MATHEMATICS

Key – core concepts

REAL NUMBERS NATURAL NUMBERS
NUMBERS “FAMILY”/SYSTEM
The number line consists of all the Rational
(Q) and Irrational (Q') numbers which
Even numbers : 2;4;6;8….
together form the set of Real (ℝ) numbers.
Odd numbers : 1;3;5;7…
UNREAL NUMBERS
Prime numbers : 2;3;5;7;11;13… (1 is not a prime
√−25 is an example of a non-real number. number)
There is no number that, when squared, will
Composite numbers : 4;6;8;9;10;12 (numbers with
equal -25.
more than 2 factors)
√−25 does not exist on the number line. Square numbers : 1;4;9;16;25…
The real and non-real numbers together
form the complex numbers. Cubic numbers : 1;8;27;64;125…

COUNTING NUMBERS

INTEGERS

RASIONAL NUMBER

any number that can be written as a fraction, i.e. a

𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐴
or [where A & B ∈ Z ; B ≠ 0]
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝐵

W All integers.
W All fractions.
W All terminating decimal fractions.
W All repeating decimal fractions.

IRRASIONAL NUMBERS
W All non-terminating, non-repeating decimal
Can only be written in a number form with infinite, numbers
non-repeating digits after the decimal point, the W Pi (π)
numbers can NOT be written as a FRACTION W √Positive non − square
3
W √Positive non − cubic

2 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]

 Key – core concepts
BODMAS CALCULATIONS WITH BRACKETS ()
NB ! At minus - and brackets ()
Inside the bracket (-3)² = (-3)(-3) =+9
No bracket -3² =-(3)(3) = -9
Outside the bracket -(3)² =-(3)(3) = -9

CALCULATIONS WITH ROOTS √

+ or – under √ [first SIMPLIFY under the √]
W √16 + 9=√25
W √16 + 9≠√16 + √9
x or ÷ under the √ [divide √ and work out each
part's √ separately]
W √16 × 9=√144
SIGN RULES [X ÷] W √16 × 9=√16 × √9

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 Key – core concepts
ADDITION + * SUBTRACTION - SCM * LCD
W Same signs (add together and KEEP the sign) SCM (Smallest Common Multiple )
W Different signs (subtract and keep the largest
(ALSO SCD = smallest common denominator)
number's sign)
MULTIPLY THAT WHICH APPEARS WITH THE BIGGEST ONE
Characters inside and outside brackets (multiply together to
AND THAT WHICH IS SHORT [FRACTIONAL] (largest
get a new character. Two signs next to each other must
number's factors and what remains with the other)
become one sign)
Determine the SCM of 9 and 12:
INVERSES
Multiples of 9 are: 9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54; 63; …
addition inverse of -4 = 4
Multiples of 12 are: 12; 24; 36; 48; 60; 72; …
multiplicative inverse of -2 = -½ The SCM of 9 and 12 is: 36

MULTIPLES * FACTORS GCF / HCF (Greatest [Highest] common denominator /

factor)
MULTIPLES MULTIPLY ONLY WHAT IS COMMON TO ALL
[count in the number] (numbers common to all)
E.G : 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 [MULTIPLES OF 2] Determine the SCM of 8 and 10.

FACTORS Step 1. What is the LCF of the 2 numbers: It is 2

Factors of 8: 1; 2; 4; 8 Factors of 10: 1; 2; 5; 10
[numbers that can divide exactly into the number]
Step 2. Determine the product of 8 and 10: 8 x 10 = 80
E.G : 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 [FACTORS OF 18]
Step 3. Divide the product of the numbers by the LCF: 80 ÷ 2 = 40
PRIME NUMBERS
Step 4. The SCM of 8 and 10 is 40
[number with only 2 factors namely 1 and the number itself]
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19]
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 Key – core concepts
PRIME FACTORIZATION WAY NUMBER 2 (THE LEARNING METHOD)

HOW? Example: Determine the factors of 1430.

write the number as the product of prime factors, first by

writing it as the product of two convenient (divisible) factors
and then by decomposing these factors into smaller factors
until all the factors are prime numbers. Then you take all
the possible combinations of the products of the prime
factors.

I.E 1430 = 2 x 5 x 11 x 13
Example: Determine the factors of 84.
Example: Determine the factors of 2457.
Write 84 as the product of prime factors by starting with
different known factors:
84 =4×21
=2×2×3×7
of
84 =7×12
=7×3×4
=7×3×2×2
I.E 2457 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 7 x 13
of
CAN ALSO WRITE IT WITH EXPONENTS AS:
84 =2×42
2457 = 3³ x 7 x 13
=2×6×7
5 ©=2×2×3×7
Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]
 Relations - functions
DIVISION BY A GIVEN RATIO
meaning:
W equation both values of which are of the same unit STEPS TO FOLLOW
W compare 2 or more quantities of the SAME kind
W Add up the ratios, this then gives you your fraction's
W always in the simplest form
DENOMINATOR.
TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS: W Multiply each fraction by the value given.
W Simplification W Add up your answers to make sure you get the value
W divided by a given ratio given.
EXAMPLES
SIMPLIFICATION
enlarge 180 in the ratio 5:4
STEPS TO FOLLOW
W First write your ratio as a fraction.
W The first value is your NUMBER, and the second value is
your DENOMINATOR
W Find the largest factor that can factor into both the reduce 24 in the ratio 5:6
numerator and the denominator.
W After you have divided, write your fraction back in the
form of a RATIO.
SIMPLIFICATION [ WITH UNITS ]
W Make all the values of the same unit (ALWAYS choose the
smallest unit)
W Reduce fraction [make common fraction]
W Follow above steps
W Obtain largest factor
W Write final answer as a ratio.

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 rate proportionality
meaning: DIRECT PROPORTIONALITY
W Rate describes a relationship between two or more quantities MEANING
measured in different units
if one quantity increases, the other quantity also increases
(linear graph)

INDIRECT PROPORTIONALITY
MEANING
if one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases (non-
linear graph)

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 Fractions
Examples

TYPES OF FRACTIONS
COMMON FRACTIONS
+ OR – [Rules]:
W Convert mixed numbers to improper fraction (smileyface method)
W Find SCM of the denominators
W Add or subtract (when denominator is the same)
W Final answer must be in simplest form

X OR ÷ [Rules]:
Rules for MULTIPLICATION of fractions:
W Convert mixed numbers to common fraction
W Make whole numbers a fraction by setting them to 1
W Multiply side by side
W Final answer must be in simplest form
Rules for DIVISION of fractions:
W Convert mixed numbers to common fractions
W Make a whole number a fraction by setting it to 1
W Change part to multiplication and do reciprocal
W Multiply side by side
W Final answer must be in simplest form

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 Fractions
TYPES OF FRACTIONS Examples
DECIMAL FRACTIONS
ROUNDING OFF

CONVERTING : DECIMAL ⇨ COMMON

+ OR – [Rules]: PERCENTATIONS
W Commas always under each other 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 100
PERCENTAGE INCREASE : ×
W Even numbers after the commas 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 1
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 100
PERCENTAGE DECREASE : ×
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 1
X OR ÷ [Rules]:
Rules for MULTIPLICATION of fractions:
W Commas do not have to be below each other
W The final answer, count the digits after the commas that is
multiplied
W As many decimal numbers as you have counted are as many places as
the answer must be
Rules for DIVISION of fractions:

W Commas come on top of each other

W The divisor may not be a decimal fraction during division
W Multiply the divisor and the numerator by the same number
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 FRACTIONS
CALCULATIONS
EXPONENTS AND ROOTS OF FRACTIONS EXPONENTS AND ROOTS OF FRACTIONS
EXPONENTS ROOTS

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 Fractions
TYPES OF FRACTIONS Examples
REPETITIVE FRACTIONS

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
Factor all the numerators and denominators and then cancel out common
factors (above and below)

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 Fractions
TYPES OF FRACTIONS Examples
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
X OR ÷ [Rules]:
W Factorize first (numerators and denominators)
W Cancel out (diagonal and top and bottom NOT next to each other!)
W Convert ÷ to x using the reciprocal
W Simplify

Steps in multiplying and dividing fractions without a SCM:

1. Change fractions by making everything improper fractions
2. Factor EVERYTHING! (numerator and denominator)
3. Change part to multiply by reciprocal
4. Cancel out if possible (terms outside brackets, identical brackets)
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
5.
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟

6. Final answer must be in SIMPLEST FORM

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 Fractions
TYPES OF FRACTIONS Examples
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
+ OR - [Rules]:
W Factorize first (numerators and denominators)
W Get SCM
W Cancel out
W Simplify
W Similar terms
W Factorize
W Cancel out

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 Financial maths
PROFIT & LOSS INTEREST RATES
PROFIT = selling price - cost price SIMPLE INTEREST
LOSS = cost price - selling price
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 100
% profit = ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 1
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 100 COMPOUND INTEREST
% loss = ×
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 1

DISCOUNT & INCREASE

HIRE PURCHASE = SIMPLE INTEREST RATE
DISCOUNT (subtract numbers from each other *-*)
% 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
INCREASE (add numbers together *+*) Dep (DEPOSIT) = ×
100 1
INSTALLMENTS = amount x number of months
(% 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡) 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
Discount = × NOTE : INFLATION = COMPOUND INTEREST
100 1

Increase =
(%𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒)
100
×
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
1
COMMISSION

V.A.T
EXCLUDED
15
EXCHANGE RATES
V.A.T = × AMOUNT
100

INCLUDED
15
V.A.T = × AMOUNT
115

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 Exponents
EXPONENT LAWS

RATIONAL EXPONENTS

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 scientific notation patterns
TERMINOLOGY
Let’s take a look:
Constant difference : When the same number is added or
W always requires one significant digit before the comma, but not zero.
W comma shift left = positive exponent (value gets bigger)
subtracted to get the next term
W comma shift to right = negative exponent (value gets smaller) Constant Ratio : When multiplying or dividing by the same
number to get the next term
SIMPLIFICATION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION

W If both exponents are negative, the exponents must be the same. NUMERICAL PATTERNS / LINEAR SERIES
• In a number sequence, each number is called a term "T"
and the position of the term in the sequence is indicated
with the letter "n".
• Tn=….

GENERAL TERM
W The general term is an expression given in terms of the
variable (n)
W The general term is therefore a rule that is applied to
determine any term in a specific row.

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 algebraic expressions
CONCEPTS
RULES:

Variable : a letter of the alphabet, e.g x or y ( x or W Write variables in alphabetical order eg xyz not zxy
W Write a partial sum as a fraction
y can be anything. Its value may change)
W Always write in descending order according to exponents
Constant : a number that stands on its own e.g 5 and end with a constant
or -12 ( it remains constant. Its value cannot change.) TERMS:
W Are separated by + and – signs
Coefficient : the number (and its sign) that W Within brackets, multiply and divide – one term
stands before a VARIABLE. W Only like terms can be added or subtracted

Exponent : -x² ‘s exponent is 2 1 term (monomial)

2 terms (binomial)
3 terms (trinomial)
COEFFICIENT: The numerical factor of a term is the
coefficient (it stands before the variable)
DEGREE OF EXPRESSION: Highest exponent of any variable
in the algebraic expression

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 algebraic expressions
CALCULATIONS
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
RULES:
W Only like terms may be added and subtracted
W Exponents remain the same
W Write answers in descending order
MULTIPLICATION
Numbers are multiplied and exponents of the same variables
are added together
DIVISION
Divide the numerical coefficients above and below and
subtract the exponents of the same base from each other.
SIMILAR / KIND TERMS:
Definition : Terms with the same kind of variables.
DISKIND TERMS:
Definition : Terms with different types of variables.
IMPORTANT:
You may only add or subtract LIKE TERMS
Terms are separated by + or – not by x or ÷!

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 Algebraic equations
CALCULATIONS Examples
EQUATIONS WITH x / LINEAR EQUATIONS 5𝑥 − 6 + 𝑥 = 10 − 2𝑥
W Get all the x's to one side and the constants to the other side. 5𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 10 + 6
W REMEMBER : if you take a constant or a variable over the = sign,
its sign (+/-) changes to the opposite sign. 8𝑥 = 16
∴𝑥=2

EQUATIONS WITH x² / QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 = 4
W Write terms to the left of the = sign (get all the terms to one
side) 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
W Set terms equal to 0 (0 on the other side of the terms) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
W Factorize
W This is now an ordinary x - equation ∴ 𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 + 1 = 0
W Solve for x ∴ 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = −1
WHAT IS A QUADRATIC EQUATION:
W Square means a number or a variable is raised to the power of 2
W A quadratic equation is therefore an equation where the variable
is squared
W The highest power of the variable is 2
W There are always 2 answers when you solve a quadratic equation,
the answers are not always valid and therefore you have to test
your answers
W The answers obtained by solving a quadratic equation are called
ROOTS

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 Graphs
CARTESIAN LEVEL CONSTANT [Y-value increases by the same as x-value]

W Has an x-axis and a y-axis, o is the

origin with coordinates (0;0)
W With an ordered pair of numbers,
the x-coordinate is always written DEPENDENT VARIABLE (y is dependent variable, y-value
first then the y-coordinate depends on x-value)
W The y-intercept is the point where
the y-axis intersects INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (x is independent variable, x is
W The x-intercept is where the x-axis needed to determine y)
intersects
W Every point on the x-axis' y- DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
coordinate is 0
W Every point on the y-axis' x-
W DISCRETE (consisting of separate points usually
coordinate is 0 denoted as dots.)
W CONTINUOUS are points connected by lines
GRAPH CONCEPTS
LINEAR GRAPH: a graph represented as a straight line
ASCENDING [Gradient is positive (y-value increases when x-value
decreases)]

DESCENDING [Gradient is negative (y-value decreases as x-value

increases)]

20 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]

 Graphs
STRAIGHT LINE GRAPH SPECIAL GRAPHS
EQUATION = 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = −𝟐
∴ the x-coordinate is 3 and -2, the line is proportional to
the y-axis
STANDARD EQUATION = y=mx+c
W To get y-intercept: set x=0
W To get x-intercept: set y=0
EQUATION = 𝒚 = 𝟑
EQUATION = 𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 ∴ the y-coordinate is 3, the line is proportional to the x-
y-intercept : set x = 0 axis
𝒚 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔
𝒚 = −𝟑(𝟎) + 𝟔
𝒚 = 𝟔

x-intercept : set y = 0
𝒚 = − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔
𝟎 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 GRAPH IF C < 0 AND M < 0
−𝟔 −𝟑𝒙
= ∴ y-intercept is negative and the gradient (m) is negative
−𝟑 −𝟑
∴𝒙=𝟐

GRAPH Y = X
= graph line passes through the origin at 45° and is
positive

21 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]

 Probability
CONCEPTS PROBABILITY:
𝐧(𝐆) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭(𝐆)
DEFINITION OF PROBABILITY: =
𝐧(𝐒) 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 (𝐒)
Probability (P) is the chance/possibility that an event will
occur SIMPLE EVENTS [COMPLIMENTARY EVENTS]
P(event)=1
every time you take a button out of your pocket without looking,
• An experiment is an activity with a variable result = an
you perform an experiment. if you do this, put the knot back and repeat
outcome the same action 8 times, you have performed 8 trials.
• The Sample Space (S) is the collection of all possible the number of times an event occurs during a series of trials is called the
outcomes in an experiment… n(S) is the number of frequency of the event.
elements/outcomes in the sample space if the frequency of an event is expressed as a fraction of the total
• An event (G) is a specific outcome number of trials, it becomes the relative called frequency.

u An impossible event will never happen

u A possible event may occur
u A certain event will definitely take place
• n(G) is the number of elements in the subset COMPOUND EVENTS [INDEPENDENT EVENTS]
• An empirical probability is the probability that we have
learned from experience. What happens when a coin is flipped for the second time has nothing to
do with what happened when it was flipped the first time.
RELATIVE FREQUENCY (Empirical Probability)
The first and second jumps are called INDEPENDENT EVENTS: what
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦) happened during the first jump cannot affect what happens with the
second jump.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
THEORETICAL PROBABILITY:
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

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 2D geometry
QUADRILATERALS

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 2D geometry
TRIANGLES CONSTRUCTIONS
BISECT AN ANGLE
u Draw your corner
u Draw bow
u Put compass on lines that cross and draw 2
u Connect corner
PERPENDICULAR LINE
u Draw line
u Open compass more than half
u Make bows above and below
u Connect
Equilateral triangle
u Draw line (e.g. 6 cm)
u Open compass (6 cm)
u Draw bows from each side
u Connect
RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE
u Draw line
u Open compass larger than line
u Draw bows above and below
u Cut down bows
u Connect
u PYTHAGORAS!!!!!!

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 Geometry basics – straight lines
STRAIGHT LINES “FUN” ANGLES

PARALLEL lines are always the same distance apart and

never meet…. Symbol: ll
PERPENDICULAR LINES form 2 angles of 90 °
SUPPLEMENTARY angles together are 180 °
Angles on a STRAIGHT LINE are 180 °
COMPLEMENTARY angles together are 90 °
If 2 straight lines intersect, the OPPOSITE angles are equal.

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 Geometry basics
“FUN” ANGLES

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 Analytical Geometry
DETERMINE THE GRADIENT AND EQUATION FROM GRAPHS DETERMINE THE EQUATION FROM A TABLE
1. Determine c (y-intercept) 1. Determine the gradient
2. Determine whether m is positive or negative 2. Set up a georging pair, so get c(y-intercept)
3. Determine gradient by drawing a rectangular ∆ 3. Determine equation
between y & x intercept

THE GRADIENTS OF PARALLEL LINES

.

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 Analytical Geometry

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 uniformity congruence

meaning: meaning:
W 2 figures fit together W Congruent triangles / figures have the same shape and size ∴ the 2
W one figure is an enlargement of the other figures are identical
W If 2 figures are congruent, all of them are equal ∴ the sides and the

conditions: ∡e are equal

W All 3 corresponding angles are equal (AAA) conditions:

W All 2 figures' sides are proportionally equal (SSS)
W 3 corresponding sides are equal (S ; S ; S)
W 2 corresponding sides and the included angle are equal (S ; A ; S)
W 2 corresponding angles and a corresponding side are equal (A ; A ; S )
W The right angle, hypotenuse and the other corresponding side are
equal (90° ; hypotenuse ; side)

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 Pythagoras
meaning: AT A RECTANGULAR △ (⊿)
The theorem of Pythagoras: The square on the hypotenuse of a right
triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the rectangle sides.

REASON: Theorem of Pythagoras (pyth)

AT AN OBTUSE ANGLED △

AT AN ACUTE ANGLED △

If 𝒙 is the hypotenuse: If 𝒙 isn’t the hypotenuse:

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 measurements
2D SHAPES 2D SHAPES

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 measurements
3D SHAPES 3D SHAPES

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 measurements
PLATONIC BODIES POLYGONS
W The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with (n)
sides: 180(n-2)
W Sum of the exterior angles of a polygon = 360 °
W Each exterior angle of a regular polygon with (n)
sides:
W Each interior angle of a regular polygon with (n)

sides:

REDIRECTS

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 transformations
TRANSLATION ROTATION
W Each point of a figure moves the same distance in the W Rotation is the turning of an object around a point
same direction W Size and shape of object remain the same
W Size & shape of figure remains constant W Objects are congruent
W Figures are congruent

ENLARGEMENT AND REDUCTION

REFLECTION
W An enlargement or reduction changes the size but not
W Is a mirror image of an object the shape of an object
W The size & shape of the object remains the same W The length of the sides or sides increases or decreases but
W Objects are congruent the angles remain the same
W A reflection line is an imaginary line that represents the W Shapes are congruent
mirror W When with e.g. A scale factor of 2 increases all the
dimensions are 2x as long as they were before
W The scale factor is the number of times the lengths of
THE REFLECTION IN THE X-AXIS the original object have been increased or decreased
W The sign of the y value changes, x value remains the same

THE REFLECTION IN THE Y-AXIS

W The sign of the x-value changes, y-value remains the
same.

REFLECTION Y=X
W X & y's values (coordinates) swap
34 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]
 statistics
TERMINOLOGY MEASUREMENT OF DATA
Statistics: the science that collects, orders, classifies and ranks Central tendency u the measures of central tendency are
numerical data (numerical data) and then makes deductions and the 3 different averages = mean, median and mode
interpretations from this.
W Mean – the sum of a set of data divided by the number
Data or information regarding a specific subject can be obtained by
of data items, the balancing point of a distribution of
counting or measuring. A specific group or subject being studied is
counted or measured data. For grouped data, the midpoints of the intervals
are used as x-values
TYPES AND GROUPING OF DATA: W Median – the middle data item when the data is
W Ordered data – this is a set of numerical data ordered arranged in order. For grouped data, use frequencies to
from minimum to maximum and then labeled in order determine the median interval
from 1 to n W Mode and modal class – the most common data. For
W Discrete data – these are the particular values (individual grouped data, the modal class is the interval with the
numerical data items) that are countable highest frequency
W Continuous data – data obtained by having something
measured. This data is not exact
W Continuous data – this is numerical data that is SYMBOLS & FUNCTIONS:
uncountable and arranged in groups on class intervals W n: the number of data items (or counts) in a sample
W Ungrouped data – this is a set of single values that are W x: each count (data value) in a sample
not arranged in groups W 𝑥̅ : the average of the scores
W Grouped data – this is a set of numerical data arranged W 𝑥𝑖 : a single data element or the center of a class interval
in class intervals (groups), where the observations in each (the i-th element in an ungrouped data and the i-th
group are counted to get the frequencies interval in a grouped data)
W Class intervals – these are groups into which data is
placed. Each interval has an upper and lower limit. The
middle value of the interval is the average of the upper
and lower limits.

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 statistics
TERMINOLOGY DIAGRAMS
MODE FREQUENCY TABLE / DIAGRAM

= The most common number

MEDIAN
W Arrange numbers from smallest to largest
W Determine the number that lies exactly in the middle
W If there are 2 numbers add them together and divide
them by 2

STEM AND LEAF DIAGRAM

VARIATION WIDTH
= Largest number – smallest number

OUTBREAKER (EXTREME VALUE)

= a number that is much more / less than the other numbers

AVERAGE
W The stem represents the tens
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 W Leaf represents one’s
𝐴𝑉𝐸 = W Write from small to large
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝐴𝑀𝑂𝑈𝑁𝑇) 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠

36 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]

 statistics
GRAPHS - CHARTS GRAPHS - CHARTS
.
BAR CHART HISTOGRAMS

A histogram is a graph of the frequencies of

A bar chart usually shows categories data in different class intervals. Each class
(or classes) of data on the horizontal interval is used for a certain range of
axis, and the frequency of each values. The different class intervals are
category on the vertical axis. consecutive and cannot have overlapping
values. The data can be produced by
counting or by measuring.

DOUBLE BAR CHART

PIE CHARTS

A double bar chart shows

two sets of data in the A circle diagram consists of a circle
same category on the that is divided into sectors (slices).
same set of axes. Each sector shows one data category.
Larger categories of data consist of
larger slices of data.

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 statistics
GRAPHS - CHARTS
BROKEN LINE GRAPH

A broken line graph is a line

connecting consecutive data
points plotted on an axis
system. Broken line graphs are
useful for showing how
something has changed or
stayed the same over a period
of time.

DISTRIBUTION DIAGRAM

W Used to represent data involving 2 different criteria

W Graph is used to look at the relationship between 2 criteria e.g. Compare
percentages of learners in maths and English.
W Graph indicates whether the values are close together or scattered

38 © Noted Summaries 2023 [Grade 8 Mathematics] [Link]