Nat. Volatiles & Essent.

Oils, 2021; 8(5): 5678 - 5686

IoT for Effective bandwidth allocation in Unmanned Aerial

Vehicles (UAVs)
Dr. Ambika R1, Dr. Keshav Patidar2, P.P.M.Prasad3, Dr. Kavitha H4, Dr. Stuti Bhujade5,
Dr. Makarand Upadhyaya6

1
Electronics & Communication Engineering, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, Karnataka – 560064
2
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Indore institute of Science and technology, Madhya Pradesh – 453331
3
Electronics & Communication Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Andhra Pradesh 522102
4
Information Science & Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Karnataka - 572103
5
Independent Researcher and Analyst in Artificial Intelligence, Daman & Diu – 396210
6
Dept. of Management & Marketing, College of Business Administration, University of Bahrain, Bahrain
1
ambikar@[Link], 2keshavpatidar1@[Link], [Link]@[Link], 4hkavitha@[Link],
5
stutiasthana@[Link], 6makarandjaipur@[Link]
Abstract-
Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relaying is one of the main technologies for UAV communications. It uses UAVs as relays in the sky
to provide reliable wireless connection between remote users. In fact, UAVs can easily fly and reach inspection points, record
surveillance data, and send this information to a wireless base station (BS). Nonetheless, in many cases, such as operations at
remote areas, the UAVs cannot be guided directly by the BS in real-time to find their path. Moreover, another key challenge of
inspection by UAVs is the limited battery capacity. This paper aims to investigate relay-assisted Internet of Things (IoT)
communication networks in which a UAV has been used as an aerial base station (BS) to collect time-constrained information
from IoT gadgets and transmit it to a ground gateway (GW). In this context, we optimize the allocated bandwidth, transmission
strength, and UAV trajectory at the same time to maximize overall device throughput while satisfying the user's latency
requirement and the UAV's limited garage capability. Because the problem is highly non-convex, it may be difficult to solve
optimally. To arrive at an appealing answer, we first add new variables to the equation. Numerical results are given to show
significant performance improvement over benchmark schemes.

Keywords- Internet of Things, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), bandwidth allocation

I. Introduction

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication has emerged as a prominent technology for emergency
communications (e.g., natural disaster) in the Internet of Things (IoT) networks to enhance the ability of
disaster prediction, damage assessment, and rescue operations promptly. A UAV can be deployed as a
flying base station (BS) to collect data from time- constrained IoT devices and then transfer it to a ground
gateway (GW). In general, the latency constraint at IoT devices and UAV’s limited storage capacity highly
hinder practical applications of UAV-assisted IoT networks.
Nowadays, IoT has won widespread penetration in lots of regions such as e-health, clever city, agriculture,
and clever grid [1], [2]. The quantity of IoT devices is expected up to one hundred billions via 2025 [3].
Nevertheless, as the restriction of available resources for wi-fi communiqué systems, the layout of green
IoT communications is becoming a daunting mission. More mainly, considering base stations (BSs) are
typically set up in everlasting locations with fixed antenna top as nicely as their sparse distribution which

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leads to a degraded overall performance in the case of excessive fading or overloaded scenarios. It is
infeasible to resolve those issues through actually increasing the wide variety of BSs due to high set up and
preservation expenses [4]. Therefore, conventional structures rarely fulfill the necessities of IoT networks.
Moreover, in emergency instances such that BSs are destroyed/isolated after a catastrophe, they may be
not able to function usually. Fortunately, UAV communications should turn out to be a promising
generation to conquer the above drawbacks thanks to their mobility, agility, and bendy deployment [5].
More in particular, the UAV can fly toward the IoT gadgets which notably complements the network
overall performance and decreases the overall electricity intake of IoT customers. The well timed data
collection or facts freshness in UAV- assisted IoT verbal exchange networks has attracted recall- able
interest recently [6]–[9]. In emergency eventualities, out- dated information may also reason
untrustworthy controllable decisions, which may be catastrophic [9]. For instance, in latency-important
IoT applications such as factory automation, clever grids, and clever delivery structures [10]. Since the IoT
gadgets commonly have limited cache size, their records needs to be collected in time before it turns into
obsolete or is overwritten by the new records. The authors in [6] proposed UAV trajectory design
algorithms, namely, the Max-AoI-choicest and Ave-AoI- optimal for effective data collection while thinking
about the age. The transfer of information and energy using UAVs can be illustrated in fig. 1

Fig. 1 Resource transfer in UAVs

In [7], the authors formulated an optimization hassle to collectively optimize the UAV’s trajectory,
electricity, and service time allocations to limit the common Peak Age-of-statistics (PAoI) for a source-
destination link. In [9], both the UAV trajectory and the service bandwidth allocation are optimized to
maximize the overall quantity of served ground IoT customers, whereas the UAV is needed to collect the
gadgets’ statistics inside their delay requirements.
Unlike the research [6]–[9], [11], [12], which focused solely on the UL or DL channel and did not use HD
communication in their system? This is because the RT restriction should be viewed as the latency from
edge users (or GW) to GW (or GW), with the GW connecting to the core network via stable connections,
such as Ethernet cable. If the latency between the UAV and the GW is very minimal, it can be ignored.

II. An Empirical Design Survey

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Ma et., al. (2021) resource allocation problem for a two-hop uplink UAV-LEO integrated data collection for
the B5G IoRT networks, where numerous UAVs gather data from IoT devices and transmit the IoT data to
LEO satellites. In order to maximize the data gathering efficiency in the IoT-UAV data gathering process,
we study the bandwidth allocation of IoT devices and the 3-dimensional (3D) trajectory design of
[Link] role and the cache capacity limitations of UAVs, we merge the optimizations of IoT-UAV data
gathering and UAV-LEO data transmission into an integrated optimization problem, which is solved with
the aid of the successive convex approximation (SCA) and the block coordinate descent (BCD) techniques.

IoT-UAV Bandwidth allocation of iot Optimizations of iot-UAV The successive convex

data devices and the 3- data gathering and UAV-LEO approximation (SCA) and the
gathering dimensional (3D) data transmission into an block coordinate descent
process trajectory design of integrated optimization (BCD) techniques.
[Link] role and the problem
cache capacity limitations
of uavs,

(Dinh-Hieu Tran et., al 2021) optimize the allocated bandwidth, transmission power, as well as the UAV
trajectory to maximize the total system throughput while satisfying the user's latency requirement and the
UAV's limited storage capacity for UAV Relay-Assisted IoT Communication Networks. auther adopted non-
convex method to solve mentioned issues optimally, introduce new variables to convert the original
problem into a computationally tractable form, and then develop an iterative algorithm for its solution by
leveraging the inner approximation method.

UAV Relay- Optimize the allocated Non-convex method to Variables to convert the
Assisted iot bandwidth, transmission solve mentioned issues original problem into a
Communica power, as well as the UAV optimally computationally tractable
tion trajectory to maximize the form, and then develop an
Networks total system throughput while iterative algorithm for its
satisfying the user's latency solution by leveraging the
requirement and the UAV's inner approximation
limited storage capacity method.

(Tran et., al. 2020) half-duplex (HD) scheme for UAV-based relaying is also considered to provide a
comparative study between two modes (viz., FD and HD). In this context, we aim to maximize the number
of served IoT devices by jointly optimizing bandwidth, power allocation, and the UAV trajectory while
satisfying each device's requirement and the UAV's limited storage capacity. By leveraging inner
approximation framework, we derive newly approximated functions for non-convex parts and then
develop a simple yet efficient iterative algorithm for its solutions. Next, we attempt to maximize the total
throughput subject to the number of served IoT devices. Finally, numerical results show that the proposed
algorithms significantly outperform benchmark approaches in terms of the number of served IoT devices
and system throughput.

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To maximize the On-convexity and Non-convex parts and then Maximize the total
number of served iot combinatorial develop a simple yet throughput subject to the
devices by jointly nature efficient iterative algorithm number of served IoT
optimizing bandwidth, devices
power allocation, and
the UAV trajectory while
satisfying each device's
requirement and the
UAV's limited storage
capacity

chen et., al. (2021)strict requirements of latency and reliability for URLLC with a fixed infrastructure is
challenging, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been deemed as promising enablers to handle this
issue due to its salient attributes, such as high maneuverability, flexible deployment, and high probability
of line-of-sight links. a novel UAV-assisted URLLC service system, where the blocklength of channel codes
is finite in Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. Considering the limited energy of IoT devices, the average
uplink transmit power of the IoT devices are minimized by jointly optimizing the device scheduling and
association, power control and resource allocation, as well as UAV deployment. mixed-integer nonconvex
optimization problem because of the finite blocklength regime. To tackle the problem, we derive the
approximation of the achievable rate and propose an effective iteration algorithm by applying the block
coordinate descent (BCD) and Lagrange dual decomposition techniques. The average bandwidth allocation
scheme, our proposed algorithm can get a stable minimum as the total bandwidth increases.

UAV-assisted URLLC Limited energy of IoT mixed-integer no convex Approximation of

service system, where devices, the average optimization problem the achievable rate
the blocklength of uplink transmit power of because of the finite and propose an
channel codes is finite in the IoT devices are blocklength regime effective iteration
Internet-of-Things (IoT) minimized by jointly algorithm by
networks optimizing the device applying the block
scheduling and coordinate descent
association, power (BCD) and Lagrange
control and resource dual decomposition
allocation, as well as techniques.
UAV deployment. average bandwidth
allocation scheme

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III. System Modeling for Identification of Problem

We consider a wireless communication system where a UAV acts as a relay to receive data from a set K ,
{1, . . . , K} of K IoT devices and then forward to a ground gateway (GW). Each IoT device is equipped with a
single antenna and operates in the HD mode. The UAV is capable of adopting either FD or HD mode.
The total flying time of UAV is limited by T. Each device is active at different time instances t, where 0 ≤ t ≤
T. The device k’s location are represented by rk ∈ R 2×1 , k ∈ K. We assume that the IoT locations, data
sizes, the starting data transmission time (i.e., nstart,k), and deadline time (i.e., nend,k) are known to the
UAV through the control center.
It is assumed that the UAV must collect device k’s data during period nstart,k ≤ t ≤ nend,k. For simplicity,
the UAV flies at fixed altitude H (meters), which is the minimum altitude to avoid obstacles [5].
Denote by q(t) ∈ R 2×1 with 0 ≤ t ≤ T the UAV trajectory projected onto the horizontal plane. For
tractability, T is divided into N equally slots, i.e., T = Nδt with δt denotes the duration of each time slot.
Thus, q(t) can be represented as (q[n])N n=1 , where q[n] is the UAV’s horizontal location at n-th time slot.
Let Vmax denote the maximum flying speed of the UAV. We then have the UAV’s speed constraint kq[n] −
q[n − 1]k ≤ δd = Vmaxδt, n = 2, ..., N. Moreover, N = {1, . . . , N} denotes the set of all time slots.
Let k and U represent for the k-th IoT device and the UAV, respectively. Henceforth, 1k and 2k denote the
channel k → U and U → GW to convey the data of user k, respectively. Then, the distance from q k → U or
U → GW is dik[n] = H2 + kq[n] − rk 2 , ∀n, k, where i ∈ {1, 2}, r ∈ {rk, q0}, with q0 denotes the GW’s
location.
This work considers a practical channel model including both large-scale and small-scale fading [14].
Concretely, the channel coefficient at n-th time slot, hik[n], is decomposed as [9]
hik[n] = p ωik[n]h˜ ik[n], (1) where ωik[n] = ω0d −α ik [n]
represents for the large-scale fading effects, with ω0 is the average channel power gain at the reference
distance d = 1 meter, and α is the path loss exponent. h˜ ik[n] accounts for the Rician small-scale fading
coefficient in the form of h˜ ik[n] = q G 1+G hik[n] + q 1 1+G hˆ ik[n].
Here, G is the Rician factor; hik[n] and hˆ ik[n] ∼ CN (0, 1) denote the LoS and NLoS components,
respectively.

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Fig. 2 Mathematical Equations used to solve P

Analytically, it is evident that problem P is a mixed-integer non-linear program (MINLP), which is generally
NP-hard. There is no standard method for solving such a problem efficiently. Nevertheless, at least a
locally optimal solution may be obtained by employing adequate relaxations to P. In the sequel, we
introduce an approximation method for P, followed by its corresponding solution.

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IV. Proposed Iterative Algorithm for Solving P

This section provides an iterative algorithm based on the IA method to solve the design problem.
A. Tractable Formulation for P To bypass the difficulty of binary nature of P, we relax binary variables to
continues ones as 0 ≤ λk ≤ 1, ∀k. Then, we respectively introduce slack variables z1k[n], z2k[n], and t1k[n]
such that H2 + kq[n] − rkk 2 ≤ (z1k[n])2/α, H2 + kq[n] − q0k 2 ≤ (z2k[n])2/α.

Fig. 3: Total achievable throughput vs.

Different network

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V. Discussion & Results

In this section, we perform the numerical evaluations to validate the proposed designs. Specifically, we
consider K IoT devices randomly distributed within the considered area, i.e., 500 m x 500 m, and the
ground gateway is located at (0, 500 m). The parameters are set as follows: K = 20, H = 100 meters, B = 10
MHz, path loss exponent α = 2.3, σ 2 = −110 dBm, ω0 = -40 dB, P max U = 20 dBm, P max k = 15 dBm, Sk =
30 Mbits, Rician factor G = 12 dB, the maximum collection time deadline for each device k nend,k is
uniformly distributed between n min end,k and n max end,k. The UAV’s initial and final locations are
deployed at qI = [300 m, 200 m] and qF = [100 m, 0], respectively.

For comparison purpose, two benchmark schemes are considered. More specifically, the Benchmark FD
and Benchmark HD are implemented similar to Algorithm 1 with the equal bandwidth allocated to each
user, i.e., a1k[n] = a1k[n] = B K . In Fig. 2, we evaluate the total collected data (in Mbits) versus network
sizes i.e., Area = x 2 . It is observed that the larger the network size, the lower the throughput can be
achieved. This is because IoT devices are distributed a wider area. Thus, the UAV must fly at a higher
speed to satisfy the time requirement of each device which is in contradiction with the Vmax constraint.
Moreover, the FD and HD methods outperform the benchmark ones due to the benefits of optimizing
bandwidth allocation.

VI. Conclusion and Future Research Directions

The trajectory design for FD/HD UAV aided IoT communication networks under latency limitations were
examined in this study. The overall realized throughput was optimized by combining the UAV trajectory,
allocated bandwidth, and transmission power for the devices/UAV while adhering to delay-sensitive data
collecting and restricted storage capacity. We changed the original problem into a convex form, which was
solved by an IA-based iterative technique, because it was a mixed-integer non-convex programme. Finally,
our proposed solutions outperformed benchmark approaches, according to numerical data.

Future work is to consider communication technologies for ground and aerial connectivity, and data
analytics. The dynamic interconnection and transmission optimization among satellites for massive LEO
satellite networking to provide better data collection services in B5G IoRT networks. There are several
open research areas in this area that need attention.

VII. References

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