ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2020-22 SYLLABUS

CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHS (9709)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Solution
Part (i)
1. Velocity and Acceleration Calculating deceleration using Newton’s second law:
0.12 = 0.15a a = 0.12
0.15 = 0.8ms
−2 ​

1.1. Kinematics Equations Calculate v at Y using relevant kinematics equation

−0.8 = v−3 −1
2 v = 1.4ms
​

v = u + at Calculate kinetic energy at Y

1 2 1 2 1
s = ut + at and s = vt − at EK = (0.15) (1.4)2 = 0.147J
2
​ ​

2 2
​ ​

1 Calculate energy lost:

s= (u + v ) t
2
​

Initial − Change = F inal

v 2 = u2 + 2as
0.147 − 0.072 = 0.075J
1.2. Displacement-Time Graph Calculate speed as leaving Y using k.E. formula:
1
0.075 = 2 ​ (0.15) v 2 v = 1ms−1
Calculate t when particle comes to rest:
0−1
−0.8 = t ​ t = 1.25s
Draw velocity-time graph with data calculated:

Gradient = speed

1.3. Velocity-Time Graph

‎ ‎
Part (ii)
Calculate displacement from X to Y
s = (3 × 2) + (−0.8) (2)2 s = 4.4m
1
Gradient = acceleration 2 ​

Calculate displacement from Y to Z

Area under graph = change in displacement
1
s = (1 × 1.25) + (−0.8) (1.25)2
2
​

{S12-P42} Question 7:
s = 0.625m in the opposite direction
Draw displacement-time graph with data calculated:

The small block has mass 0.15kg . The surface is horizontal.

The frictional force acting on it is 0.12N . Block set in motion
from X with speed 3ms−1 . It hits vertical surface at Y 2s
later. Block rebounds from wall directly towards X and stops
at Z . The instant that block hits wall it loses 0.072J of its
kinetic energy. The velocity of the block from X to Y
direction is v ms−1 at time t s after it leaves X .
i) Find values of v when the block arrives at Y and when it ‎ ‎
leaves Y . Also find t when block comes to rest at Z . Then
sketch a velocity-time graph of the motion of the small block. 1.4. Average Velocity
ii) Displacement of block from X , in the XY direction is s m
at time t s. Sketch a displacement-time graph. On graph For an object moving with constant acceleration over a
show values of s and t when block at Y and when it comes period of time, these quantities are equal:
to rest at Z . The average velocity

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

The mean of initial & final velocities s = ut + 12 at2 ​

Velocity when half the time has passed Let s = H

There will be a quadratic equation in t
1.5. Relative Velocities Solve and find the difference between the 2 t’s to find the
time interval

{S04-P04} Question 7:
Particle P1 projected vertically upwards, from horizontal
​

‎ ground, with speed 30ms−1 . At same instant P2 projected ​

Let sA be the distance travelled by A and sB for B vertically upwards from tower height 25m, with speed
10ms−1
​ ​

1 1
sA = ut + at2 sB = ut + at2 1. Find the time for which P1 is higher than the top of
2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

the tower
If a collision occurs at point C 2. Find velocities of the particles at instant when they
are same height
sA + sB = D
​ ​

3. Find the time for which P1 is higher than P2 and ​ ​

This gives you the time of when the collision occurred moving upwards
Same analysis if motion is vertical
Solution
Part (i)
2. Force and Motion Substitute given values into displacement equation:

1
st
25 = (30) t + (10) t2
Newton’s 1 Law of Motion: 2
​

Object remains at rest or moves with constant velocity unless

5t2 + 30t − 25 = 0
an external force is applied
Solve quadratic for t
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion:
t = 1s or 5s
F = ma
P1 reaches tower at t = 1 then passes it again when coming
​

down at t = 5s
3. Vertical Motion Therefore, time above tower = 5 − 1 = 4 seconds
Part (ii)
Weight: directly downwards Displacement of P1 is S1 , and of P2 is S2 & relationship:
​ ​ ​ ​

Normal contact force: perpendicular to place of contact

S1 = 25 + S2
​ ​

3.2. Common Results of Vertical Motion Create equations for S1 and S2 ​ ​

Finding time taken to reach maximum height by a projectile 1 1

travelling in vertical motion: S1 = 30t + (−10) t2 S2 = 10t + (−10) t2
2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

v = u + at Substitute back into initial equation

Let v = 0 and find t 1 1

30t + (−10) t2 = 25 + 10t + (−10) t2
The time taken to go up and come back to original 2 2
​ ​

position would be double of this t Simple cancelling

t = 1.25s
Finding maximum height above a launch point use:
Find velocities
v 2 = u2 − 2as
Let v = 0 and find s v = u + at

V1 = 30 − 10 (1.25) = 17.5ms−1
​

Finding time interval for which a particle is above a given

height: V2 = 10 − 10 (1.25) = −2.5ms−1
​

Let the height be H and use Part (iii)

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

We know when P1 and P2 at same height t = 1.25s. Find P Q R

​ ​

= =
time taken to reach max height for P1 sin α sin β sin γ
​ ​ ​

v = u + at
5. Friction
V is 0 at max height
0 = 30 − 10t t = 3s Friction = Coefficient of Friction × Normal Contact F
Time for P1 above P2 = 3 − 1.25 = 1.75 seconds
​ ​

F = μr

4. Resolving Forces Friction always acts in the opposite direction of motion

Limiting equilibrium: on the point of moving, friction at
max (limiting friction)
If force F makes an angle θ with a given direction, the
Smooth contact: friction negligible
effect of the force in that direction is F cos θ
Contact force:
Refers to both F and N
F cos (90 − θ) = F sin θ
Horizontal component of Contact force = F
F sin (90 − θ) = F cos θ Vertical component of Contact force = N
Magnitude of Contact force given by the formula:
Forces in equilibrium: resultant = 0
If drawn, forces will form a closed polygon C= F2 + N2 ​

{W11-P43} Question 6:
The ring has a mass of 2kg . The horizontal rod is rough and
the coefficient of friction between ring and rod is 0.24. Find
the two values of T for which the ring is in limiting

equilibrium
Methods of working out forces in equilibrium: Solution
Construct a triangle and work out forces The ring is in limiting equilibrium in two different scenarios;
Resolve forces in x and y directions; sum of each = 0 we have to find T in both:
Scenario 1: ring is about to move upwards

Resultant = T sin 30 − f riction − W eight of Ring

Since the system is in equilibrium, resultant = 0:

Contact F orce = T cos 30

∴ F riction = 0.24 × T cos 30

Lami’s Theorem:
Substitute relevant information in to initial equation

For any set of three forces P,Q and R in equilibrium 0 = T sin 30 − 0.24T cos 30 − 20

T = 68.5N
Scenario 2: ring is about to move downwards
This time friction acts in the opposite direction since friction
opposes the direction of motion, thus:

Resultant = T sin 30 + F riction − W eight of Ring

Using information from before:

0 = T sin 30 + 0.24T cos 30 − 20

Q

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

T = 28.3N

5.2. Equilibrium
Force required to keep a particle in equilibrium on a rough The forward force of the engine is F = 2500N . Find the
plane acceleration and tension in each coupling. The resistance to
motion of A, B and C are 200, 150 and 90N respectively.
Max Value Min Value Solution:
To find acceleration, regard the system as a single object. The
internal T s cancel out and give:

2500 − (200 + 150 + 90) = 1900a

∴ a = 1.08ms−2

To find T1 , look at C
The particle is about to move The particle is about slip
​

upThus, friction force acts downThus, frictional force F − T1 − 200 = 1000a

down the slope P = F + acts up the slopeF + P =
​

mgsinθ mgsinθ 2500 − T1 − 200 = 1000 × 1.08

​

{W12-P43} Question 6: T1 = 1220N ​

To find T2 , look at A
​

T2 − 90 = 400a
​

T2 − 90 = 400 × 1.08
​

T1 = 522N ​

Coefficient of friction is 0.36 and the particle is in

equilibrium. Find the possible values of P 6.2. Pulleys
Solution
The magnitude of friction on particle in both scenarios is the
same but acting in opposite directions
Calculate the magnitude of friction first:

Contact F orce = 6 cos 25

∴ F riction = 0.36 × 6 cos 25 Equation 1:

Scenario 1: particle is about to move upwards ∴ T = 2a

P = 6 sin 25 + F riction Equation 2:

P = 4.49N 3g − T = 3a
Scenario 2: particle is about to move downwards {W05-P04} Question 3:

P = 6 sin 25 − f riction

P = 0.578N

6. Connected Particles The strings are in equilibrium. The pegs are smooth. All the
weights are vertical. Find W1 and W2
Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion:
​ ​

Solution
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction Diagram showing how to resolve forces:

Question:
A train pulls two carriages:

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

T − 3.2 = 0.4a
Solve simultaneous equations:
4.8−T T −3.2
0.6 ​ = 0.4 ​ T = 3.84N
Substitute back into initial equations to find a:
4.8 − 3.84 = 0.6a a = 1.6ms−2
Part (ii)
Resolving forces at A vertically: Use kinematics equations to find the time which it takes P to
reach the ground:
W1 cos 40 + W2 cos 60 = 5 2−0
​ ​
a = v−u t and t = 1.6
​ ​

Resolving forces at A horizontally: t1 = 1.25s

​

W1 sin 40 = W2 sin 60
​ ​

When P reaches the ground, only force acting on Q is its

own weight in the direction of slope = 3.2N
Substitute second equation into first:
F = ma −3.2 = 0.4a
W sin 60
( 2 ) cos 40 + W2 cos 60 = 5 a = −8ms−2
​

sin 40
​ ​

Now calculate the time taken for Q to reach max height

Solve to find W2 :
This occurs when its final velocity is 0.
​

W2 = 3.26N
​

0−2
−8 = ​ t2 = 0.25s
​

Put this value back into the first equation to find W1 ​

t
Now do simple addition to find total time:
W1 = 4.40N
Total Time = 1.25 + 0.25 = 1.5s
​

{S12-P41} Question 6: 6.3. Force Exerted by String on Pulley

Pulley Case 1

Pulley Case 2
Pulley Case 3
P has a mass of 0.6kg and Q has a mass of 0.4kg . The
pulley and surface of both sides are smooth. The base of
triangle is horizontal. It is given that sin θ = 0.8. Initially
particles are held at rest on slopes with string taut. Particles
are released and move along the slope Force on pulley = 2
‎T
cos(1/2 θ) ‎
1. Find tension in string. Find acceleration of particles Acts: inwards along
while both are moving. dotted line which
2. Speed of P when it reaches the ground is 2ms−1 . Force on pulley = T√2 ‎
Force on bisects θ
When P reaches the ground, it stops moving. Q Acts: along dotted
pulley =‎2T ‎ line
continues moving up slope but does not reach the Acts:
pulley. Given this, find the time when Q reaches its downwards
maximum height above ground since the instant it
was released
6.4. Two Particles
Solution
Part (i) {S10-P43} Question 7:
Effect of weight caused by P in direction of slope:
Effect of weight = mg sin θ where sin θ = 0.8
Effect of weight = 4.8N
Effect of weight caused by Q in direction of slope:
Effect of weight = 0.4 × 10 × 0.8 = 3.2N
Body P has greater mass than body Q so when released P
moves down Q moves up on their slopes ∴

4.8 − T = 0.6a

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

A and B are rectangular boxes of identical sizes and are at (Work)engine is the energy caused by driving force acting
​

rest on rough horizontal plane. A mass = 200kg and B on the object

mass = 250kg . If P ≤ 3150 boxes remain at rest. If P > (Work)friction is the energy used up by frictional force or
​

3150 boxes move any resistive force

1. Find coefficient of friction between B and floor

2. Coefficient of friction between boxes is 0.2. Given that {S05-P04} Question 7:
P > 3150 and no sliding occurs between boxes. Car travelling on horizontal straight road, mass 1200kg.
Show that the acceleration of boxes is not greater Power of car engine is 20kW and constant. Resistance to
than 2ms−2 motion of car is 500N and constant. Car passes point A with
3. Find the maximum possible value of P in the above speed 10ms−1 . Car passes point B with speed 25ms−1 . Car
scenario takes 30.5s to move from A to B .

Solution 1. Find acceleration of the car at A

Part (i) 2. Find distance AB by considering work & energy

F = μN Solution:
Part (i)
F = to max P that does not move the boxes Use formula for power to find the force at A
N = to contact force of both boxes acting on floor
P = Fv
∴ 3150 = μ × (2000 + 2500)
20000 = 10F Driving f orce = 2000N
μ = 0.7
We must take into account the resistance to motion
Part (ii)
Find frictional force between A and B : ∴ F = Driving F orce − Resistance = 2000 − 500
F = 0.2 × 2000 F = 400N
Use Newton’s Second Law of Motion to find max acceleration
F = 1500
for which boxes do not slide (below F ) Use Newton’s Second Law to find acceleration:
400 = 200a a = 2ms−2
Part (iii) 1500
1500 = 1200a a= = 1.25ms−2
P has to cause an acceleration of 2ms−2 on B which will 1200
​

pass on to A as they are connected bodies Part (ii)

Simply implement Newton’s Second Law of Motion Use power formula to find work done by engine:

∴ P = (200 + 250) (2) + 3150 w.d.

P = ​

t
The 3150 comes from the force required to overcome the
w.d.
friction 20000 = 30.5 ​ w.d. = 610000J
P = 900 + 3150 P = 4050N There is change in kinetic energy of the car so that means
some work done by the engine was due to this:
k.E. at A = 12 1200 (10)2 k.E. at B = 12 1200 (25)2
7. Work, Energy and Power ​ ​

Change in k.E. = k.E. at B − k.E. at A

Principle of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be Change in k.E. = 375000 − 60000 = 315000
changed into other forms
There is also some work done against resistive force of
Work Done: W = F s
500N ; due to law of conservation of energy, this leads us to
Kinetic Energy: Ek = 12 mv 2
the main equation:
​ ​

Gravitational Potential Energy: EP = mgh ​

Power: P = W.d T and P = F v

​
w.d. by engine = change in k.E + w.d. against resistan

610000 = 315000 + 500s

7.2. Changes in Energy
610000 − 315000 295000
εf − εi = (Work)engine − (W ork )f riction s= = = 590m
500 500
​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​

εf is the final energy of the object

8. Momentum
​

εi is the initial energy of the object

​

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

Momentum is a vector quantity, having the same ii) Sphere B collides with C. In this collision these two spheres
direction as the velocity. coalesce to form an object D. Find the speed of D after this
The units of momentum are Ns collision
Solution:
M omentum = mass × velocity p = mv Part (i)
Calculate momentum of system before collision:
Principle of conservation of linear momentum: when
bodies in a system interact, total momentum remains p = mv
constant provided no external force acts on the system.
p = (4 × 6) + 2 (0) + 3 (0) = 24 kgms−1
Before After Calculate momentum of system after collision:

p = (4 × 2) + 2v
Apply conservation of momentum:

total momentum bef ore = total momentum af ter

16
24 = 8 + 2v v = 2 ​ = 8.0 ms−1
Part (ii)
Calculate momentum of system before collision:
mA uA + mB uB = mA vA + mB vB
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

When both particles A and B move towards each other

p = (8 × 2) + (3 × 0) = 16 kgms−1
Calculate momentum of system after collision:
Before After
Note: The masses B and C combine to form D

p = (2 + 3) v

p = 5v
Apply conservation of momentum:

16 = 5v
16
mA uA − mB uB = mA vA + mB vB v= = 3.2 ms−1
5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

When both particles stick together, their velocity becomes

the same after impact. 9. General Motion in a
Before After
Straight Line

Particle at instantaneous rest, v = 0

mA uA + mB uB = (mA + mB )v
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Maximum displacement from origin, v = 0

Maximum velocity, a = 0
{SP20-P04} Question 3:
Three small smooth spheres A, B and C of equal radii and of
masses 4 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg respectively, lie in that order in a {W10-P42} Question 7:
straight line on a smooth horizontal plane. Initially, B and C Particle P travels in straight line. It passes point O with
are at rest and A is moving towards B with speed 6ms-1. After velocity 5ms−1 at time t = 0s.
the collision with B, sphere A continues to move in the same P ’s velocity after leaving O given by:
direction but with speed 2ms-1
i) Find the speed of B after this collision v = 0.002t3 − 0.12t2 + 1.8t + 5

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)

v of P is increasing when: 0 < t < T1 and t > T2 ​ ​ acceleration. During next 12 seconds P ’s speed decreases to
v of P is decreasing when: T1 < t < T2 ​ ​ 2ms−1 with constant deceleration. P then moves with
i) Find the values of T1 and T2 and distance OP when t = T2
​ ​ ​ constant acceleration for 6 seconds reaching point A with
ii) Find v of P when t = T2 and sketch velocity-time graph
​ speed 6.5ms−1
for the motion of P
Solution 1. Sketch velocity-time graph for P ’s motion
Part (i) 2. The displacement of P from O , at time t seconds
Find stationary points of v ; maximum is where t = T1 and ​
after P leaves O , is s metres. Shade region of the
minimum is where t = T2 ​
velocity-time graph representing s for a value of t
where 20 ≤ t ≤ 26
dv 3. Show that for 20 ≤ t ≤ 26,
= 0.006t2 − 0.24t + 1.8
dt
​

s = 0.375t2 − 13t + 202

Stationary points occur where dv
dt = 0 ​

Solution:
∴ 0.006t2 − 0.24t + 1.8 = 0 Part (i) and (ii)
Solve for t in simple quadratic fashion:

t = 30 and 10
Naturally T1 comes before T2
​ ​

∴ T1 = 10s ​ and T2 = 30
​

Finding distance OP by integrating

30
Part (ii)
∴s=∫ ​ vdt First find s when t = 20, this will produce a constant since
0
30
20 ≤ t ≤ 26
s=∫ ​
3
(0.002t − 0.12t + 1.8t + 5) dt 2
1 1
0 s1 = (8) (8) + (8 + 2) (12) = 92m
2 2
​ ​ ​

s =30
0
4
[0.0005t − 0.04t + 0.9t + 5t] 3 2
Finding s when 20 ≤ t ≤ 26:
​

s = 285 m 1 2
s = ut + at
2
​

Part (ii)
Do basic substitution to find v Since the distance before 20 seconds has already been taken
3 2 into consideration:
v = 0.002t − 0.12t + 1.8t + 5
t = t − 20
t = 30 v=5
6.5 − 2
To draw graph, find v of P at T1 using substitution and plot a=
6
​

roughly
a = 0.75
v at T1 = 13
1
​

∴ s2 = 2 (t − 20) + (0.75) (t − 20)2

Graph: 2
​ ​

s2 = 2t − 40 + 150 + 0.375t2 − 15t

​

s2 = 0.375t2 − 13t + 110

​

Finally, add both to give you s

{S13-P42} Question 6: s = s1 + s2
​ ​

Particle P moves in a straight line. Starts at rest at point O

and moves towards a point A on the line. During first 8 s = 0.375t2 − 13t + 110 + 92
seconds, P ’s speed increases to 8ms−1 with constant
s = 0.375t2 − 13t + 202

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHS (9709)

Copyright 2021 by ZNotes

These notes have been created by Abdul Majeed and Aishwarya Girish Kumar for the 2020-22 syllabus
This website and its content is copyright of ZNotes Foundation - © ZNotes Foundation 2021. All rights reserved.
The document contains images and excerpts of text from educational resources available on the internet and
printed books. If you are the owner of such media, test or visual, utilized in this document and do not accept its
usage then we urge you to contact us and we would immediately replace said media.
No part of this document may be copied or re-uploaded to another website without the express, written
permission of the copyright owner. Under no conditions may this document be distributed under the name of
false author(s) or sold for financial gain; the document is solely meant for educational purposes and it is to
remain a property available to all at no cost. It is current freely available from the website www.znotes.org
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License.