543 ®©OZM: © yi 4ct all < Structure of Atom STRUCTURE OF ATOM ) Word atom derived from Greek word (HRRBRISE)—> which means uncut-able or non-divisible )-The tome theory of mater was fet proposed by (SESS) v called Dalton's atomic theory )> Other scientist esatlshed that “This theory is based on the law of conservation of mass, law of constant composition and law of multiple proportions" This concepts very different from that of Dalton Discovery of subatomic particles Like charges repel each other Unlike charges attract each other Note: J.J. Thomson discovered electrons in 1897. Ernest Rutherford discovered protons in 1917 with the help of a gold-foil experiment. James Chadwick discovered neutrons in 1932 whereas neutrons were theorized by Ernest Rutherford in 1920. Discovery of electron Cathode ray discharge tubes Cathode ray tube is made of glass Congaining 1) Two thin pleces of metal called ERE sealed int > The electrical discharge through the gases could be observed only at > pressure of diferent gases could be adjusted by evaluation of gus tubes When scent NBT s ppedaros the electrodes current starts flowing stream of particles moving in tube from negative electrode (cathode) to the positive electrode (anode). To vacuum pum,543 ®©OZM° © mcr ull < Structure of Atom To vacuum pump 4 tote | tote hia High voltage Figure 02.1-A cathode ray discharge tube (a) D> Current flow from cathode to anode further checked b ‘making a hole in the anode by coating the tube behind anode with phosphorescent material > Zine sulphide > Rays after passing through anode, strike the zine sulphide coating a bright spots developed on the coating Properties of Cathode ray: [The cathode rays start from the cathode and move towards the anode. 2. Invisible rays can be detected using fluorescent or phosphorescent ‘materials, causing them to glow. Television screens, made with such materials, display images due to this fluorescence, 3. In the absence of an electrical or magnetic field, these rays travel in straight lines. [Link] exposed to electrical or magnetic fields, cathode rays behave like negatively charged particles, indicating they are composed of electrons. [Link] properties of cathode rays (electrons) remain consistent regardless of the electrode material or the gas inside the cathode ray tube. [Link], we can conclude that electrons are the basic constituents of all the atoms.. O tt 4cr aul < Structure of Atom positively charged ‘metal plat negatively charged etal plate Charge to mass ratio of electrons: > LJ. Thomson measured the ratio of electrical charge (e) to mass of electron (m,) via cathode ray tube by applying electrical or magnetic field perpendicular to each other as well as path of electrons. Fluorescent sereen Magnet Figure 02.2 The aparatus to determine charge to mass ration of electron Factors affecting the amount of deviation of the particlesfrom their path in presence of electrical and magnetic field: 11 magnitude of -ve charge on the partie Y Greater the - ve charge greater will be the interaction with electronic or magnetic field —> greater willbe the deflection543 ®OzZM: © wt aoe < Structure of Atom 2- mass of particles —> lighter the particle greater the deflection 3 strength of electric or magnetic field —> deflection f increases with in the voltage across the electrodes _¢ When ony electron eld applied ¢ When only magnetic fled applied 3 electrons deviate from their path electrons strikes the cathode by hit the cathode ray at ray at point C point A (igure 2.2). via balancing both fields strength e 1 << = 1.758820x10" CI itis possible to bring back the m, *e electron to the path where im, = mass of electron in Kg magnitude of charge on electron in €5ul6mb (c) charge on electrons ie. -€ Charge on electron RA, Millikan devised a method_soil drop experiment + to determine charge on electron He found that charge on electron is-1.6x10'" C. or -1.6021 76x10" C ‘© mass of electron m, was determined by combining these resuit with thomsons value of e/m, ratio e = 1.6022x10"C am a oil droplets ‘charged oil droplets charged metal plate (-)543 ®©OZM: © yi 4ct all < Structure of Atom Discovery of Proton _ 1919 by Rutherford > Electrical discharge carried out in the modified cathode ray tube led to the discovery of particles carrying postive charge, ao known as canal rays )>The smalest and lightest postive ion was obtained from hydrogen and 4 was called proton FTo vacuum pump Fluorescent Cathode | coating O Gx © Figure 02.|- A cathode ray discharge tube discharge tube with perforated anode (b) Properties of Canal rays () Unlike cathode rays, the positively charged particles depend upon the nature of gas present in the cathode ray tube. These are simply the positively charged gaseous ions. (i) The charge to mass ratio of the particles is found to depend on the gas from which these originate. (ii) Some of the positively charged particles carry a multiple of the fundamental unit of electrical charge. (iv) The behaviour of these particles in the magnetic or electrical Discovery of Neutron > These particles were discovered by Chadwick (1932) by bombarding a thin sheet of berylium by a-paricles. When electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the protons was emitted. >) He named these particles as neutrons.543 ®©OZM: © yi 4ct all < Structure of Atom Summary of Sub-Atomic Particles Absolute | Relative relative Name |symbo! mass/kg__| mass/u SymPel charge/C | charge 8 Imass/u Blecron |e |1.6022x10" s.ios3%«i0" | oocoss | 0 Proton |p ©} 41 | reraeexio” | 10077 6 INewron | ° 0 | serai93xt0” | 100867 Atomic Number by Mass Number QEEED ‘© Atomic Number (Z) = no. of Protons in Nucleus of an atom (or no, of Electrons in Neutral atom. ‘© Mass Number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons (n) ‘tomic number + Number of Neutron © Nucleons:- Protons and neutrons present in nu cleus arecollectively knowns as nucleons. Representation of Elements ass Number ) tomic Number (2) x (X) = Elements Isobars vs Isotops | tsobars _ Isotopes sobars are the atoms with ‘Atoms with identicle Atomic Number ame ass umber butcifferent | but Different Atomic Mass ‘omic sumber. are known as Isotopes. Example:- Hydrogen isotopes Protium |H (99.985%) only I proton *Deuterium’D (0.015%) | protone ‘Tritium °F | proton | neutrone "2 neuron Mnemonic: 't Is Apparently Not ifficult to Achieve My Needs. Example. “fC and ‘N Mnemonic: | Bought So Many| lew and Different ction Novels Drawbacks of Rutherford model:-543 ®©®OZM° O 4G ull < Structure of Atom Drawbacks of Rutherford model:- () According to Rutherford's atomic model, the electrons (planets) move around the nucleus (sun) in well-defined orbits. Since a body that moves in an orbit must undergo acceleration, the electrons, in this case, must be under acceleration. According to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, charged particles when accelerated must emit electromagnetic radiation, ‘Therefore, an electron in an orbit will emit radiation and eventually the orbit will shrink. If this is true, then the electron will spiral into the nucleus. But this does not happen. Thus, Rutherford's model does not explain the stability of the atom, (i) Contrarily, let’s consider that the electrons do not move and are stationary. Then the electrostatic attraction between the electrons and the dense nucleus will pull the electrons into the nucleus to form a miniature 7 version of Thomson's model. (ii) Rutherford’s model also does not state anything about the distribution of the electrons around the nucleus and the energies of these eletrons Developments leading to the Bohr’s model of atom:- Two developments payed a major roe in formulation of Bohr's model 1) Dual character of electromagnetic radiation. — Radiation possess both wave like & particle like properties 2) Experimental results regarding atomic spectra. Wave nature of Electromagnetic Radiation:- | ¥ Electrically charged particle moves under acceleration, alternating electrical by magnetic fields are produced by transmitted. ‘These fields are transmited in form of waves. >> James Maxwell (1870) was the frst to give a comprehensive explanation about the interaction between the charged bodies and the behaviour of ‘electrical and’ magnetic fields on macroscopic level Wave isa disturbance that propagats through space and time with transference of energy. 1) Oseilating electric by magnetic fields Produced oscillating charged particles are perpendicular to each other both are perpendicular to the direction of propogation of wave 2) Unlike sound waves or water waves, Electromagnetic waves do not require medium & can move in vacuum, Beare fed component543 ®©OZM: © i246 < Structure of Atom 2) Unlike sound waves or water waves, Electromagnetic waves do not require medium & can move in vacuum, Bletic 2 fick / Y Bs A OT pee rage eatin 7 3) Electromagnetic wave observed in a spectrum called as ‘The small portion around 1015 He, is what is ordinanly called visible light. Ie is only this part which our eyes can see (or detect), Special instruments are required to detect non-visible radiation, 4) Different kinds of units aare used to represent electromagnetic radiation. YP 10% 10" 10" 10% 10% 10 19% ge Jo 198 PP Ie Yo prio Jo 10" 10° or 10 19 al Yeas [Xray IR |ricroffm) JAm) Long radio wave waves i Visible Spectrum " 400 300 0 700750544 ®OzZM- © 4c < Structure of Atom Mnemonic: RaMl- VuXG ‘® Wavelength(A) and frequency(v) have inverse relation. v=c/N ‘@ In, EMR spectrum from left to right frequency decreases by increase of wavelength Frequency = Violet>Indigo>Blue>Green>Yellow>Orange>Red ‘Wavelength = Red>Orange >Yellow>Green>Blue >Indigo>Violet ”s Energy = Violet >Indigo>Blue >Green >Yellow>Orange >Red Similarly , *# Violet colour have lowest wavelength highest frequency and highest energy. ‘© Red colour have highest wavelength lowest frequency and lowest energy. MN 4 Parameters of Wave rest, Crest 1 orproporstion Vibrating source Terms Explanation Distance between two neighbouring troughs Wave length (a) | Distance Number of times a wave passes through a given Frequency (v) | point in a medium in one second. vec/h The distance travelled by the wave in one second. Velocity (c) ( c=vh Wave number | Number of wavelengths per cm: 1 Height of the crest or depth of the trough. mplitude (a Amplitude (8) | Determines the intensity of the beam of ight Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation:-544 ®OZB: Ocul i < Structure of Atom Particle nature of electromagnetic radiation:- According to Planck’s quantum theory, Different atoms and molecules can emit or absorb energy in discrere quantities only. The smallest amount of energy that can be emitted ‘or absorbed in the form of electromagnetic radiation is known as quantum, >The energy ofthe radiation absorbed or emitted is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation he_ Where = hve te E x snergy of radiation lanck’s constant (6.626% 10" Js) frequency of radiations h = wavelength of radiation 9 ¢ However following are some observations which could not be explained with the help of even the electromagnetic theory known as classical Physics >> nature of emission of radiation from hot bodies (black body radiation) >> ejection of electrons from metal surface when radiation strikes it variation of heat capacity of solids as function of temperature pacity Pe > ine spectara oftoms with special reference to hydrogen, Black body radiation:- Phenomenon of back body radiation was given by SEER Black body is an ideal body which emits and absorbs radiations of all frequecies, and the radiation emitted by such a body is called biack body radiation. emits radiations iO —, in small bundles Quantum/photons (small packets of energy) Black body + The greater the temperature of the body, the more radiation of al wavelengths is emitted by it544 ©OzZH © 4c < Structure of Atom Quantization of Energy Discrete/small packets of energy are known as quanta of energy or photon. ) Energy is integral multiple of planck’s constant and frequency. “E=nhv here n= 1, 2,3. > An electron can radiate or absorb energy as radiations only in limited amounts or bundles called quanta. This is known as the quantization of energy, ‘© Energy of | photon then = hf (hy) — if 2photons then —> if 3 photons then 3hf hy) E=2hf (2hv) ‘Wavelength-intensity relationship 10 r_ Tet herds Intensity 7}, 1000 2000 3000 ——> wavelength om) > Planck was able to explain the distribution of intensity in the radiation from black body as a function of frequency or wavelength at different temperatures Photoelectric effect:- Electrons (or electric current) were ejected when certain metals (Potassium, rubidum and caesumwere exposed to 2 TSH)544 ®OZB: Ocul i < Structure of Atom (potassium, rubicium and caesium)were exposed to alBeamvonignty Metal Detector surface 7 Vatuum chamber a |} Battery n Equipment for studying photoelectric effect ‘ Light of particular frequency strikes a clean metal surface inside a vacuum chamber. Electrons are ejected from the metal and are mounted via detector that ‘measures their kinetic energy. |= There is no time lag between the striking of light beam by the ejection of electrons from metal surface. 2:- Number of electrons ejected is directly proportional to intensity of brightness of light. 3:- For each metal there is a minimum frequency Hz also known as (threshold frequency) —> (minimum frequency required for ejection of electrons from metal surface.) bellow which photoelectric effect is not observed dp ata frequency V>X,, ejected electrons come out with certain kinetic energy (KE) >> K-E increases with increase of frequency of light used544 ©OzZH © mt 46t al < Structure of Atom > K-E of ejected electrons is given by rhe equation, 1 bv = hy 2 my Me = mass of electron 1 7 | velocity associated with ejected electron work KE function Spectrum: When a ray of white light is spread out into a series of colorued bands called spectrum. eomeincts "He called continous spectrum. Spectrum.) Spectrum of 7.50x10"Hz called pe splitting of because violet merges into blue hice light blue into green and so on, Emission and Absorption spectrum:- “ntsc Aerio 12 >Spectrum of radiation emitted by [> An absorption spectrum is like a substance that has absorbed the photographic negative of an energy is called an emission spectrum.| emission spectrum. > Atom, molecules or ions that have [>A continuum of radiation is passed absorbed radiation are said to be | through a sample which absorbs ‘executed’ radiation of certain wavelengths. >To produce an emission spectrum, > The missing wavelengths which energy is supplied to sample by corresponds to the radiation heating it or iradiating it and the absorbed by the matter, leave wavelength of radiation emitted, as _| dark spaces in the bright the sample gives up the absorbed continuous spectrum, energy is recorded, Spectroscopy:- Study of emission or absorption spectra is refferred as spectroscopy. RD ovis deren sens ines General formula:- v=109,677{ | hye544 ©OzZH © mt 46t al < Structure of Atom = outer shell 1, = inner shell > When an electron move from outer to inner orbit then it will emit some energy, So we apply this formula Rydberg constant unit—+ em 109.6774 4) em! | | Inner orbit Rydberg constant Outer orbit Table:- Spectral lines for atome hydrogen. Lyman 23. ultraviolet 13 Balmer 2 3A, Visible Paschen 3 45 infrared Bracket 4 56, infrared fund 5 67, infrared Total number of spectral lines : (nyn,)(ny-n,+1)/2 Where, Higher energy level ; n,=lower energy level Bohr's model for hydrogen atom:~ |: Electron in hydrogen atom can move around nucleus in a FEUER of fixed radius and energy. These paths are called ORB 2:- Energy of an electron in orbit does not change with time. 3:- Frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between two stationary states that differ in energy by AE.544 ®OZB: Ocul i < Structure of Atom = energies of towers and higher allowed energy. 4:- Angular momentum of an electron is quantised. (Forms) According to Bots theory for Hydrogen atom- .2,3 orbit no. PYC 1a) Stationary states for electron are J bb) Radi of stationary states are expressed as reera, were, 529 pm | CEES > thus the radius of frst stationary state called the Bohr orbit is 52.9 pr. > normaly electron in hydrogen atom found in orbit (that is n=1). > as n increases value of r will increase. ©) The energy of stationary phase given by EO=R uf] oeh2du. R= Rydberg conane (2.18% 10%) | 414 > Energy of lowest state also known as ground state, is E =2.1ex10" CL) = -2.18K10") [fereraen) f forn=2_E, 2.18x10"4| (45) = -0.545x10%) > Velocity of electron in stationary phase of hydrogen ator V=2.188x10' xI/n m/s Where n= 1,23 > Simiarly velocity of electron in stationary phase of hydrogen like atoms ¥=2.188X10!Z m/s Where Z= Atomic number 4) Bohrs theory can also be applied to the ions containing only one clectron, similar to that present in Hydrogen atom For example He", L*, Be" and so on. energies of these kinds of and radi by the expression ions are given by expression Y the expr c=21010%2)) | | pe 22° pm] Were 2s ‘Atomic number544 ©OzZH © 4c < Structure of Atom Limitations of Bohr's model: [t= It fails to account for thefiner details )> doublets (2 closely spaced lines) > Bohr’s theory unable to explain spitting of spectral ines in the presence of magnetic or electric field + Zeeman effect- Splitting of spectral lines in presence of magnetic field + Stark effect: Splitting of spectral lines in presence of electric field 2:- It could not explain the ability of atom to form molecules by chemical bonds. Towards Quantum mechanical Model of Atom 1) Dual behaviour of matter:. [isa 2roure (RBH avo tas 2 vature particle wave particle as photon has So ‘electrons should also have momentum as well as wavelength moméntum — wavelength m= mass of particle locity P= momentum 15 2) Heisenber g's uncertainty principle Heisenberg's states that “It is impossible to deter mine simultaneously . the exact position and exact momentum of an electron” Ax x AP x> or AXA (mv9 > h am or AX Ave > an ‘Ax. = uncertainty in position ‘APs. = uncertainty in momentum uncertainty is basicaly ERO Gee»: & «or if Axis small, bx =0 So, ? h sata oxapai- Pago (GES544 ®OZB: Ocul i < Structure of Atom Similarly if AP —> 0 then expression would be SSD > if Ax is zero then error in momentum will become infinite similarly >vif AP is 0 then error will become infinite. Significance of uncertainty principle:- Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is that “it rules out existance of definite paths oF trajections of electrons and other similar particles. “This reject the bolir model as we can not figure out the exact postion of electron, Effect of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Is significant only for motion of microscopic objects and is negligible for that of macroscopic objects. If uncertainty principle is applied to an object of mass, about miligram (10k) then -_h 6.626K10"Js_— = ses Bude Fm BE DTEXIO y= 10'S as value of Av ox is very small an insignificant therefore itis concluded that ‘In dealing will miligram(sized) or heavier objects, the associated uncertainities are hardly of any real consequence’ Reason for the failure of Bohr model:- 16 () Bohr’s model describes an electron as a charged particle that moves around the nucleus in well-defined circular orbits. The model fails to consider the wave character of the electron, (i) An orbits a clearly defined path which is defined completely only if the position and velocity of the electron are known exactly at the same time. ‘According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, ths is not possible. Therefore, Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom not only ignores the dual behaviour of matter but also contradicts Heisenberg's uncertainty principle ‘Question: An electron is moving with a velocity of 2.05x10” ms-! Solution: According to de Broglies equation, we know that A=h/mv where A is the wavelength, h is the Plancks constant, m is the mass of the particle and vis the velocity545 ®OZM* © i246 < Structure of Atom ‘we also know that v= 2.05x10"ms's h= 6.626x10*Js, m=9, 10939x10""kg, So substituting the appropriate values. we get A=n/mv= 6.626x10%Js/ (9.10939x10°" kg) (2.05x10'ms') A =3548x10"'m Quantum mechnical model of atom This mode! of probability Chances “The branch of science that takes into account this dual behaviour of matter is called quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics was developed in 1926 by Weiner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrodinger. Important feature of Quantum mechanical model of atom |+> Energy of electrons in atoms is quantized, 2:- Existence of quantized electronic energy levels is a direct result of wave like properties of electrons. 3:- Both the exact position and exact velocity of an electron in an atom cannot be determined simultaneously, (Heisenberg uncertanity principle) >Path of an electron in an atom therefore, can never be determined or known accurately 4 An atomic orbital is wave function ipfor an electron in an ator, 5:- From the value of lat different points within an atom, itis possible to predict the region around the nucleus where electron will mest probably 18 be found Shell ——> principal Quantum no. 1 Subshell ——> Azimuthal Quantum no. 1 Orbital ——> magnetic Quantum no. electrons—> spin of electrons —> spin Quantum no.545 ®OZM* © yi 4ct all < Structure of Atom Principal Quantum no. =~ > Represent by n and 3 positive integer > Determines the $HBIaRABRRREY of orbital > also identifies SSI > with increase i the valu of fino of allowed orbital also increases and are give by| n= 1234 & shell=KLMN ‘Azimuthal Quantum no:- > Represent byilaso known as orbital angular momentum or subsidiary quantum number. > Itidentities 3 dimensional shape of orbital > It defines the name of the subshell, shape of orbital and ‘orbital angular momentum Fora given value of n, I can have n values ranging from zero ton | camp 212 80-0 RE] > When n=l, value of lis only 0, for n=2, value of | can be O and | For . possible values are 0,1 and 2. > also tells about subshel > Gives information about spatial orientation of orbital with respect to coordinate axis. eae E een ,, 2 d 5 3 f 7 4 & 9545 ®OZM* © yi 4ct all < Structure of Atom >> Two electrons that have different m values one +1/2 and the other -1/2 are said to have opposite spins. > An orbital can not hold more than tWo electrons and these electrons should have opposite spins. Hl wv tt] Lee] = [rat] x Shapes of atomic orbitals EEE The region where probability density function reduces to zero is called nodal surface or nodes W=0 PYQ 2019 Radialnode=n-|-1 Angularnode=1 Total modes =n- 1 CBRE — couric dumb bet EEUBEHETED 3 orbitas ¥ Zz Px Py y ee Pz 19545 ®OZM* © i246 < Structure of Atom 4 subshell- GED 5 d orbitals are designed as dxy, dyz, diz, dx’y? and di’ > shapes of four d - orbitals are similar to each other, > where as fifth one dz" is different from others. > all 5 3d orbitals are equivalent in energy. Energy of orbitals: Single e species like hydrogen atom is determined by principal quantum no. > energy of orbital increases as follows petsa2p<3e=38<45=4p=41=0< GED nerate orbitals Laconia having same erergy are cated degenerate orbital Slower the vale of (4 lowers ener —*if 2 orbital have same value of n-+ orbital having lower value of n will have lower energy 20 ‘Arrangement of orbitals with increasing energy on the basis of (n+!) rule.545 ®OZM* © i246 < Structure of Atom ‘Value Value Value of a ofn of! (ntl) Is ' ° i+0=1 as 2 0 2+0=2 2p(n=2) has 2%» 2 2+1=3 lower energy than 3s 35(0=3) 3s 3 ° 3+0=3 have high energy than 2p 3p(n=3) has 3p 3 34124 lower energy than 4 4s 4 0 440 45 (p=4) 34(0=3) 3d 3 2 342 has lower energy than 4p ” 4 atl 4p(0=4) Filling of orbitals in atom:- 21 In the ground state of atoms, orbitals are filed in order of their increasing energies. Order is as follows545 ®OzZM° © yi 46t all < Structure of Atom Order of filling of orbitals 2)Pauli Exclusion Principle: “NO two electrons in an atom can have same set of four quantum 22 numbers” “only 2 electrons may exist in same orbital and the electrons must have ‘opposite spin’545 ©OzZM: © 46h all < Structure of Atom “To find out maximum orbital formulais” | 2 [=] “To find out maximum electron formulas is t | | — epposte spin Mnemonic: Take Everyone Somewhere 3) Hunds Rule utside On Sunday ‘According to this rule, electron passing in pd, f orbitals can not occur until each orbital of a given subshell is singly occupied” Electronic configuration of atoms:- “Distribution of electrons into orbital of an atom is called electronic configuration, Two ways 1) Spd notation 2) orbital diagram 23 5 P 4 H t is He | ot iF u Nt t is 5 se | tt NN 1S rs 8 N N t 5 Fc 2?545 ©OzZM: © mt 46t al < Structure of Atom 8 NV N t 18 Fc Fr c i tt t t 15 we cs N i tt t 1 | t 1S we Ere ° tt tt th] t jit is = cs F Nt tt th | tht is ws 3 Ne | tt i Noi th | ty Is 2s: 2° Exception in electronic configuration:- ‘Two exception cases of Cr and Cu atomicno —> 24 Electronic configuration :- [Ar] 30°45 In Cr d orbital is half filed orbital hal filed orbital | sit] tit so stable 3° while in Cu (CHEB Copper atomic no—» 29 Electronic configuration :- —> [Ar] 34!%4s in Cu3d orbital isfuly fled [HTH] MTN] 3a |= Symmetrical distribu Symmetry leads to stability completely filled or half filed have symmetric QU distribution of electrons in them and are more stable.545 ®OZM* © yi 4ct all < Structure of Atom 2) Exchange energy: ‘The stabilizing effect arises when two or more electrons with same spin are present in degenerate orbitals of subshell ‘These electrons tend to exchange their positions and energy released due to this exchange is called exchange energy. > NO of exchanges that can take place is max when subshell is completely or half filed > Exchange energy is at the basis of Hund’s rule that electrons which enter orbitals of equal energy have parallel spin. Extra stability of haf filed completely filed: due to I)relative small shielding 2) smaller coulombic repulsion energy 3)larger exchange energy. Mnemonic: Sun Does Emit Enormous Energy tity tity “4 exchange by election ca, Sis having 2 more exchange t so more sable 3 exchange by election a 2 exchange by election 3 oN tytytptlt | exchange by election 4 26