EDUCATION

Definition and Derivation:

Education is a process of holistic development of individuals (human personality) by acquiring

knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits through formal, informal, non-formal or virtual
means. From the Latin word 'Educere' (to draw out, bring out) and 'Educare' (to bring up).
(Kraft, 1984)1.

UNESCO SDG-04 Definition: Acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs and habits1.

Plato's Definition: Capacity to feel pleasure and pain at right moment

Educology is the "knowledge of education" (Steiner, 1981)

Educatum is the Act of Teaching, training

Definitions by Scholars:

Here is a table summarizing definitions from different scholars:

Scholar
Definition of Education
(Origin)
Socrates
Is to produce a virtue man
(Greek)
Bringing out of ideas of universal validity which are latent in the mind of
Plato (Greek) every man (Validity & Accuracy) (Latin: 'Educere'). Capacity to feel pleasure
and pain at right moment. Development of mind and body
Creation of sound mind in a sound body. Education is a process of training
Aristotle
man to fulfil his aim by exercising all the faculties to fullest extent as a
(Greek)
member of society
Development of all those capacities in the individual which enable him to
Johan Dewey control environment and fulfil his responsibilities. Reconstruction of
(Western) experiences. Education is a social process; it is not a preparation for life but
is life itself
Herbert Process of formation of Highest moral character of individual by many
(Western) sided interests
Pestalozzi
Activity, integrated and gradual development of individual abilities
(Western)
Rousseau
Process of development of child individuality in natural environment
(Western)
Froebel Process of preparation for making life pleasant and acquaintance with right
(Western) principle of life
Ghazali
Education is a process which develops obedience to GOD
(Muslim)
Ibn e Khaldun Process which helps in exploring the truth through insight, thinking and
(Muslim) subjection to GOD
Shah Wali Mode that helps in maintaining the natural perception through training for
Ullah (Muslim) attaining the height of servitude to GOD
Qutub e din Education is a process of polishing capabilities of individual and equipping
Azam him with saleable skills resultantly providing the society with the asset of
(Muslim) productive citizens
Education provides and promotes for growth and development of individual
Iqbal (Muslim)
whereby making his life unique

There are 04 Elements of Education: Objective, Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Evaluation

There are 04 Foundations of Education: Philosophical, Historical, Social, and Psychological

There are 03 Modes of Education:

Mode Definition Characteristics Examples

Formal Planned and guided education Defined objectives & School,
which involves a set plan, curriculum, Fixed time table, College,
proper supervision and formal Taught by professionals, University
evaluation3. Provided full time, Rigid, Final
Assessment, Award of degree.
Non- Education which is given or Planned and guided, Fixed time Colleges,
Formal got through correspondence. table, Complementary to Universities
It involves institution without Formal, Easy for entry/exit, (as services)
bounding wall3. Flexible and capabilities.
Informal Education whereby a person Characteristics are Home, Street,
acquires knowledge, skills, unstructured, lifelong, Family is
value system or habits Acquisition less, Family, center
through daily routine or society, friends, media,
organization3. entertainment.

AGENCIES OF EDUCATION

An organization providing a particular service. Two types of Educational Agencies:

Formal Agency: (School, College, University, Madaris)

Informal Agency: (Family, Mosque, Media, Market)
Active Agencies: Responsive Agencies are also considered as types of agencies.
TYPES OF EDUCATION
Here is a table outlining different types of education:
Type Description
General Education According to UNESCO, designed to develop learners' general
knowledge, skills and competencies to meet learners' learning needs
and to prepare students to enter job-related education programmes3.
(Primary, secondary, higher education)3. Transmits a common
cultural norms, basic knowledge and values3.3
Vocational Education designed for learners to acquire the knowledge, skills and
Education competencies required for a particular occupation or trade or class
of occupations or trades3. Trains students in practical skills, mostly
through hands-on approach3. Includes Technical, Vocational and
Virtual means3.3
Technical Education Part of Vocational Education3. Technical Education and Vocational
Training Authority (TEVTA) is a public corporate agency established
in 1999 by the Government of Punjab, as a Special Institution3.3
Blended Learning Teaching and learning involves physical class-room plus online or
distance learning
Infusion A process whereby earlier education goals and objectives are
blended/infuse into teaching of all academic grades and subjects
ECE Education Also called nursery education or pre-primary education. Teaching
of children 3- years before starting formal education. Renamed as
early childhood care and education (ECCE)
Religious Education Education in a school which places a strong emphasis or the beliefs
associated with a particular religion
Basic Education (Given by Gandhi)
Integral Education (Given by Sir Aurobindo)
Free Education (Given by Karl Marks, Frobel)
Liberal Education (Given by Herbert)
Physical Education (Given by Ghazzali)
Elementary (Given by Pestalozzi)
Education,
Vocational
Education, Modern
Education
Negative Education (Given by Rousseau)
ECE Education (Given by Froebel and Maria Montessori)

KNOWLEDGE AND ITS DIFFERENT TYPES

Knowledge: Facts, information, or skill acquired by education.

Here is a table describing different types of knowledge:
Type of Description
Knowledge
Revealed Knowledge that comes from revelation
knowledge
Empirical Knowledge that is gained from sensory experience4.... Unintuitive, not
knowledge innate. Paradigm of knowledge: E.g., Touching a hot metal causes
burns4....4...
Rational Knowledge which is based on logical reasons or clear thinking4....
knowledge Example: 10 = + , Earth attract objects, decision making, problem
solving4.... (Allama Ibn-e-Khaldun named it as Tabl-ul-Uloom/Aqli
Uloom)...
Irrational Knowledge which is not based on logical reasons or clear thinking4....
knowledge Example: Superstitions, unfounded fears4.... (Ibn-e-Khaldun named it as
Ulloom-e-Taqleed/Naqli Uloom)...
A priori (what comes before). Is independent of experience or observation of
knowledge physical world4.... Acquired before observation. Example: All bachelors
are unmarried4....4...
A posteriori (what comes later) Is dependent on experience, empirical evidence, or
knowledge observation4.... Knowledge gained from observation and experience.
Example: The taste of sugar is sweet, sun rises in the east4....4...
Intuitive Knowledge that is obtained from inner feelings or by insight
knowledge
Instinct Knowledge gain without any efforts
Dogmatic (beneficial or Ilm-e-Memmood like Quran)
knowledge
Non-dogmatic (useless or Ilm-e-Mazmoom like palmistry)
knowledge
Compulsory (farz e ain like Quran) and Optional Knowledge (farz e kifaya like Maths)
Knowledge are classification of knowledge according to Imam Ghazali R.A.

HUMAN ABILITIES DEVELOPED BY EDUCATION

1. Mental abilities

2. Social abilities

3. Moral abilities

4. Physical abilities

5. Spiritual abilities

TEACHING & LEARNING

Definitions of teaching

Confluence (of Ms): means Modas (means) to Musalema (message) in Modina (mode)
The process of imparting knowledge, skills, values, or information to others.Typically is a
structured or systematic manner. Involves the transfer of knowledge from a teacher to a
learner, with the goal of facilitating the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and understanding

1. Teaching is THE MEANS WHERE-BY THE EXPERIENCED MEMBERS OF THE

GROUP GUIDE THE IMMATURE ONE FROM CHILDHOOD TO MATURITY
(Trow, 1923)

2. Teaching are ACTIVITIES THAT ARE DESIGNED AND PERFORMED TO

PRODUCE CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR (Clarke)

3. Teaching is the STIMULATION, GUIDANCE, DIRECTION AND

ENCOURAGEMENT OF LEARNING (Burton)

4. Teaching is the PROCESS OF GIVING SOME ONE INSTRUCTIONS ON HOW

TO DO SOMETHING OR GIVING THEM INFORMATION (Oxford dictionary)

NATURE OF TEACHING

Teaching is a triangular process consists of THREE focal points/components: Teacher,

Students, Subject Matter

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING

1. Instructors are well prepared and passionate

2. Instructors excite and motivate students

3. Instructors are involved and friendly with their students, establish positive relation with
learners

4. The instructor brings the latest information to students

5. Easy to difficult or simple to complex

6. Involve students in learning

7. Learner based instruction

8. Maximize students talk time and activities

9. Constructive inquiry based teaching

 10. Stimulation, Active Process, Learners Engagement, Instructional Relevance,
Purposeful

11. A matter of drawing out

PEDAGOGY VS ANDRAGOGY

Here is a comparison of Pedagogy and Andragogy:

Term Coined by Socrates6 Malcolm Knowles7

Derived from Greek words PAIDIS (boy) Greek words ANDRA (man) and
and AGOGOS (leader) AGOGOS (leader)..
Method of Teaching the children (art of Teaching the adults (art and science of
Teaching teaching) teaching)..
Focus/Emphasis On teaching and Acquisition On self-direction & Self-actualization..
of knowledge
Key 1. Learner is dependent 1. Learner's self-concept moves
Assumptions 2. Learner's experience is toward self-direction
of little worth 2. Learner's experience is a rich
3. Learner is ready to resource for learning
learn when told so 3. Readiness to learn is linked to
4. Learner is motivated developmental tasks
by external rewards. 4. Orientation to learning is
5. Learner is life/task-centered
subject/content 5. Motivation is internal
centered
Broad Sense Considered as "methods of Said "Learning is to tell me", "Learning
teaching" is possible till age 4 years" (Malcolm
Knowles)

MODERN CONCEPTS

Concept Definition/Description Key Aspects

Cybergyogy Teaching and learning via computer, Aimed at the advancement of cognitive,
internet and ICT (Information and emotional, and behavioural learning of
Communication Technology) Strategy is a students
virtual learning environment
Peeragogy Also referred to as 'paragogy'. A collection of Methodology supports self-directed
"the best practices of effective peer learning. Teaching of students to their
learning". A theory of learning that views same age fellows (Peers) or
learners as teachers and teachers as classmates.Allows for collaborative
learners. learning. Peer
assessment/review/feedback is also
provided by peers
Critical Teaching approach which attempts to help Given to Adult Learners
 Pedagogy students to become critically conscious
about reality. Attempts to challenge
convention.

Associated with Paulo Freire

Heutagogy (Greek: Heuriskein (Self) & agogos Focus on the learner's autonomy and
(leader))1. A study of self-determined ability to direct their own learnin
learning1. Learning according to one's own
needs, preferences and abilities1.

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

A principle is a kind of rule, belief, or idea that guides about how to perform a specific task
Two types of principle of teaching one is general and the other is psychological.

General Principles Psychological Principles

1. Principle of AIM READINESS
2. Principle of PLANNING MOTIVATION
3. Principle of FLEXIBILITY STUDENT MOTIVATION
4. Linking with ACTUAL LIFE ENVIRONMENT
5. Principle of CHANGE IN BEHAVIOUR FEEDBACK
6. SUBJECT MASTERY LEARNING BY
CREATIVITY
7. SOCIAL & INDIVIDUAL REMEDIAL TEACHING
PARTICIPATION
8. SELF EXPRESSION

MAXIMS OF TEACHING

"The rules for transmitting difficult terms and concepts to make them easy to comprehend for the
student"

Maxims/Principles of Teaching
From Simple to Complex From Concrete to Abstract
From Known to Unknown Analysis to Synthesis
From Whole to Part From Empirical to Rational
From Seen to Unseen From Psychological to Logical
From Direct to Indirect Follow the nature

LEARNING

Learning: A permanent change in behaviour of an individual as a result of teaching or

experience It is knowledge, skills or values acquired by an individual due to teaching or
experience
Nature and Characteristics of Learning: Learning is Purposeful, a Universal Process, a
Learning is Purposeful and Goal Directed Involves Reconstruction of Experiences

Types of Learning: Experiential learning is presented by Edwin Thorndike (S-R) stimulus-

response Theory Learning is conditioning of behavior

Law Description
Law of Readiness When the senses and capacities to learn are ready they are likely to
learn and they will not learn when they see no reason for learning
Law of Exercise A student gets more learning when practicing. Used in drills
Law of Use The learning is strengthened with repeated use or practice
Law of Disuse Learning gets weakened when not used for a period of time
Law of Effect Learning is strengthened when accompanied by a pleasant or
satisfying condition Learning is weakened when it is associated with
unpleasant condition Emotional state affects the learning outcome
(Conditioning Theory)
Law of Intensity The more intense the learning (experience or task) the more learning
will occur (Experiential Learning)
Law of Primacy "Learning that is learned first places in the best learning"
Law of Recency Learning that is learned last is most easily recalled
Law of Learning which occurs when a response shifts from one situation to
Associative another, through association
Shifting
Law of Learning occurs when items are perceived as belonging together
Belongingness (Classical Conditioning)

The "Literate of the 21st century" will not be those who cannot read or write, but those who
cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn said by Alvin Toffler...
Unlearn means To disregard from one's memory (something learned, especially false or
outdated information) Relearn means To learn (something) again

FACILITATIVE LEARNING

Teacher involve learners in learning. Teacher helps learners actively participate and apply
new knowledge to a real-world problem.
4-A of facilitative learning: Activity, Analysis, Abstraction, and Application.

TYPES OF LEARNING

Here is a table listing various types of learning:

Type of Learning Description

Active learning Learners where students are involved in instruction. It is learner
style centered
Passive learning Learners where they receive instruction without interacting It is
style teacher directed/led
Activity Based Learning where skills are gained by doing
 Learning
Motor learning Learning activities which involve muscular coordination or
movement E.g., running, skiing, driving, etc
Perceptual learning Learning how to perceive stimuli through the senses E.g., tasting
food, recognizing faces
Concept learning Learning which requires higher mental processes like thinking,
reasoning, intelligence
Verbal learning Learning where verbal content is presented E.g., literature, history,
politics
Serial learning Learning of items in a specific order E.g., phone number, alphabetical
order
Paired-Associate Learning of pairs of items E.g., capital city, foreign language
learning vocabulary
Association A cognition process where two items or stimuli are paired together
to create an association
Discrimination Learning to differentiate between items
Cognitive learning The acquisition of conscious and useable knowledge skills or values
which leads to facility, mental models & behavioral change
Affective learning Learning related to emotions or attitudes
Instructional A learning acquired through formal instruction
learning
Incidental learning Learning that occurs without conscious effort or intent
Problem based Learning which involves the solving of problems
learning
Skill learning Learning which involves acquiring specific skills
Verbal learning Skills gain via task learning
Formal learning Learning that occurs in a structured setting with a teacher or
instructor
Non-formal Planned, out of classroom
learning
Informal learning From peers, society etc.

Modern Learning Techniques

Technique Description
Blended Style of learning where students learn via online media as well as face to
Learning face (physical) Types include:
Rotational, Flex, Online lab, Self-blend, Enriched virtual
Inclusive (Education/Learning) for all students in same classroom from same
Learning teacher Students having physical or mental disabilities are also taught
the Same curriculum for all students
Embedded Learning comprises acquisition of knowledge, skills, simply it is learning
Learning with practice
Activity Based Learning by doing
Learning
Domains of Learning:

Domain Description
Cognitive Requires higher order mental processes like thinking, reasoning,
intelligence, judgment
Affective Learning which involves emotional responses, feelings, motivation,
appreciation, interest, values, attitudes and adjustments
Psychomotor Involves physical activities which involve muscular coordination or
movement like walking, running, skiing, dancing, etc. This domain is
associated with learning by doing.
Activity Based Learning incorporates the cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor domains.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL LEARNING

1. Students gain and retain knowledge of the course content

2. Students develop critical thinking skills

3. Students integrate knowledge within and across disciplines

4. Students develop the ability to work in a team to solve a problem

INSTRUCTION

Purpose of learning process is called instruction. Learning instruction is EXPLICIT

INSTRUCTION (Rosehsine).

Comparison of Explicit and Implicit Instruction

Explicit Instruction Implicit Instruction
Explicit instruction typically involves a teacher The teacher puts more of the responsibility
demonstrating and explaining content of learning onto students
directly
Explicit instruction makes the purpose of the This approach is associated with students'
learning process called instruction. This is active, problem solving. Methods aligning
often seen in a direct style like a lecture. with implicit instruction emphasize student
activity, engagement, and often incorporate
the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
domains through practice and doing
Seven functions for explicit teaching, as laid Associated with methods where students are
out by Robert Stevens and Rosenshine in 1982 highly involved in the learning process
and again in 19861, include: through activity, practice, and discovery.
Reviewing previously learned material, Examples include:
Reviewing previous day's work (and re- Activity Based Learning: Learning by
 teaching if necessary), doing, Embedded Learning: Learning with
Presenting new content/skills, practice, Problem Solving Method:
Initial student practice (and checking for Students solve problems where they find the
understanding), method, Discovery Learning: Students
Feedback and corrections (and re-teaching interact, explore, and manipulate to find
if necessary), information, Heuristic Method: Involves
Student independent practice, and "learning by doing" and "problem solving,
Weekly and monthly reviews. Cooperative Learning Method: Students
work together to achieve goals or complete
tasks, Self-directed instruction: Students
take learning into their own hands

MODALITIES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING

The FOUR CORE LEARNING STYLES include Visual, Auditory, Reading and Writing, and
Kinesthetic. These can be measured by assessment.

Learning Style Characteristics/Description

Visual Able to retain information when it's presented to them in a graphic depiction, such as
arrows, charts, diagrams, and symbols.
Auditory Best when information is presented to them out loud, such as lectures, discussions, or
verbally.
Reading and Focus on the written word. Succeed in learning from written information and textual
Writing resources.
Kinesthetic Are physically active and hands-on. Thrive when engaging all of their senses during
course work. Tend to work well in scientific studies.

There are three Modalities of teaching: Physical, Hybrid, Online

Modality of Description / Examples

Teaching
Physical Face to Face teaching, as in schools, colleges, universities or Madaris
Hybrid Combination of physical and virtual (Blended, virtual, physical, etc.)
Online Use of virtual, digital and internet services for teaching and learning (Virtual,
MOOCs, LMS, MOODLE).

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

Theory & Practice of Design, Development Utilization, Management & Evaluation process
of Resources for Learning9.

It refers to any technology used to facilitate or enhance the learning process9.

John Amos Comenius is known as father of modern education9. He is PIONEER OF
MODERN INSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Systems of Instructional Technology

◦
Standardized Learning - Micro teaching - Continuous observation - E-learning
◦
Programmed Learning - Audio visual aids
◦
Systematic approach - Instructions is viewed as a process which consist of INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT

Instructional Technology is based upon the PERCEPTION of educational content and

process called Teaching aids.

PROJECTED AIDS
Type Description
A device that projects slides10. Typically uses 3mm, 70mm or xmm
Slide Projector slides which is optically enhanced to project on a screen as a real
image10.10
The filmstrip is a series of related slides or images on a piece of film
Film Strip that is projected sequentially10. Between 10 and 40 individual frames or
pictures10. Used for movie production10.10
A device that projects an enlarged image of an acetate or other
Over-Head
transparency onto a surface10. Transparency is a piece of clear plastic
Projector
material for writing or printing on10. Used by teachers for
(OHP)
presentations10.10
Multimedia
Also used as projected aids10.10
Projector
2. NON-PROJECTED AIDS - GRAPHIC AIDS10
Type Description Source
Graphs Graphic charts, figures, diagrams, pictures, posters10.10
A diagram showing the relation between variable quantities10. Also
Pie Graph called Pie Charts10. Circular charts divided up into different slices
(segments or slices)10. Represents a part of a whole10.10
A graphical representation of data in the form of bars of different height or
Bar Graph length10. Used to compare things between different groups or to track
changes over time10.10
A graphical display of information that changes over time10. Trend
Line Graph
line10.10
A statistical distribution of data represented as a bar chart10. Similar in
Histogram
appearance to bar graph but deals with continuous data10.10
Frequency Used to depict the shape of the distribution10. Often constructed by
Polygon joining the midpoints of the tops of the bars in a histogram10.10
Flash Card A card printed on both sides10. Used to display information or drills10.
 Each card may be used as a question or a cue10.10
Flip Chart Used to display a sequential series of diagrams or illustrations10.10
A chart showing the arrangement of facts and ideas to form a
Chain
sequence10.10
Used to show the sequence of elements or functional relationship10.
Flow Chart
Uses lines, boxes, circles etc10.10
Others Globes, maps, photographs, posters, newspapers, leaflets10.10
3. NON-PROJECTED AIDS - BOARDS10...
Type Description Source
Chalk Board A display surface made of wood, cardboard or other material10.10
White Board A display surface10.10
Notice Board A wall space or board for posting notices, information or pictures111
Flannel Prepared hardboard which is file-glued with flannely glazed or cotton
Board flannely1 Uses cutouts backed with sandpaper or flannel111
Electronic Digital displays used in schools that are similar to a whiteboard1 Handles
Board and information is written into it by computer111
4. NON-PROJECTED AIDS - DIMENSIONAL AIDS11
Type Description Source
Diagram
Represent objects or concepts visually111
s
Model Smaller or larger in size, on exact size model1 E.g., the human heart model111
Full sized model, arrangement of real devices or pieces of devices1 Does not
Mockup
give reality of representation of object1 Used for demonstration111
Replica A copy or reproduction1 E.g., replica of skull111
Puppet A movable model of a person, animal or object1 Used for role-playing111
Specimen An individual (plant/animal,) used as an example for studies111
. ACTIVITY AIDS11

Demonstration, experimentation, field trips and program instructions1

Advantages: Help make the learning process more effective and conceptual1
Build interest and motivation1

Provide firsthand experience1

Help make learning more permanent1

Easy to follow1

Make learners feel more engaged1

Help students get a clearer perspective1

Easier to remember1
Disadvantages of Activity Aids: Can be expensive, require well designed presentation or
material1 Time consuming, require a lot of skill from the teaching1
TEACHING STRATEGY, METHODOLOGY, APPROACH, STYLE, TECHNIQUE12

Teaching Strategy: Term borrowed from military science (Greek: STRATEGOS = Army &
LEAD)12. A plan of action or long-term design to achieve educational objectives12. It is a broad
and long-term design showing how to achieve educational objectives12. It indicates the
methods, skills, and activities that the teacher would use to teach specific contents or skills12. It
is concerned with learner centered instructions12.

Teaching Method: Is a plan for presenting the lesson12. It refers to a selection of appropriate
method of teaching a specific content12. Method is the way for achieving the goals12. Teaching
methods focus on the types of activities used in the process of teaching12. Examples include
Lecture, Demonstration, Discussion, Analytical lesson, Question-Answer12.

Teaching Techniques: There is a bridge between Strategy & Method12. Techniques means to
present a specific activity or task12. Techniques are tools or specific ways for achieving goals
and activities according to student's level, relating with daily manners12. Teaching Practice
cannot be implemented without techniques12.

Teaching Methodology: These are set of principles about nature of teaching and learning in
classroom12. It is a way or path towards successful teaching12. Teaching methodology relates
to general principles, pedagogy and management strategies used for classroom instruction12.
Your choice of teaching method depends on what fits best into your overall methodology12.
Methodologies can be Teacher-centered, Learner-centered, Subject-centered, Integrated,
Reflective, Directive, Constructive, Collaborative, Integrative, Reflective12.