Appendices:

*Drinking water standards as per Bureau of Indian standards IS 10500-2012:

[Link] Parameters Desirable limit Permissible limit

1 Color hazen unit or platinum cobalt 5 15
unit
2 Turbidity-NTU 1 5
3 PH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
4 Hardness(as mg/l)as caco3 75-115(upto 200) 600
5 TDS 500 2000
6 Total ammonia 0.5 0.5
7 Albuminoid nitrogen 0.3 0.3
8 Nitrite 0 0
9 Nitrates 45 45
10 sulphate 250 250
11 Chloride 250 1000
12 Flouride 1-1.5 1-1.5
13 Arsenic 0.05 0.05
14 Aluminium 0.03 0.2
15 copper 0.05 1.5
16 iron 0.3 0.3
17 manganese 0.1 0.3
18 Faecal coliform zero Zero
19 Total coliform 10 bacteria /100ml 10 bacteria/100ml
20 selenium 0.01 0.01
21 Lead 0.01 0.01
22 Barium 0.7 0.7
23 Zinc 5 15
24 calcium 75 200
25 Magnesium 30 100
26 Phenolic Componds (as Phenol) 0.001 0.002

27 Anionic detergents (as MBAS) (mg/l) 0.2 1.0

28 Mineral Oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.3

29 cyanide 0.05 0.05
30 Coliform bacteria 0 0
31 Free residual chlorine 0.2 1
32 silver 0.1 0.1
33 alkalinity 200 600

*Drinking water standards as per Bureau of Indian standards IS 10500-1991:

[Link] Parameters Desirable limit Permissible limit

 1 Color hazen unit or platinum cobalt 5 25
unit
2 Turbidity-NTU 5 10
3 PH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
4 Hardness(as mg/l)as caco3 75-115(upto 300) 600
5 TDS 500 2000
6 Free ammonia 0.15 0.15
7 Albuminoid nitrogen 0.3 0.3
8 Nitrite 0 0
9 Nitrates 45 100
10 sulphate 250 250
11 Chloride 250 1000
12 Flouride 1-1.5 1-1.5
13 Arsenic 0.05 0.05
14 Aluminium 0.03 0.2
15 copper 1-3 1-3
16 iron 0.3 0.3
17 manganese 0.05 0.05
18 Faecal coliform zero Zero
19 Total coliform 10 bacteria /100ml 10 bacteria/100ml
20 selenium 0.01 0.01
21 Lead 0.1 0.1
22 Berium 0.3 0.3
23 Zinc 5 5
24 calcium 75 200
25 Magnesium 30 100
26 Phenolic Componds (as Phenol) 0.001 0.002

27 Anionic detergents (as MBAS) (mg/l) 0.2 1.0

28 Mineral Oil (mg/l) 0.01 0.3

29 cyanide 0.05 0.05
30 Coliform bacteria 0 0
31 Residual chlorine 0.2 -
32 alkalinity 200 600

Detension time:

[Link] Equipment Detension time

1 Sedimentation tank 4-8 hrs
2 Sedimentation aided with coagulation 2 to 4 hrs
3 Floc chamber 15 to 40 min
4 Grit chamber 3 to 4 min
5 Skimming tank 3 to 5 min
6 Septic tank 12 – 36 hrs(generally 24)
 7 Aeration tank 4 to 8 hrs
8 Primary settling tank 1.5 to 2 hrs
9 Secondary sedimentation 1.5 to 2 hrs
10 Sludge age 5-15 days
11 Sludge thickener 12 to 24 hrs
12 Standard Anaerobic digestor or sludge digestion 30 – 60 days
tank(un heated and unmixed)
13 High rate anaerobic digestor(heated and mixed) 10 – 20 days
14 Oxygen ponds(clearing of settled sludge is done once 20 to 30 days
in 6 years)

Diseases:

[Link] compound Disease

1 Nitrates Metheglobenima(blue baby
disease).
2 Bacteria Typhoid, Diarrhea, Cholera,
Bacillary dysentry
3 Viral Infection hepatitis,
Pliomyelities, Gastro enteritis
4 protozoa Amoebic dysentry
5 Arsenic Skin diseases,
paralysis(muscular weakness)
6 lead Poisoning(mostly in children)
7 Giardiases Giardia Lambia
8 Flouride Fluorosis -Dental,skeletal and
non skeletal
9 Cadmium Kidney failure
10 Hepatitis A Hepatitis A
11 Salmonella bacteria Salmonellosis
12 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus bacteria Vibrio Infection
13 Calicivirus virus Viral Gastroenteritis
14 E. coli Infection Diarrhea
15 Vibrio cholerae cholera

Tests:

[Link] component Test Chemical used

1 Hardness EDTA, versante method Erichrome Black T
2 color Using tintometer Cobalt or platinum or hazen
scale
and Burgess scale
 3 Alum Jar test
dosage(coagulation
Dosage)
4 Residual chlorine 1. Orthotolodine test
(commonly used)
2. D.P.D test
3. Chlorotex test
4. Starch- iodide
test(accurate)

5 Dissolved oxygen Winklers method

6 Chlorides Mohrs method

Value range

[Link] Term Range

1 SVI 50-150
2 MLSS 2000-3000 mg/l
3 F/M ratio 0.4 to 0.3
4 Recirculation or return sludge ratio(Qr/Q) 0.25 – 0.5
5 Efficiency of Activated sludge process 85- 90%
6 Organic loading in oxygen ponds
Hot countries 150 to 300 kg/hec/day
Cold countries 60 to 90 kg/hec/day

Chemicals used

[Link] Requirement or problem. Chemical used

1 Nitrogen fixation Blue green algae or cyano bacteria( helps in nitrogen
fixation).
2 Control algae Lime, copper sulphate
3 Stimulate algae growth Sodium nitrate
4 To regenerate resigns in sulphuric acid and sodium
ionic exchange carbonate
5
6
7
Equipments

[Link] Situation Equipment used

AIR POLLUTION
1. 50μm ( particle size) Gravity settling chamber
2 5 – 25 μm( particle size) Cyclone collector
3 10 μm( particle size) Spray tower
4 1 μm( particle size) Electrostatic precipitator
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
5 For irregularly developed Tree system
towns
6 Grid iron system For towns with rectangular road layout
7 Ring system Well planned sector city
8 Radial system Satisfactory water supply(not much in india)
Water Quality
9 Color Tintometer
10 ph Potentiometer, colorimetric method
11 turbidity Jackson, baylies, nephelometer
12 odour osmoscope
13

Gases evolved:

[Link] process Gases evolved

1 Sludge digestion Methane ( 60 -70%) ,co2 ( 30%)
2 Aerobic CO2, stable solids( SO4 , PO4, NH3) , NO3
3 Anaerobic CH4 , CO2, H2s
4
5
6
7

Catalyst

[Link] Catalyst used Purpose

AIR pollution( Catalyst in fuel)
1 Vanadium pentoxide Remove SO2
2 Platinum metals For treating NOx
 3 Activated alumina Hydro carbons
4 Palladium(II)and cu(II) To oxidize CO and CO2
5
6

Equipments/methods used:

[Link] Equipment used Purpose

1 Boning rods and sight rails Checking the levels of sewer
2 Safety lamp in upper portion of Indicates presence of methane gas when it
man hole causes flames
3 Sedimentation tank Remove Settleable solids
4 Flocculation Reduce turbidity and clarify water
5 Lime soda, zeolite or ion exchange Reduce hardness
6 chlorination Color, pathogenic bacteria, odour
7 desalination Remove salt from water
8 filters Remove suspended partcles and bacteria
9 screens Remove floating particle
10 Septic tank, imhoff tank , sludge An aerobic decomposition
digestion tank
11 Trickling filters, oxidation, Aerobic filters
Activated sludge process

Efficiencies:
[Link] Equipment Efficiency
1 Oxygen ponds 90% of B.O.D Removal
2 conventional or low rate Trickling 75- 80 % of B.O.D Removal
filter
High rate trickling filter 80 – 95% of B.O.D Removal
3 Activated sludge process 85-95% of B.O.D Removal
4 Slow sand filter 98-99% bacteria removal
5 Rapid sand filter 80- 90 % bacteria removal
6 Plain sedimentation 60 – 65 % of suspended particles removal
7 Displacement efficiency in 25- 50%
sedimentation
8
9
 10

Important values

[Link] Term Value

1 Suspended solids < 1 μm
2 Colloidal solids 1 μm to 10-3 m
3 Dissolved < 10-3
4 sewage 99% water
Chlorinination(chlorine added, converts to hocl or ocl(free chlorine)which reacts with water
and forms mono,di,tri chloramines(combined chlorine).
5 Only trichloramines exist(NCl3) Ph<4.4
6 Only dichloramines exist(NHCL2) Ph : 4.5 to 5.5
7 Both mono and dichloramines exist Ph : 5.5 to 8.4
8 Only mono chloramines exist(NH2Cl) Ph> 8.4
9 100% Hocl and 0% ocl Ph<5.5
10 50% Hocl and 50% ocl Ph = 7.5
11 0% Hocl and 100% ocl Ph> 9.5
Sedimentation
1 Plain sedimentation tank Vo = 500 to 750 lit/hr/m2
2 Sedimentation aided with Vo = 1000 to 1250 lit/hr/m2
coagulation
3 Velocity Gradient G’ 20 sec-1 to 75 sec-1
Disposing of sewage waste
1 Dilution factor Above 500 No treatment for disposal
2 Between 300 - 500 Primary treatment like sedimentation
3 Between 150 - 300 Sedimentation, screening and especially
chemical precipitation
4 Less than 150 Complete treatment process.
Sanitary
1 D.W.F 1/20th to 1/25th of max flow in monsoon
season.
2 [Link] / C.O.D 0.92 – 1
 3 B.O.D5 / C.O.D 0.63 – 0.68

[Link] Process Removes Chemicals used

1 Aeration Co2 , H2s, CH4 ,Fe, ----
Mn
2 Sedimentation Suspended solids -----
3 Sedimentation with Suspended solids Alum, copperas, chlorinated
coagulants coppers(Ferric sulphate) , sodium
sulphate
4 Filteration Remove bacteria Slow sand---no chemical
and reduce turbidity Rapid sand--- coagulants added
5 Disinfection Pathogenic bacteria Chlorine, iodine, ozone etc
6 Desalinization salts
7 chlorination Taste, odour, mn,
fe, oxidation of
ammonia and
organic
matter(bacteria)
8 dechlorination chlorine Sulphur dioxide, sodium
thiosulphate, activated carbon ,
sodium bio sulphate, potassium
permanganate, ammonia as NH4OH,
sodium sulphate.

Problems in equipment:

[Link] Equipment Problem

1 Slow and rapid Filters 1. Formation of mud balls
2. Cracking and clogging of filter
bed
3. Air binding
4. Sand incrustation
5. Jetting and sand boils
6. Sand leakage.
[Link](Dirty skin)
2 Lime soda process Formation of heavy sludge
3 Trickling filters Psycoda(Flies nuisance), odour
4 Sanitary land filling Leachate
5 Oxygen ponds Eutrophication
6 sedimentation Short circuitflow