there will be an excess supply of money of $200 million.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

18) Refer to Figure 11.5. If the money supply decreases from to ,

A) money demand must increase for the money market to return to equilibrium.
B) the interest rate will fall to 4%.
C) the interest rate will increase to 6%.
D) the money market will return to equilibrium only if the money supply is decreased to its original level.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

21
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
19) Refer to Figure 11.5. The money supply curve will shift from to if

A) the Fed increases the reserve requirement.

B) the Fed increases the discount rate.
C) the equilibrium level of output increases.
D) the Fed buys U.S. government securities in the open market.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

20) Refer to Figure 11.5. The money supply curve will shift from to if

A) the Fed increases the reserve requirement.

B) the Fed decreases the discount rate.
C) the equilibrium level of output increases.
D) the Fed buys U.S. government securities in the open market.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

21) Refer to Figure 11.5. If the money supply increases from to ,

A) money demand must decrease for the money market to return to equilibrium.
B) the interest rate will decrease to 4%.
C) the interest rate will increase to 8%.
D) the money market will return to equilibrium only if the money supply is increased to its original level.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

22
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
22) Refer to Figure 11.5. The money supply curve will shift from to , if

A) the Fed increases the discount rate.

B) the price level increases.
C) the equilibrium level of output decreases.
D) the Fed buys U.S. government securities in the open market.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

23) If there is a surplus of money in the money market, the Fed can eliminate it by
A) increasing money demand.
B) decreasing money demand.
C) increasing money supply.
D) decreasing money supply.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

24) A shortage of money in the money market can be eliminated through

A) an increase in nominal aggregate output.
B) an increase in the price level.
C) a decrease in interest rates.
D) an increase in money supply.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

25) When the Fed sells government securities, ceteris paribus, the money supply shifts to the ________ and
the equilibrium interest rate ________.
A) left; rises
B) right; rises
C) right; falls
D) left; falls
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

23
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
26) Decreasing the required reserve ratio shifts the money supply curve to the ________ and ________ the
equilibrium interest rate.
A) left; increases
B) right; increases
C) left; decreases
D) right; decreases
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

27) An increase in the level of nominal aggregate output and the purchase of government securities by
the Fed will have what effect on the equilibrium interest rate?
A) no effect on the interest rate
B) a decrease in the interest rate
C) an increase in the interest rate
D) an indeterminate effect on the interest rate
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

28) Which of the following pairs of events will definitely lead to an increase in the equilibrium interest
rate?
A) the sale of government securities by the Federal Reserve and an increase in nominal aggregate output
B) a decrease in the discount rate and an increase in the level of nominal aggregate output
C) the purchase of government securities by the Federal Reserve and a decrease in nominal aggregate
output
D) an increase in the required reserve ratio and a decrease in the level of nominal aggregate output
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

24
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
29) Which of the following pairs of events will definitely lead to a decrease in the equilibrium interest
rate?
A) the purchase of government securities by the Federal Reserve and a increase in the level of nominal
aggregate output
B) an increase in the discount rate and an increase in the price level
C) a decrease in the required reserve ratio and a decrease in the level of nominal aggregate output
D) the sale of government securities by the Federal Reserve and a decrease in the price level
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

30) An increase in the discount rate and an increase in the level of nominal aggregate output will have
what effect on the equilibrium interest rate?
A) an increase in the interest rate
B) a decrease in the interest rate
C) no effect on the interest rate
D) an indeterminate effect on the interest rate
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

25
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.6 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.6

31) Refer to Figure 11.6. The demand for money curve will shift from to if

A) the Fed sells government securities on the open market.

B) the price level decreases.
C) the interest rate increases.
D) the nominal aggregate output increases.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

32) Refer to Figure 11.6. If the demand for money curve shifts from to , the equilibrium interest

rate will
A) increase from 5% to 7%.
B) increase from 5% to 10%.
C) decrease from 7% to 5%.
D) remain at 7%.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

26
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
33) Refer to Figure 11.6. If the demand for money curve shifts from to and the interest rate

remains at 5%, there will be

A) an excess demand for money.
B) an excess supply of money.
C) an equilibrium in the money market.
D) an equilibrium in the bond market.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

34) Which of the following leads to an increase in the interest rate?

A) a decrease in the price level
B) a decrease in nominal aggregate output
C) a sale of government securities by the Fed
D) a decrease in the discount rate
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

35) Which of the following leads to a decrease in the interest rate?

A) an increase in the price level
B) a sale of government securities by the Fed
C) an increase in nominal aggregate output
D) a decrease in the required reserve ratio
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

27
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Refer to the information provided in Figure 11.7 below to answer the questions that follow.

Figure 11.7

36) Refer to Figure 11.7. The demand for money curve will shift from to if

A) the Fed sells government securities on the open market.

B) the price level decreases.
C) the interest rate increases.
D) the level of nominal aggregate output increases.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

37) Refer to Figure 11.7. If the demand for money curve shifts from to , the equilibrium interest

rate will
A) decrease from 7% to 5%.
B) increase from 5% to 7%.
C) increase from 5% to 6%.
D) remain at 5%.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

28
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
38) Refer to Figure 11.7. If the demand for money curve shifts from to and the interest rate

remains at 5%, there will be

A) an excess demand for money.
B) an excess supply of money.
C) an equilibrium in the money market.
D) an equilibrium in the bond market.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

39) A decrease in nominal aggregate output, ceteris paribus, will cause the demand for money to ________
and the interest rate to ________.
A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

40) An increase in nominal aggregate output, ceteris paribus, will cause the demand for money to ________
and the interest rate to ________.
A) increase; increase
B) increase; decrease
C) decrease; decrease
D) decrease; increase
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

29
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
41) As the number of transactions in the economy decreases,
A) the supply of money increases.
B) the supply of money decreases.
C) the demand for money increases.
D) the demand for money decreases.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-11

42) Which of the following events will lead to a decrease in the equilibrium interest rate?
A) an increase in the level of nominal aggregate output
B) a decrease in the required reserve ratio
C) an increase in the price level
D) a sale of government securities by the Federal Reserve
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

43) Which of the following events will lead to an increase in the equilibrium interest rate?
A) a decrease in the level of nominal aggregate output
B) a decrease in the discount rate
C) an increase in the level of nominal aggregate output
D) a purchase of government securities by the Federal Reserve
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

44) If the Federal Reserve wants interest rates to increase, it will sell bonds.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Topic: The Equilibrium Interest Rate
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Learning Outcome: Macro-12

30
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Having re-embarked Viscount and Viscountess Mahon, I sailed for
Altea Bay to complete our water. Altea has an export trade of
almonds and raisins; several vessels during the summer and autumn
months call there for a cargo. The anchorage is good, and sheltered
from most winds, except those from south-east by east to south-
south-west, which seldom blow direct on shore. I rode out several
heavy gales there in the frigate I commanded, by giving her nearly
two cables.
From this place we proceeded to Alicant, where we landed some
stores for the garrison; and after showing the Viscount and his
amiable lady the celebrated castle, we went to Gibraltar, where we
unfortunately found the yellow fever raging to that degree amongst
the inhabitants, that all intercourse was forbidden. The garrison was
encamped on Europe Point, for the benefit of more air.
On the 5th October we sailed for England, touching at Lisbon on our
way, and after a stormy passage of three weeks anchored in
Plymouth Sound, from which place we were sent to the Motherbank
to perform three weeks’ quarantine. On the 20th of November we
moved to Spithead, where I landed my most agreeable and pleasant
passengers with very great regret. I had had them on board for
more than three months, so that my cabin felt quite a desert without
their society.
After being detained at Portsmouth a few days, we proceeded to the
Downs, and on the 14th December between six and seven hundred
of His Majesty’s 37th and 56th Regiments were sent on board, with
orders from Admiral Foley for me to land them at Goree, or the Brill,
or Helveot Sluys; but owing to the winds and tide we were unable to
fetch either. I therefore anchored off Schevelling, and communicated
with our ambassador, Lord Clancarty, at the Hague, who desired the
troops to be landed at the village of Schevelling. His excellency
wishing to see me at the Hague, I went there to wait upon his
lordship.
The little I was enabled to see of Dutchland, gave me a favourable
opinion of the cleanliness of its people; and the neat pretty cottages
from the beach to the city struck me as being particularly
picturesque. Schevelling itself is nothing but a fishing place amongst
sand hills; but the town of the Hague was neat, and in summer must
be a pleasant place. But as the severe winter of 1813 was just
commencing, I was obliged to hurry off from the coast as fast as
possible, for fear of being caught upon a lee shore.
On our passage back to the Downs, the two branch pilots very
nearly ran the ship upon the Galloper Sands in a fog, which obliged
us to anchor off the light for a tide. The next day, however, we
arrived safely in the Downs, and from thence we were sent to
Sheerness to be docked and refitted.
 CHAPTER XV.
1814—Sent to Bermuda—Operations in the Chesapeake—The River
Patuxent—Expedition to Washington—Town of Rappahannock—River
Rappahannock—Wedding Party—Commodore Robert Barrie, &c., &c.

The ship having undergone the necessary repairs, which was very
heavy work during the severe winter of 1813, towards the end of
March we sailed for Spithead, where we embarked three hundred
and fifty marines, and proceeded, in company with the Tonnant (80),
Regulus (44), and Melpomene (38), en flute to Bermuda, at which
place we arrived after a passage of eight weeks.
Nothing particular occurred on our voyage out, except my having the
measles very badly, which, not knowing what ailed me, I had driven
inwardly by cold bathing.
We remained at Bermuda until the 3rd of July, when, in company
with the Asia (74), Regulus, and Melpomene, we proceeded to the
Chesapeake, and made Cape Henry on the 11th, and anchored in
Synhaven Bay. The following morning we proceeded up the
Chesapeake, and on the 15th joined Rear-Admiral Cockburn in the
Albion (74), who was lying at anchor, with two frigates, at the
entrance of the river Patuxent.
I was placed under the orders of Captain J. Nourse, of the Severn
(44), and sent up the river Patuxent for the purpose of assisting to
blockade the American flotilla, under Commodore Barney, whose
broad pennant was flying in a sloop of eight guns, and who had
under his command seventeen gun-boats, each carrying a long 32,
24, or 18-pounder in the bow, and a 32-pound carronade in the
stern, and manned with a crew of from sixty to seventy men.
We ran thirty miles up the river, to the village of Benedict, in
company with the Severn, Ætna, and Manly (brig).
Rear-Admiral Cockburn proceeded with the others into the river
Potomac to annoy the enemy in that quarter. As we advanced, the
gun-boats retreated up the river to a town called Nottingham,
twenty-five miles above Benedict, where, from the shoalness of the
water, we could not follow them with the ships. During the time we
continued in the Chesapeake we had guard-boats rowing every night
to prevent the Yankees from trying the effect of their torpedoes or
fire ships.
From the 17th of July until the 17th of August our time was taken up
in making incursions into different parts of the country, with 300
marines, attacking and, to use an American expression, “scaring the
militia,” getting fresh provisions, destroying their store-houses and
other public buildings, with the arms found there. Some of the
Americans used to say, “What did King George send you here from
the old country to come and scare us for? We don’t go to yours to
frighten you, I guess. Your confounded sarpents come and anchor in
our waters; then send their barges, full of armed men, who are
pulling about day and night, landing here and there, scaring us and
our families very considerably—tarnation seize them.” Our reply used
to be, “You must ask your President, Jim Madison: he invited us.”
A great many black slaves, with their families, used to take
advantage of our visits to come away with us. Some of their first
exclamations were, “Me free man; me go cut massa’s throat; give
me musket,” which many of them did not know how to use when
they had it.
Another favourite expression, when we wanted them to work, was,
“No, me no work—me free man.” It was, therefore, necessary to
explain to these new freemen—which explanation, I fear, will
frequently have to be repeated in our West India colonies, with other
arguments—that we must all work and gain our livelihood by the
“sweat of our brow,” whether bond or free; but they considered
work and slavery synonymous terms.[M]
Republicans are certainly the most cruel masters, and the greatest
tyrants in the world towards their fellow men. They are urged by the
most selfish motives to reduce every one to a level with, or even
below themselves, and to grind and degrade those under them to
the lowest stage of human wretchedness. But American liberty
consists in oppressing the blacks beyond what other nations do,
enacting laws to prevent their receiving instruction, and working
them worse than donkeys. “But you call this a free country, when I
can’t shoot my nigger when I like—eh?”
While on the coast of America we embarked from fifteen hundred to
two thousand slaves—the young men we formed into a black corps,
and, taking possession of the small islands of Tangiers, we drilled
and endeavoured to make our recruits of some use. The aged men,
with the women and children, were sent to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and
from thence a free colony was formed at the island of Trinadada, in
the West Indies.
Towards the middle of July and the month of August some parts of
this coast are subject to tornadoes. We had one of them on the 25th
of July, which obliged us, although lying at anchor in a river, to let go
a second. The previous day and that morning had been extremely
close and sultry. The storm came on from the north-west, with the
greatest violence, accompanied by a few claps of thunder and vivid
flashes of lightning: such was its force that, although in smooth
water, the ship heeled so much over that our main-deck guns nearly
touched the water; and a fine schooner of seventy tons burthen,
tender to the Severn, with a long 18-pounder on board, at anchor
near us, without topmasts, her sails furled and gaffs on deck, was
turned bottom upwards in a moment, and one poor fellow drowned.
Its fury was spent in about ten minutes, but during its continuance
we saw immense trees torn up by the roots, barns blown down like
card houses of children, and where the strength of the current of
wind passed scarcely anything could withstand its violence. Trees
and other things continued to be swept by us for sometime, and
when the tornado was over we observed, at a turn of the river, so
much large timber, lumber, and other articles floating down the tide
that my gallant senior officer, Captain Nourse, who is since dead,
poor fellow! thought at first it was the American flotilla coming to
attack us, and he was just on the point of returning to his ship to
prepare for a fight, he having come on board to dine with me, when
I discovered, by means of a spy-glass, the approaching flotilla was
perfectly harmless.
This circumstance was mentioned a short time afterwards to that
most gallant officer, Captain Napier, who commanded the Euryalus,
but Charley would not believe that the force of wind could upset a
schooner of seventy tons, lying at anchor with all her sails furled,
with her gaffs on deck, and without even top-masts; however, on
the dashing, brilliant expedition, under Sir James Gordon, up the
Potomac to Alexandria, above Washington, he had an opportunity of
judging for himself when (part of a tornado passing across the bows
of the frigate) he saw in a moment both his bowsprit and fore-
topmast broken in two, like twigs.
Having heard that the enemy’s gun boats had moved down from
Nottingham towards Benedict, on the 10th August I was ordered to
proceed twenty miles up the river with five boats to reconnoitre. On
landing I was informed they had been there two days before, but
that they had returned to Upper Marlborough. On rowing up the
river we fell in with a canoe, containing one white man, who was
pulling from Leonard creek to the opposite shore; on seeing us he
endeavoured to get to land, but not being able to do so, jumped
overboard and was drowned. We had every reason to believe he was
one of our deserters.
On the 13th I again went up the river to ascertain the movements of
Commodore Barney, but gained little information further than that
he was with the flotilla at Nottingham.
The next day we received an account of a party of American militia
having arrived in the woods, at the back of our watering-place, with
the intention of surprising some of our men; we therefore landed
before daylight between three and four hundred marines and
seamen, headed by Captain Nourse and myself, accompanied by
Captain Coles, R.M., and separated into four parties, with the hope
of being able to cut some of them off; but from the thickness of the
woods and their knowledge of the country, the enemy succeeded in
getting away from us.
On one of our foraging excursions we were beset by a being so well
described by old Cobbet, in his “Cottage Economy,” ycleped
“Methodist parson,” who put on his canonicals, and began to whine
and cant, and wished to preach a sermon on peace. Captain Nourse
very properly told him to be off—that we must attend to our “calling”
as well as he to “his,” that Jim Madison had “called us,” and,
therefore, we must perform our duty.
About this time a private of the marines belonging to my ship did a
very gallant thing: to use an Irishism he surrounded three American
dragoons, and took them, horses and all, prisoners. His name was
Pat Gallaghen, or Gahagen. He effected this extraordinary feat in the
following manner:—whenever boats were sent for water a sergeant’s
party of marines accompanied them, it being necessary to post
videttes to watch for the approach of an enemy. The casks in the
launch had been filled, and all the party, except this man, who was
placed near a stack of hay, had withdrawn. While the picket, who
had to descend a cliff towards their boats, were out of sight, Pat
observed five dragoons ride down to the corner of a wood, near a
gate; keeping his eye on the party, he concealed himself behind the
hay-rick, two of the men remained inside the gate, a long musket-
shot off, whilst the others, after ascertaining, as they thought, that
no Britishers were near, came galloping up to see the boats go off,
and without observing the sentry in his hiding place, halted. The
marine, very bravely putting his musket to his shoulder, called out
—“You three d—— rascals, if you do not immediately jump off your
horses and deliver yourselves up prisoners I’ll shoot the whole of
you at once, for I have you all in a line.” Off they got, and the
sergeant at that moment shewing his head above the cliff to recall
the vidette, they were very quietly taken to the beach, and
themselves and horses brought safely on board.
This brave man, from his immoderate fondness of liquor, was unfit to
be promoted; therefore, all that could be done for him was to give
him the money arising from the sale of the horses. Now, here was a
proper subject for a medal or order of merit, which might have had
the effect of rousing his pride, and curing him of the baneful evil of
drinking to excess. But alas! it was the fashion to confer such
distinctions on a very few.
Look at the brave fellows who gained the battles of the Peninsula!
With the exception of Waterloo, no field was honoured with a medal.
[N] Of the navy, not a man below the rank of captain obtained any
badge of distinction, notwithstanding the many general
engagements that took place, and the numerous most daring boat
expeditions met with the same neglect. Since it was impossible to
grant promotion in every instance, this would have been an easy
and gratifying mode of awarding the meed of praise to many
deserving individuals.
I am not particularly fond of France or of any foreign country, but I
must do the continental powers the justice to say they understand
human nature, and know when to reward their officers and men
better than we do. The practice of making their sentries carry arms
to the veteran with his medal or order of merit works wonders on
the morale of their soldiers; and I do most sincerely and
conscientiously believe that, had this plan been adopted in our army
and navy during the late war, not one half of the desertions or
punishments would have taken place in either service.
It is revolting to honourable feeling to meet in society at home or
abroad, foreigners from nearly all nations covered with insignias or
medals; while we,—who have had the pleasure of beating them in
every part of the world, and which, with God’s blessing, should our
king and country need our services, we shall be too happy to do
again,—have neither.
On the 17th of August, the Tonnant (80), Vice-Admiral Sir A.
Cochrane; Royal Oak (74), Rear-Admiral P. Malcolm; several frigates
and smaller men-of-war, with twenty sail of transports, having on
board the 4th, 21st, 44th, and 85th Regiments of foot, and the
marine battalion, under Lieut.-Colonel Malcolm, joined the squadron
under the command of Rear-Admiral Cockburn, at the mouth of the
river Patuxent. The land forces were commanded by the gallant
Major-General Ross. We weighed on the morning of the 20th, and
sailed up the river to Benedict, where we landed the troops, which,
including artillery, sailors, and marines, did not muster more than
4500 men.
On the evening of the above day all the boats of the fleet, manned
and armed, divided into divisions and sub-divisions, of which I
commanded one, left the ships, advanced up the river towards
Lower Marlborough to attack the American gun-boats, under
Commodore Barney, and likewise to act on the right flank of our
army. As we advanced, the enemy’s flotilla retired sixty miles further
up the river to a place called Pig Point, where, in a most favourable
position for defence, surrounded by banks and narrow creeks, with a
wooded country on one side, and hills on the other, which were to
have been lined with riflemen and other troops, it was their intention
to have awaited the attack.
Late in the evening of the 21st the boats reached Nottingham, when
we fired on a few American dragoons, and drove them out of the
town. Our army arrived a short time afterwards. The next day, at
noon, we came up with the vessels of the enemy, who on our
approach set them on fire, and blew them all up, except one, which,
together with five merchant schooners, we brought away. This
service was performed with little loss on our side, for the advance of
our infantry had driven the Americans from the woods, who had
fallen back upon the main road to Washington. One division of boats
proceeded to Upper Marlborough to keep up a communication with
our army; the remainder occupied a position at Pig Point to cover a
retreat.
No sooner was the flotilla destroyed than the brave and dashing
Rear-Admiral Cockburn joined the troops, and marched with them to
attack the city of Washington.
This most gallant and daring affair was accomplished by 4500 British
infantry, after first beating an American army of more than four
times their own number, with their President, “Jim Madison,” at their
head, who appeared on the field of battle mounted upon a white
horse, and wearing a huge cocked hat. He addressed the American
army previous to the battle of Bladensburgh, and recommended
them to do their duty and fight well for the honour of their country,
kill and make prisoners of all the Britishers, and then, wishing them
success, and saying fighting was not in his province—he left that to
the gallant generals who understood the art of war—he put spurs to
his horse, and rode off to Washington to order refreshments and a
grand fête to be got ready at the capital for the victorious army of
the United States.
General Ross, Rear-Admiral Cockburn, and all the field officers of the
to-be-captured army, were to have been invited; but they forgot the
advice of Mrs. Grundy in her cookery book, “Catch your hare first.”
This is an absolute fact, for when our troops entered Washington the
evening of the battle, tables were very elegantly laid out in the
rooms of the President’s house, and wine placed in coolers ready
iced, which the great politeness of the Americans left free for us to
drink, for fear their presence might prevent our people feeling quite
at home and at their ease.
But to return to the advance of our troops. No sooner did the enemy
see the steady and undaunted forward movement of part of the 4th,
with the whole of the gallant 85th Regiment,—commanded by two
fine, brave, dashing fellows, Colonel Thornton and Major Brown,—
attempt to pass the bridge over the river Potomac, “which they had
left to allow the Britishers to cross, that they might take them all
prisoners” (the Americans having destroyed all the others), than
they opened a most destructive fire from their heavy batteries of 24-
pounders, which they had thrown up to enfilade it, and which were
commanded by a brave old fellow of the United States’ Navy,
Commodore Barney, who was wounded and taken prisoner, and
whose flotilla of gun-boats we had previously destroyed at Pig Point,
in the river Patuxent. He, however, made his escape with seven or
eight hundred seamen, joined the American army, and was of great
service in working and firing the guns in their field batteries, which
were supported by a very heavy fusilade of musketry.
The round and grape shot from the heavy guns in battery made
fearful gaps in the ranks of the advancing column, but, nothing
daunted, they gave three cheers, and rushed on in the most daring
manner, which the enemy observing, it created a panic amongst
them, and they gave way, declaring, I was informed, “that it was of
no use their staying there to be shot, for the Britishers did not mind
being killed at all.” So off they went, and never stopped until they
got on the other side of Washington.
The whole of the narrative of the attack on Washington and
Baltimore has been so ably and faithfully described by the gallant
author of the “Subaltern,” that I shall confine myself to our naval
affairs, but I thought the above anecdotes, which are not mentioned
in his work, were worth preserving to show the character of the
natives.
After having been twelve days and nights in an open boat, I was not
sorry to return to my ship, but the moment the troops were re-
embarked, a difficult navigation down the river precluded all idea of
rest.
The fag to officers and men of every description, during the whole of
the operations in the Patuxent, was very harassing, and the labour
of getting up to Baltimore without pilots, feeling our way with the
lead, whilst boats on each bow and one a-head were sounding also,
gave little time for respite. The heat of the weather too was very
great, the thermometer varying only from 79° to 82° in the shade,
during most of our severest services, which added much to the
exhaustion.
On the 8th of September we again landed the troops, now reduced
to four thousand men, at a place called North Point, on the right
hand side of the Patapsco river, leading to Baltimore. It was
unfortunate that we ever attempted it, for most of the enemy’s army
beaten at Washington had been sent to strengthen the works, and
the whole population were in arms against us. The Americans seeing
us approach, very wisely brought out several large ships and sunk
them in the channel, under the guns of Fort Mac-Henry, which
prevented the naval part of the expedition from acting near enough
to be of any use with their guns.
The only chance perhaps that might have given any hope of success
was the offer of the gallant Rear-Admiral Cockburn to make a dash
with all the boats of the fleet, and try and storm Fort Mac-Henry,
keeping the troops on board until the issue of this measure was
decided. Could we have once got possession of it, the little army
might have been landed with ease, and the place been our own in a
few hours. But the higher powers decided against his plan. Poor
General Ross was killed, having been shot by a rifleman from a tree.
He was brought down, wrapped up in a union jack, attended by his
aide-de-camp; I placed the body in my boat, and sent it on board.
He was beloved and universally respected by both the army and
navy. By his untimely fall the little hope we had of succeeding
vanished, and although the gallant Brook did all that a man could
do, yet the strength of the enemy’s field-works that they had thrown
up was so great,—and there being ten to one against us, intrenched
as they were behind breast-works bristling with cannon,—caused the
admiral to request the army to fall back, and we re-embarked them.
Just before Sir Alexander Cochrane left the Chesapeake some
Americans came on board of Sir Pultney Malcolm’s ship to treat for
the exchange of prisoners. Colonel Brook, and Captain Dix, who
commanded the Menalaus, frigate, were on board at the time.
Boasting of their good marksmen, Jonathan thought to be very witty
by telling Captain Dix, who was fat and broad made, “I guess,
captain, you cover a deal of ground. You had better not come on
shore, for our riflemen can shoot a duck through the head with a
single ball at two hundred yards: therefore you will stand no
chance.” “Very probably they are good shots,” replied Colonel Brook,
“but you forget one thing—the poor duck was not a soldier with a
red jacket on his back, and a musket, with a bayonet at the end of
it, in his hand, ready to return the fire and use the steel. That makes
a deal of difference with regard to steady shooting.”
I was placed under the orders of Captain Robert Barrie, of the
Dragon (74), and left with him in the Chesapeake, having on board
part of Colonel Malcolm’s battalion of marines, commanded by
Captain Coles of that corps, a good and clever officer; the remainder
were embarked in other ships, while the fleet and transports, under
Sir Alexander Cochrane, proceeded out of the Chesapeake to the
southward.
No sooner did our senior officer, Captain Robert Barrie, find himself
free to act according to his own able judgment, than, with a mind
capable of planning, and a heart as bold as a lion to execute, he
undertook all kinds of expeditions, or, as our commodore used to call
them, “shooting parties.” “Come,” he used to say, “we have not had
a shooting party this some time: I have just had information that a
body of Yankee militia, with a field-piece or two, are in such a place
—we must go and take it from them.” Boats were manned and
armed—the marine battalion, under Lieutenant-Colonel Malcolm,
about 400 strong, the commodore always at their head, were put
into them, and away we used to go. Bang, bang from the field-
pieces—a tiraillade from the American musketry—three cheers and a
dash from us, and the guns were ours: the militia taking themselves
off to the woods, and we dragging the guns to our boats, frequently
five, six, and seven miles, with an enemy’s force, double and treble
our numbers, looking at us. In short, during the time we continued
in the Chesapeake the American militia had no sinecure, for they
never knew where we intended to land, and we had too much sense
to go twice to the same place without an object in view.
At this period provisions of all kinds began to run short; it was
therefore necessary to put all hands on half allowance, and make
frequent excursions to try and procure flour and cattle.
On one of these foraging parties, the late Captain Tom Alexander, at
the head of 200 seamen and marines, did a very gallant thing: he
was attacked by 1,100 American troops,—with two squadrons of
cavalry and five field pieces,—while he was busy getting cattle; the
enemy’s horse made a charge, but not knowing that a swamp was
between them and Alexander’s party, the horses sank up to their
chests in mud, and began floundering about; he immediately
commenced his fire upon them, which put them to the right-about,
leaving half-a-dozen dragoons, who had been thrown from their
horses, sticking with their heads in the mud; some of the sailors
mounted these fellows in a moment, and shoving their heads deeper
into the mire, there left them. After this, he embarked his men with
the exception of three, who were made prisoners, and returned on
board, leaving the cattle for a more convenient opportunity.
The commodore, on the 1st of November, gave the following order
to his squadron in the Chesapeake:—

“H.M. Ship Dragon, Nov. 1st, 1814.

“Chesapeake Bay.
“The provisions of the squadron under my command getting
extremely low, and it being very uncertain at this advanced
season of the year when a supply can arrive, I find myself under
the painful necessity of placing the ship’s company and marine
battalion on short allowance.
“You are therefore to place the crew and marines on board your
ship upon half allowance, so as to make your provisions last for
two months from this date.
“You will signify to your crew that I trust it will not be necessary
to continue this restriction long, and that I shall try by every
means in my power to procure temporary supplies from the
enemy. In the meantime, I am satisfied their zeal for their
country’s cause will point out the absolute necessity of
persevering in the blockade of the Chesapeake to the last
extremity, and that the temporary privations they are reduced to
will be borne with the utmost cheerfulness.”
“(Signed) Robert Barrie,
“Captain and Senior Officer.”
In November we proceeded up the river Rappahannock for the
purpose of attacking the American militia, 600 strong, who had some
fieldpieces posted at Farnham Church.
We first took the town of Rappahannock, driving the enemy out of it,
who ran away so fast that they dropped their colours, which we
took. On one side of them, under the American eagle, was this
motto, “Death or victory”; on the other, “Down with the tyrants.”
However, they were “scared” from death, and ran away from victory.
We then attacked the militia at Farnham Church, and captured two
of their fieldpieces; afterwards returning to Rappahannock we
embarked some flour and tobacco, and then retired down the river
to our ships, without in the least injuring the town.
We had with us on this expedition Major Brown, of the 85th
Regiment, who had been severely wounded at the battle of
Bladensburgh, and on the falling back of our army from Washington,
he, with several other officers and men, who were too ill to be
removed, were left behind. He was a fine gallant fellow, and now
commands the 2nd Battalion of Rifles.
I must take this opportunity of confirming two statements of my
gallant friend Captain J. Scott, which he mentions in his memoirs.
First, with regard to the unjust accusation of plundering: all I can
say is, that I saw nothing of the kind, unless taking provisions when
we were starving upon half allowance may be called so; but on
every principle of war we were entitled to forage, and for which in
many cases we paid. The orders of both Admiral Cockburn and
Captain Barrie were positive against plundering.
With respect to the second, I can vouch for his account of the
poisoning the spirits at Benedict being perfectly true. In
consequence of what had taken place, if we wished to eat or drink
anything that was found in their houses placed out ready for us
upon their tables, we used to force the natives to eat a part first,
that, in the event of its being poisoned, they might die with the
Britishers.
We used occasionally to purchase cattle from the Americans. The
plan agreed on was this: they were to drive them down to a certain
point, where we were to land and take possession; for the
inhabitants being all militiamen, and having too much patriotism to
sell food to “King George’s men,” they used to say, “put the money
under such a stone or tree, pointing to it, and then we can pick it
up, and say we found it.” More ways than one to cheat the old
gentleman.
Having seen in some publications several comments upon our mode
of warfare in America, and no person yet ever having taken the
trouble to place the facts before the public in its different bearings, it
is high time that our side of the question should appear. According to
the old proverb, “there are always two sides to a story.” The truth of
the matter was this:—
At the commencement of hostilities, America invaded Upper Canada,
took York Town, and at the very beginning of a severe winter, having
first sacked the place, and turned the inhabitants out into the snow
to perish, burnt it to the ground. Had it been taken by storm, after a
severe resistance, the laws of war would have sanctioned the
proceedings; but the case was far different, little or no resistance
being made.
General Sir George Prevost wrote a letter of remonstrance, not only
to the American officer commanding the division, but also to the
Government, reprobating the mode of warfare they had just
adopted, and calling upon both to disapprove of it by a public
manifesto, and punish the parties concerned. An evasive answer was
returned, and we got no redress. Sir George Prevost sent copies of
the correspondence to the naval commander-in-chief, and retaliation
was in consequence determined upon; and that their Government
might feel we had the power to repay the favour they had conferred
upon poor York Town, and other places, we had orders to destroy all
public buildings, and such private houses also as had been fortified
or fired from, inasmuch as they had been placed in the light of a
fortress; and the blaze that burnt York, in Upper Canada, reached
Washington.
This, and the endeavouring to destroy our men-of-war by torpedoes,
—the blowing up of Lieut. Geddes, and the barge’s crew of H.M.
Ship Ramilies (74), by means of gun locks fixed in barrels of powder,
with lines made fast to casks of flour, biscuits, or other “notions,” as
Jonathan used to call them,—were among the causes which led to
our system of warfare.
Small vessels, called coasters, were laden in this manner:—the upper
part of the hold consisted of an assortment of all kinds, and the
under filled with casks of gunpowder; they were then placed directly
in the way of our ships at anchor off their harbours, their crews
taking to a boat and making their escape on shore when they
observed our’s near them in chase. A vessel of this kind was taken
by the boat of the Ramilies (74), off New London, commanded by
that most intelligent and excellent officer, Sir Thomas Hardy, who,
suspecting from the manner she was thrown in his way that all was
not right, had her anchored two good cables’ length from his ship,
and kept her there two or three hours before he would allow any
person to go on board, thinking that by that time any mechanism
invented for so diabolical a purpose would explode. After the above
period poor Lieut. Geddes, whom I knew well, volunteered to go
with the barge’s crew to examine the cargo very carefully; Sir
Thomas Hardy still felt doubtful, but was at length induced by the
repeated solicitations of Geddes to allow him to go, but with
particular injunctions to be careful. It is supposed that in hoisting up
a cask of flour or biscuits they pulled the line that was made fast
from it to the barrel of powder, the explosion immediately took
place, when a lieutenant, midshipman, and barge’s crew, sixteen in
number, some of the best men in the ship, were blown to atoms.
This fatal and melancholy catastrophe probably saved many of our
gallant countrymen, as well as some of our men-of-war, by acting as
a warning, and putting us on our guard against this most dastardly
method of carrying on the war.
The Americans had observed that several of our ships, the moment
they captured a coasting vessel, hauled her alongside to take out
her cargo, which frequently consisted of flour, biscuits, or other
useful articles. They, therefore, fitted out several explosion vessels
on the above plan, hoping thereby to blow up some of our seventy-
four gun ships or frigates, and very probably they would have
succeeded with any other except the Ramilies, but her wary captain,
fortunately suspecting some trick would be attempted, never
suffered them to come sufficiently near.
These circumstances combined brought about our visit to
Washington. The above is the real state of the case: it requires no
comments, and every just man must say they were rightly served.[O]
On the 10th November, I was ordered up to Sharp’s Islands, near
Baltimore, to cover the Dragon’s tender and boats, that were sent to
capture the steam packet that went occasionally from thence to
French Town, but they arrived too late, she having crossed before
they arrived. However, they took several schooners and sloops, and
the packet from Baltimore to Elk Town.
On the 15th of December, Rear-Admiral Cockburn rejoined the
squadron from Bermuda, and gave us orders to proceed in company
with the Dragon (74), and Regulus (44), and a schooner, to the
coast of South Carolina. Having completed our provisions from a
transport brought by the admiral, we left the Chesapeake on the
18th of December, which none of the squadron very much regretted,
for the heavy north gales and cold weather made our boat
operations in the Chesapeake anything but agreeable.
 CHAPTER XVI.
Operations in South Carolina—Capture of Cumberland Island and the
Fort of Point-à-Petre—An Affair with the American Riflemen in the
Woods—An Abattis—Anecdotes of the 2nd West India Regiment—A
Rattlesnake—Capture of the Town of St. Mary’s—Destruction of the
Forts and Barracks—Nassau, New Providence—Compliment to the
Royal Marines—Return Home—Concluding Remarks.

On the 11th of January, 1815, we took possession of Cumberland

Island without meeting any resistance. The marine battalions,
commanded by Colonel Richard Williams and Colonel Malcolm, and
the two flank companies of the 2nd West India Regiment, under
Major Bradley, were disembarked, encamped, and works thrown up
for protection—rumours being afloat that the enemy intended to
attack us.
Having waited some days for the arrival of the rear-admiral, and the
ships being greatly in want of water, Commodore Barrie determined
on making an attack upon the fort of Point-à-Petre and the town of
St. Mary’s, South Carolina. The boats of the squadron were ordered
to attack the fort by water, under the command of two most
excellent officers—Captain C. B. H. Ross[P] and Captain Samuel
Jackson, of the Albion and Lacedemonian—while the Royal Marine
battalion, with the commodore, part of the 2nd West Indian
Regiment, and a few seamen, with myself, landed, to march through
the woods and assail it in the rear. After advancing about a couple of
miles we saw a few riflemen, who immediately retired into the
woods. We kept on a kind of footpath and soon came to an abattis,
behind which the enemy was posted, who immediately opened a
brisk fire, but by bugling, cheering, and blazing away right and left,
we drove them out and arrived at the fort which they had
abandoned, just as the boats landed. The battery mounted six 24-
pounders, and two brass 6-pounder field pieces. During this bush-
fight a tragic economical occurrence, worthy of Joey Hume, took
place. While scrambling over the fallen timber of the abattis, after
the American sharpshooters, two blacks of the 2nd West Indian
Regiment stumbled upon one of them; the rifleman fired and
missed, one of the blacks put his musket to his shoulder and was
going to shoot him when the other called out “Ta’am, why for you
poil king cartridge? tick him, Ta’am, tick him!” which between the
two was immediately accomplished. Each party lost some killed and
wounded, but the woods being very thick we made few prisoners.
During the time we were here, and at Cumberland Island, we had
some sharp white frosts and a little ice, two things the West Indian
blacks had never seen; they were puzzled not a little, particularly
when they beheld their own breath. The keen morning air having
rendered their faces of a sickly purple colour, their major enquired
what was the matter; their reply was: “Major, me no know—me no
like it at all—me no see ’um, but he bity me toe a my finger.” When
we laughed at their droll description, they said, breathing hard, “Eh!
you no see smoke come out of my mouth, ah! massa major, he bity
me toe a my finger!” shaking and rubbing their hands, and stamping
with their feet, “Bad country this, no like em at all.” Several of these
poor fellows were frost bitten, and lost their limbs.
After the capture of the fort and barracks we embarked, and
proceeded up the river to the town of St. Mary’s, which surrendered
without further opposition. We made the inhabitants pull down their
own fort and stockade in the town, took possession of the shipping
and stores, and destroyed the public buildings.
A curious thing occurred on board one of the ships: a rattlesnake
versus grog or, finding a Tartar. During the time I was pulling about,
taking possession of some of the vessels, and sending boats to
others, I was startled by a tremendous noise on board one of the
prizes, and saw the men running up the rigging in all directions,
while others took to the boats. I went directly alongside to see what
was the matter, thinking that some torpedo or clock-work, such as
had blown up poor Lieut. Geddes, of the Ramilies, off New London,
had been discovered. Upon inquiry I found that a rattlesnake had
been the cause of all the row. Some of the boats’ crews on going on
board very naturally went down below into the cabin, and other
parts of the ship to see what she contained. Jack spied in the
master’s cabin a large case, the wire-work of which was placed
against the ship’s side, and which in their hurry they had not
observed. The vessel, I must remark, was bound to France. Seeing
this case the thought instantly struck them that it must contain wine
or spirits; they were determined, after all their toil, to have a good
drink before any of the officers came below; an iron crowbar and
cutlasses soon ripped open the top, when, instead of rum, wine, or
brandy, out jumped a large rattlesnake, at least two yards’ long—
away flew the sailors up the hatchways, some got into the boats,
others in the rigging, the snake made one spring up the ladder, and
was on deck after them in a moment—he soon jumped overboard,
and, the vessel being pretty close to the shore, made his escape into
the rushes and we saw no more of him.
After remaining here a few days, I accompanied Captain Ross and
Captain Jackson forty miles up the river, to bring down the Countess
of Harcourt Indiaman, that had been captured by a privateer some
months before. In going up and down the river St. Mary’s we saw
several large alligators sleeping on the banks, which at a little
distance were taken for logs of timber, until they began to plunge
into the water; we fired at several, and observed the balls strike the
scales, but they bounded off, apparently without doing them any
injury. I saw some of the Americans with the upper part of their
shoes made of the skin, it had been tanned, and wore well, the
knobs looked curious. I regretted afterwards I did not procure some
of the shoes and tanned skins, and bring them home with me to
England.
After returning with the Indiaman, which we loaded with cotton,
etc., I was ordered to proceed to Nassau, New Providence, to bring
300 more of the 2nd West India Regiment, it being the intention of
the rear-admiral to make some attack further to the northward.
We reached the Bahamas in ten days, first making the hole in the
rock at the island of Abacco, which is a most excellent land-mark: it
lies in lat. 25°, 56 N., long. 77°, 20 W. from London. Then, steering
S. by E., 18 leagues, we arrived off the bar of New Providence,
where we took a pilot to conduct us to the anchorage. An immense
shark followed us over the bar, and remained by the ship during our
stay, and proceeded with us again when we sailed. The water was
so very clear that we saw him daily at the bottom. He was too
cunning to take bait, though now and then he would come up to the
top, eat the bones and bits of biscuit thrown overboard, and try and
get the piece of beef off the hook, but never would swallow it.
On my return from New Providence with troops, we again took on
board part of the marine battalion from the fort and barracks of Fort
Washington at Point-à-Petre, the guns of which we embarked; then,
blowing up the works and burning the barracks, we returned to
Cumberland Island to plan further annoyances to the enemy.
While we were absent at the Bahamas, Captain Phillot, of the
Primrose, brig, had been sent ninety miles up the river to attack
some troops and destroy their stores of provisions, but the river
becoming narrow, and the Americans lining the banks with
sharpshooters, besides felling trees to stop the boats, he failed in
the object, having lost several men killed and wounded, amongst the
latter Captain Phillot himself severely. Had the enemy not
prematurely shown their intention, they would have blocked up the
boats, and probably captured them all. As it was, nothing but the
coolness and bravery of the commander, and officers and men under
his orders, prevented it.
Just at this period we received the news of the total failure of our
southern expedition to New Orleans, which event gave us deep and
sincere regret, but we hoped by a gallant dash to wipe out our
distressing feelings at such an unfortunate event; but while in the
midst of preparations we received intelligence that the olive branch
of peace was received, and the demon of war between parent and
child had ceased. Had it arrived immediately after the taking of
Washington, how great would have been our delight! As it was,
although we could not help feeling a secret pleasure at the prospect
of returning home to our families and friends, yet the throwing away
so many valuable lives in the swamps of New Orleans cast a damp
on our spirits, and a secret wish to try and blot it from our memories
by some gallant achievement.
Previous to returning to Nassau, I had the honour to receive a public
letter of thanks from my brave and worthy commodore, Barrie. To
have his approbation was, indeed, a flattering testimonial, and I look
back at this hour with pleasure when we served together on the
other side of the Atlantic, and I hope, if ever England should be
again plunged in war, that fortune may place me under his
command.
On the 6th of March the ship I commanded was ordered to proceed
to Nassau with the 2nd West India Regiment, and from thence to
Bermuda, where we arrived the beginning of April with a re-captured
English brig. After remaining there a fortnight, and receiving letters
of thanks from Sir Alexander Cochrane and Rear-Admiral Cockburn,
addressed to my officers and ship’s company, as well as two others
to myself, we proceeded to Halifax, Nova Scotia, at which place we
embarked the 98th Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Douglass, and
sailed, in a heavy snow-storm, on the 20th of May with a convoy of
transports for England, and arrived at Spithead in June, after a
passage of twenty-two days.
From the period of our sailing from Britain (April, 1814) until the
same month, 1815, we had been constantly employed upon a
variety of harassing services and desultory warfare, with the gallant
Royal Marine battalions, under the present colonels, Sir R.
Williams[Q] and Sir John Malcolm, and it would be the height of
injustice not to bear witness to their most brave, able, and steady
conduct on every occasion. But where did they ever do otherwise?
From the sun’s rising in the east to its setting in the west, in both
hemispheres, it has witnessed the devoted bravery and loyalty of the
whole corps of Royal Marines.
After remaining sometime at Spithead, orders came for us to embark
part of the suite of the Duchess D’Angoulême. After making the
necessary preparations, and expending some of my own money in
the outfit, we received counter orders.
In August the ship was ordered to Sheerness to be paid off; on the
23rd I was promoted to the rank of captain, and on the 9th
September the pennant was hauled down, and I parted from my old
officers and ship’s company with very great regret. Thus ended my
naval services for the present, after nearly seventeen of the best
years of my life in active warfare; and I have now to thank God for
His protection and providence on many trying occasions.
I shall conclude by making a few remarks before closing this
narrative upon the unfortunate mistake this country committed with
regard to our quarrel with the United States, and also upon the
actions which took place between our frigates and theirs, and upon
the subject of searching for English sailors on board their vessels.
The great error that England committed was her not having declared
war against America two or three years earlier than she did. She
ought to have done it on account of their having aided and assisted
our mortal enemy, by carrying on the trade for France in vessels
belonging to the United States, and not have allowed them to
become the aggressors, to choose their own time, and make the first
attack. Had she done so in 1808-1809, or even in 1810, America
would have been completely in our power, for the whole of her
merchant vessels covered the seas, and her few men-of-war were
not particularly well manned. The embargo had been on two years,
by which time most of her trading vessels were safely returned from
every part of the world; and her seamen being thrown out of
employ, were glad to enter on board their men-of-war and privateers
for the chance of prize money. But she being now ready, and having
secured nearly all her merchant vessels safe in their own ports, first
insulted the British flag by sending a 58-gun frigate, the
Constitution, to attack the Little Belt corvette of 18 guns then
cruizing on the American coast to intercept French vessels. This
large frigate of 58 guns, and 487 men, very gallantly fired into the
little sloop of war of 18 guns and 120 men, killed and wounded
several of them; but she in a very spirited manner returned the fire
of this greatly superior force, and killed some of her men.
Commodore Rogers, of the American 58-gun ship, pretended to
make an apology to Captain Bingham, of His Majesty’s ship Little
Belt, by saying he took her for a frigate, or he should not have fired
into her.
This was done with the hope of making England declare war, and
thereby putting the onus upon her, and making the war in America
more popular; but that failing, and they having an army ready to
invade Canada, urged on by Bonaparte in 1812, threw down the
gauntlet, and commenced hostilities, uniting with France against the
liberties of Europe.
Their few frigates being beautifully manned, and immensely superior
to ours in size, guns, and number of men, took three of our 48-gun
frigates after a severe action. But I do maintain the British navy lost
no honour. The enemy’s ships mounted 58 guns, 24 and 42-
pounders, with a complement of 487 picked seamen and marines;
whereas our ships carried only 48 guns, 18 and 32-pounders, all
badly manned, and one, the Guerrière, with only 187 men at
quarters, the other two, the Java and Macedonian, had nearly their
complement of 300 men such as they were. The strength, size, and
number of guns of the American ships were too great for ours.
Persons not conversant with nautical affairs, imagine that one frigate
is as good as another; but that is not the case, for it is very clear
that a man of five feet four inches, weak in proportion, cannot stand
against a man of six feet, with nearly double his strength, although
both are called men.
Another circumstance must be mentioned, which is this. A ship
capable of carrying 58 or 60 heavy guns, 30 of which are long 24-
pounders on her main deck, must be a much stronger and larger
ship, both in hull, masts, and yards, and her masts several inches in
diameter bigger than the smaller ship, carrying only 28 18-pounders
on the main deck; therefore three, indeed two, if in a fresh breeze of
wind, 24-lb. shot striking the main-mast in the same place or nearly
so, of the smaller vessel, would knock it away, whereas it would
require double the number of the 18-pound shot to cut away that of
the larger ship, giving so many more advantages to the bigger ship
against the smaller, by the latter being so much sooner crippled.
The ridiculous, silly, and mischievous hue and cry that was raised in
this country, in consequence of the above action, by a malicious,
envious party, to pluck from the navy some of her laurels, needs no
comment. It gave a lustre to the above frigate actions of our enemy
all over the world which they did not deserve, and made them think
themselves much more superior than they were, until the fight
between the English frigate, Shannon (48), Captain Philip Broke, and
the Chesapeake (49), Captain Laurence, off Boston. The latter had
fifty more men than the former, but was taken in fifteen minutes by
the gallant Captain Broke, and the ship’s company of the Shannon.
This brilliant affair, followed a short time afterwards by the action of
the Endymion (50), Captain Henry Hope, that mounted 24-pounders
on her main deck, and 32-pounders on the quarter-deck, against the
President (60), 24-pounders and 42-pounders, which she also
captured, proved to them that, when we were more evenly matched,
the navy of England was still mistress of the seas.
It was long seen by those who chose to make use of their senses
that the disputes between the two countries must end in a rupture;
and that the American Government were determined to side with
France, and pick a quarrel with us, and that a war was inevitable.
They knew that the whole attention of the British Government was
taken up by the great struggle in Europe, and therefore few, if any,
troops could be spared from the great theatre of war on the
Peninsula; they considered this the time therefore to demand new
maritime law.
The right of search (which for ages had been the acknowledged or
assumed law of all European belligerent nations), for enemies’
merchandize carried in neutral vessels, America was determined to
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