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The Synthesis and Characterization of Artificial Mars Regolith for

Astrobiological and Geotechnical Applications

Experiment Findings · July 2024

DOI: 10.63119/[Link].01J2024

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Aravinda Ravibhanu Sumanarathna Majda Aouititen

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 The Synthesis and Characterization of Artificial Mars Regolith
for Astrobiological and Geotechnical Applications.
Aravinda Ravibhanu Sumanarathna,
1 2
Majda Aouititen
Department of Research and Innovations, Eco Astronomy Inc.

MARS LAB | ECO ASTRONOMY Inc | MADE IN SRI LANKA

ARTIFICIAL REGOLITH OF MARS | J – COLLECTION
DOI: 10.63119/[Link].01J2024

The Mars laboratory of Eco Astronomy Inc. is pioneering the development of a standard Mars
Regolith Simulant for students, researchers, hobbyists, and educators globally. This initiative is
rooted in petrological data obtained from NASA’s Mars Curiosity Rover, combined with the
precision engineering of Eco Astronomy’s Artificial Regolith of Mars J–Collection Simulant.
Designed to closely mimic the composition and properties of Martian soil, these simulants
provide an unparalleled opportunity to study and experiment with Martian-like materials without
leaving Earth. Aimed at advancing STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and
Mathematics) education, these simulants empower educators to inspire curiosity and scientific
literacy in their classrooms. By fostering a well-informed and enthusiastic public, Eco Astronomy
Inc. contributes to building a strong foundation of support for humanity's ambitious journey to
Mars.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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 ANALOGIES LOCATIONS OF MARS - Gusev Crater, Meridiani Planum, Noachian terrains, Juventae Chasma.

GRAIN DIAMETER - 0.002- 1mm ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS -Ni, Zn, Sr, Co

SOIL MOOD: Ultra Superfine RADIOACTIVE: Nil

Artificial RM 01 | Artificial RM 02 Artificial Regolith of Mars | J– Collection

Simulant

Analytical Report XRF | Sri Lankan Atomic Energy Board

2024. Jan .08

*Notice: We are pleased to inform you that the Mars Lab at Eco Astronomy Inc. has successfully completed the calibration of mineral composition based on the
latest analytical report from SLAEB. This calibration process was conducted exclusively on heated samples only, ensuring precise and accurate data for further
research and analysis. The findings from this calibration will significantly contribute
2 to our ongoing efforts to understand the mineralogical properties of Martian
materials. We remain committed to advancing our knowledge and supporting innovative discoveries in the field of planetary science. Should you require further
details or have any questions regarding the calibration process or results, please do not hesitate to reach out.
Research DATA
It is important to understand Martian samples and their exact habitats, including extreme
conditions, to improve future exploration of Mars. The Mars laboratory of Eco Astronomy Inc.,
represented by the Department of Research and Innovation’s Advances in Multidisciplinary
Studies Unit, has developed a standard Mars Regolith Simulant called “HAYA"—Eco Astronomy
Artificial Regolith of Mars | J-Collection. This experiment is based on APXS data from Meridiani
Planum, which was pre-analyzed via CheMin on NASA’s Mars Curiosity Rover. To develop the
Martian soil simulant, serpentine soil from Ussangoda and Indikollapelessa in Sri Lanka was
selected as the initial material for this simulation, which was ground and sorted to a
predetermined particle size ratio [grain diameter: 0.002- 1 mm]. The simulant initial materials
were treated with a specific heat of algorithm using an HT 1800 high-temperature chamber
furnace. To calibrate the exact chemical properties, small amounts of hematite, aluminum oxide
(from sapphire), titanium oxide, manganese oxide, and calcium oxide were added. The upgraded
materials were then kept under saturation in a radioactive chamber for 7–30 days. The final
sample of Mars Regolith Simulant was analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), yielding the
following results: SiO2 (wt%) 42.88 ± 1.5, TiO2 1.19 ± 0.5, Al2O3 9.43 ± 1.5, Cr2O3 1.19 ± 0.5, Fe2O3
+ Feo 19.19 ± 1.5, MnO 0.41 ± 0.4, MgO 8.69 ± 1.5, CaO 7.28 ± 1.5, Na 2O 2.72 ± 1.5, K2O 0.49 ±
0.2, P2O5 0.94 ± 0.5, SO3 5.45 ± 1.5, Cl 0.69 ± 0.5. These results show that the simulant is 90%
similar to basaltic soil compositions from APXS analyses of Rocknest Portage. These
measurements demonstrate the ability of the simulant to accurately represent the mechanical
properties of in situ Mars soils for comparative studies. The Eco Astronomy-HHAYA Martian
Simulants are designed to promote Earth-Mars analog activities, Mars terraformation activities,
and STEAM education in classrooms. A well-informed and enthusiastic public base of support is
crucial for the journey to Mars.

The Importance of Mars Regolith Simulants in Advancing Space Exploration

Mars regolith simulants play a crucial role in preparing for future Mars exploration by providing a
terrestrial substitute for Martian soil. These simulants enable engineers to test the performance
and durability of technologies such as rovers, landers, and excavation tools under conditions
similar to those on Mars. Additionally, they facilitate the development of construction
techniques, including using regolith as a building material for habitats and radiation shielding.

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Simulants are also indispensable for advancing in situ resource utilization (ISRU), a strategy
critical for reducing dependence on Earth-based supplies. By simulating Martian regolith,
researchers can refine methods for extracting oxygen through electrolysis, producing building
materials like bricks or concrete, and testing water extraction techniques.

Agricultural and sustainability research also benefits from regolith simulants, as scientists
explore the feasibility of growing plants in Martian soil. These studies address key challenges
such as soil toxicity, lack of organic matter, and nutrient deficiencies. Moreover, simulants aid in
safety assessments, allowing researchers to evaluate the potential hazards of Martian dust,
including its abrasiveness and chemical reactivity, which could impact machinery, human
health, and filtration systems.

Prominent organizations, such as the Exolith Lab at the University of Central Florida and NASA’s
Swamp Works, have developed high-fidelity simulants like MGS-1 to mimic Martian regolith's
mineralogical and geotechnical properties. These materials support mission preparation by
enabling space agencies to train astronauts, test sample collection techniques, and refine
geophysical and geochemical analysis methods. By addressing these challenges on Earth, Mars
regolith simulants save time, reduce costs, and ensure the success of future exploration
missions.

A 3D model of the Mars Curiosity Rover.

NASA Visualization Technology Applications and Development (VTAD)

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Geology and Minerals of Mars: Insights into the Red Planet’s Composition and Evolution

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Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, presents a geologically diverse and mineralogically rich
landscape. Its surface is a mosaic of volcanic plains, sedimentary basins, and ancient impact
craters, shaped by processes including volcanism, tectonics, erosion, and the activity of liquid
water. This article explores the geological history of Mars and its mineral composition,
highlighting findings from rover missions, orbiters, and meteorite studies. These insights provide
critical information about the planet’s past environmental conditions and its potential for
supporting life.

Mars has captivated scientists and astronomers for centuries due to its similarities and contrasts
with Earth. Geology and mineralogy studies of Mars are essential for understanding its formation,
evolution, and habitability. The data gathered from missions such as Viking, Mars Odyssey, Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the rovers Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance offer
unprecedented views into the planet’s subsurface and surface composition.

Geological Features

Volcanism Mars hosts some of the largest volcanoes in the Solar System, including Olympus
Mons, which rises approximately 21.9 kilometers above the surrounding plains. The Tharsis
volcanic region and Elysium Planitia are prominent centers of volcanic activity. Evidence of
basaltic lava flows suggests prolonged volcanic activity during the Noachian and Hesperian
periods.

Impact Cratering Impact craters such as Hellas Planitia and Gale Crater provide windows into
Mars’s geological past. These craters reveal layered sediments that hint at past environmental
conditions, including fluvial activity.

Tectonics Unlike Earth, Mars lacks plate tectonics. However, the planet shows significant
tectonic features, such as rift valleys and fault lines. The Valles Marineris, a canyon system over
4,000 km long, is a prime example of extensional tectonic activity.

Erosional and Sedimentary Processes Wind and water erosion have shaped Mars’s landscape,
creating dune fields, river valleys, and deltas. Sedimentary rock layers in locations such as Gale
Crater and Jezero Crater suggest the presence of ancient lakes.

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Mineralogical Composition

Silicates Basaltic rocks dominate the Martian surface, consisting primarily of pyroxenes, olivine,
and plagioclase feldspar. The presence of these minerals points to a history of volcanic activity
and cooling processes.

Hydrated Minerals Phyllosilicates (clays) and sulfates provide evidence of past interactions
between water and rock. These minerals have been detected in various regions, including the
ancient terrains of Arabia Terra and Mawrth Vallis.

Iron Oxides Hematite and magnetite are abundant, contributing to Mars’s characteristic red hue.
Hematite-rich regions, such as Meridiani Planum, suggest the past presence of liquid water.

Carbonates While less common, carbonates have been identified in regions such as Nili Fossae,
hinting at episodic CO2-rich aqueous environments.

Perchlorates Perchlorates, discovered in Martian regolith, are of particular interest for

astrobiology and in-situ resource utilization. They indicate a chemically active environment.

Geochronology and Evolution Mars’s geological history is divided into three main eras: the
Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian. The Noachian era (4.1 to 3.7 billion years ago) was
marked by intense bombardment and fluvial activity. The Hesperian era (3.7 to 3.0 billion years
ago) saw widespread volcanic activity and the formation of extensive lava plains. The Amazonian
era (3.0 billion years ago to present) is characterized by reduced volcanic activity and ongoing
aeolian processes.

Astrobiological Implications The identification of hydrated minerals, ancient riverbeds, and lake
deposits supports the hypothesis that Mars once harbored conditions suitable for life. Organic
molecules detected by the Curiosity rover and the presence of subsurface brines detected by
orbiters strengthen this possibility.

Conclusions The geology and mineralogy of Mars offer invaluable clues about the planet’s
history and potential for life. Future missions, such as the European Space Agency’s ExoMars and
NASA’s Mars Sample Return campaign, will deepen our understanding of the Red Planet. By
studying Mars, we not only uncover its secrets but also gain insights into planetary processes that
shape terrestrial worlds across the Solar System.

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Astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor harvests red Russian kale and dragoon lettuce from Veggie on Nov. 28, 2018, just in time
for Thanksgiving. The crew got to enjoy a mid-afternoon snack with balsamic vinegar, and Auñón-Chancellor reported the
lettuce was “delicious!”

ESA/Alexander Gerst

Mars colonization represents a significant milestone in the quest for human exploration and
expansion beyond Earth. As the fourth planet from the Sun, Mars offers a unique environment
with challenges and opportunities for establishing a sustainable human presence. Its thin
atmosphere, composed primarily of carbon dioxide, along with its freezing temperatures and lack
of liquid water on the surface, demands innovative technologies for survival. Advancements in
areas such as habitat construction, life support systems, and resource utilization—like extracting
water from Martian soil or generating oxygen—are critical to making colonization feasible.
Furthermore, Mars's lower gravity, compared to Earth's, may impact human health over long
durations, necessitating rigorous studies on its physiological effects. Beyond the scientific
challenges, Mars colonization could serve as a stepping stone for interplanetary travel and
ensure humanity's survival in the event of global catastrophes on Earth.

About Eco Astronomy Inc

Eco Astronomy Inc., established in 2018 in Sri Lanka, is a leading multidisciplinary astronomical
research institute in South Asia, dedicated to advancing the frontiers of science and education.

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 The organization primarily focuses on investigating extreme environmental conditions and their
implications for the "Harbor Life" concept and astrobiology, contributing to our understanding of
life beyond Earth. As a distance-learning institution, Eco Astronomy Inc. integrates astronomy,
astrobiology, and paleontology into its innovative online courses, fostering a multidisciplinary
approach that enhances students' academic and analytical abilities. These programs emphasize
critical communication skills, enabling meaningful engagement with international experts.
Additionally, the institute actively supports major space exploration initiatives, including lunar
and Martian programs, while innovating extraterrestrial simulation materials for advanced
research. It also adds value to terrestrial minerals and gems through cutting-edge technologies.
Through its research, education, and advocacy efforts, Eco Astronomy Inc. promotes sustainable
innovation in global education and the astronomical research industry, driving impactful
development and fostering a future-oriented scientific community.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Product Information

Mars Artificial Soil by Aravinda Ravibhanu Sumanarathna | Eco Astronomy Inc | ©2022

Citation

Aravinda Ravibhanu, & Majda Aouititen. (2024, July 19). The synthesis and characterization of
artificial Mars regolith for astrobiological and geotechnical applications.: Mars Regolith Simulant.
Eco Astronomy Inc. Retrieved July 19, 2024, from [Link]
simulant-soil/

LICENSE
CC BY-NC 4.0
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
The synthesis and characterization of artificial Mars regolith for astrobiological and geotechnical applications ©
2022 by Aravinda Ravibhanu | Eco Astronomy Inc is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
4.0 International

DOI: 10.63119/[Link].01J2024

Contact: Eco Astronomy Inc Mars Lab: +9411 4216868 | +94774526520

Email: info@[Link] | [Link]@[Link]

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