Water purification is the transition of dirty
harmful (Contaminated) water into clean safe
water.
Water purification generally means freeing water
from any kind of impurity it contains, such as
contaminants or micro organisms.
Water is of major importance to all living things.
We purify water to get rid of contaminants that can be
detrimental to our health.
Up to 60 percent of the human body is Water.
Therefore the quality of Water we drink is very important.
The Drinking Water should be totally clean, pure and free
of any disease causing MICROBES, and that’s why it
should be properly Treated and DISINFECTED before
using it for drinking purpose.
Purification on Large scale
Purification on Medium Scale
Purification on Small Scale(Domestic Methods)
When sources of water are
Rivers, Streams, Lakes etc.
then water is Purified by
Coagulation
Sedimentation
Filtration
Disinfection
Storage
When sources of water are wells, Springs, Tanks etc.
Then water is purified by the addition of
Bleaching powder/Chlorinated Lime as it is
Cheep
Easy to use
Reliable and safe
BOILING: for 5-10 minutes kills almost all organisms &
removes temporary Hardness.
DISTILLATION: not commonly used due to higher cost, used in
Labs. etc.
ADDITION OF CHEMICALS
Bleaching Powder: 5% solution is used Dose: 3-6 drops/L contact
time of ½ hour. Chlorine Tablets/Halazone Tablets. one
tablet/litre.
Iodine Solution: 02 drops of 2% Soln./litre
KMnO4: an amount that gives just pink coloration to the Water.
Alum: used for turbid water in a dose of 0.1-0.4 grains/5 litres of
Water.
Where does the water come from?
surface waters (Rivers, Streams, Lakes and
Reservoirs)
groundwater (wells).
Water Treatment
COAGULATION:
Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water.
alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky
particles called “floc” which attract the dirt particles. The combined WATER
weight of the dirt and the alums (floc) becomes heavy enough to sink TOWARDS
to the bottom during sedimentation. SEDIMENTATION
Water Treatment
WATER
FROM
SEDIMENTATION: COAGULATION
Coagulated particles fall, by gravity, through water in
a settling tank and accumulate at the bottom of the
tank, clearing the water of much of the solid debris
and clear water moves to filtration.
WATER
TOWARDS
FILTRATION
Water Treatment
FILTRATION, DISINFECTION & STORAGE:
STORAGE: Water is placed in a
closed tank or reservoir
DISINFECTION: A small amount of chlorine for disinfection to take
is added or some other disinfection pace. The water then
method is used to kill microorganisms flows through pipes to
WATER
FROM
that may be in the water. home and business in the
SEDIMENTATION community
FILTRATION: The water passes through filters, some
made of layers of sand, and charcoal that help
remove smaller particles.
Water Disinfection
Purpose of disinfection:
To make Drinking water free of any disease causing
bacteria and microbes.
Methods of disinfection:
There are 3 mainly used disinfection methods at
large scale.
CHLORINATION
OZONATION
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
CHLORINATION
Chlorine is the most common cost-effective means of
disinfecting water in the U.S.
The addition of a small amount of chlorine is highly
effective against most bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
But cysts (durable seed-like stages) formed by parasitic
protozoa such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia can survive
chlorine.
Chlorine is applied to water in one of three forms:
elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), hypochlorite solution
(bleach), or dry calcium hypochlorite. All three forms
produce free chlorine in water
OZONATION
OZONE is Strongest oxidant/disinfectant available.
More effective against microbes than chlorination.
But, costly and difficult to monitor and control under different
condition.
Ozonation process:
Ozone (o3) is generated on-site
at water treatment facilities by
passing dry oxygen or air
through a system of high voltage
electrodes.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
When UV radiation penetrates the cell
wall of an organism, it damages genetic
material, and prevents the cell from
reproducing.
Now a days emerging technology made
UV radiation to find a place in both
household and large scale drinking water
disinfection.
How is UV light generated?
Ultraviolet light is most typically generated from a
low pressure or a medium pressure lamp generating
UV light.
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
COMPLETE CYCLE
OF WATER TREATMENT: COAGULATION
STORAGE
SEDIMENTATION
DISINFECTION
FILTRATION
