Netaji Subhas University of Technology

Fourth
Semester ICE-2
Batch 2023-27

​ Engineering Analysis and Design​

(ICICC402)
Practical Lab File
Submitted To Submitted By
Anany Dixit
[Link] Suri
2023UIC3676
ICE-2
 Index

[Link] Name of Experiment Page No. Signature

1. 3-6
To simulate the output waveform of the RLC
series circuit using MATLAB.
2. To Simulate the waveform of a 7-11
half-wave controlled and uncontrolled
rectifier using
MATLAB.
3. To Simulate the waveform of full wave controlled 12-16
and uncontrolled rectifier using MATLAB.
4. To develop mathematical and Simulink models for 17-20
a Mass-Spring-Damper system and observe the
step response
5. To simulate the working of the liquid level system 21-23
using MATLAB.
6. To simulate the working of P, PI, and PID 24-27
controllers for different linear systems using
MATLAB.
7. To simulate the working of P, PI, and PID 28-30
controllers for different Non-linear systems using
MATLAB.
 MATLAB
Experiments
Experiment 1

Aim
To simulate the output waveform of the RLC series circuit using MATLAB.

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)

Theory
The RLC (Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor) circuit is a fundamental circuit widely used in digital
electronics and various other applications. In Simulink, the RLC circuit is composed of three
components: an inductor (L), a resistor (R), and a capacitor (C). These components are
interconnected in series, with the inductor connected across the voltage source and the
resistor and capacitor connected to ground.

This circuit configuration allows the RLC circuit to store and release electrical energy,
making it versatile for various applications. In practical scenarios, RLC circuits can model a
wide range of systems, including lamps, electric motors, and other loads commonly
encountered in electronic circuits.

The specific values assigned to the components in this RLC circuit example are 10nF for
capacitance, 100mH for inductance, and 1k for resistance. These parameters define the
behavior and characteristics of the circuit, influencing its performance under different
conditions.

The RLC circuit exhibits oscillatory behavior, characterized by the periodic exchange of
energy between the inductor and capacitor. The frequency of oscillation, given as 1kHz, and
the time period, given as 10s, determine the rate at which energy is transferred within the
circuit.

In the given scenario, with no current flowing through the circuit (0A), the voltage across the
capacitor can be calculated using the formula V = I * t / C, where V is voltage, I is current, t
is time, and C is capacitance. Since the current is zero, the voltage across the capacitor will
be zero as well.

Understanding the behavior of RLC circuits is essential for designing and analyzing
electronic systems, as they play a crucial role in energy storage, signal filtering, and
frequency response. By simulating RLC circuits in tools like Simulink, engineers can explore
their behavior, optimize parameters, and ensure the efficient operation of electronic devices
and systems.
 (Fig-1.1-Image of RLC Circuit )

The advantages of this Simulink RLC circuit are:

-It can be used to measure the electric power

-It is a very basic circuit that is quite easy to understand

-It can be used to find the RLC circuit's transient response

Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to
the specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or
overloading to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors
or incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the
circuit to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.
Simulation Circuit

(Fig-1.2-Simulation circuit of RLC Circuit )

Output Graph

(Fig-1.3-Output Graph of RLC Circuit )

 Experiment-2

Aim
To Simulate the waveform of a half-wave controlled and uncontrolled rectifier using
MATLAB.

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)

Theory
A half-wave rectifier circuit converts alternating current (AC) voltage to direct current (DC)
by allowing only one half-cycle of the AC waveform to pass through while blocking the
other half. This basic rectifier employs just one diode, making it simple and cost-effective.
The components of a half-wave rectifier include a diode, which permits current flow in one
direction, a voltage source supplying the AC input, and a resistive load to receive the
rectified DC output. During the positive half-cycle of the AC input, the diode conducts,
enabling current to flow through the load. Conversely, during the negative half-cycle, the
diode blocks current. As a result, the output across the load exhibits pulsating DC voltage,
with peaks occurring only during the positive half-cycles of the input waveform. Although
efficient for certain applications, half-wave rectifiers are less utilized than full-wave rectifiers
due to their lower efficiency and higher ripple voltage.

(Fig-2.1-Half Wave Rectifier Diagram )

A half-wave rectifier circuit consists of three main components as follows:

1.​A diode
2.​A Voltage source
3.​A resistive load
 (Fig-2.2-Half Wave Rectifier Waveform )

Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to the
specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or overloading
to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors or
incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the circuit
to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.
Simulation Circuit
(a)​Controlled Rectifier

(Fig-2.3-Controlled Half Wave Rectifier Simulation Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-2.4-Controlled Half Wave Rectifier Simulation Waveform)

 (b)​Uncontrolled Rectifier

(Fig-2.5-Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Simulation Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-2.6-Uncontrolled Half Wave Rectifier Simulation Waveform)

 Experiment-3

Aim
To Simulate the waveform of full wave controlled and uncontrolled rectifier using MATLAB.

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)

Theory
A full wave rectifier is a crucial electronic circuit employed in converting alternating current
(AC) voltage into direct current (DC) voltage. Its primary function is to allow current flow in
only one direction, either positive or negative, during each half cycle of the AC voltage,
resulting in a unidirectional flow of current. Unlike half-wave rectifiers, which utilize only
one half of the AC waveform, full-wave rectifiers harness both positive and negative cycles,
thereby doubling the efficiency and producing a smoother DC output.

Among full-wave rectifiers, the most prevalent type is the bridge rectifier. This configuration
employs four diodes arranged in a bridge pattern. During the positive half cycle of the AC
voltage, two diodes conduct, enabling current to flow through the load in one direction.
Similarly, during the negative half cycle, the other two diodes conduct, facilitating current
flow in the opposite direction. This alternating conduction of diodes ensures that the load
receives a continuous supply of current, resulting in a more efficient rectification process
compared to half-wave rectifiers.

The output of a full wave rectifier exhibits a pulsating DC waveform, containing both
positive and negative voltage peaks. However, to obtain a smoother DC output suitable for
most applications, additional filtering is required. This is typically achieved using a filter
circuit comprising capacitors or inductors. These components help reduce the ripple voltage
present in the output, ensuring a more stable and constant DC voltage supply.

(Fig-3.1-Full Wave Rectifier Diagram)

Full wave rectifiers find extensive application in various fields, especially in power supplies
for electronic devices. They are commonly used in devices such as laptops, mobile phones,
televisions, and other electronic gadgets that require a steady DC voltage from an AC power
source. Additionally, full-wave rectifiers are employed in industrial applications, such as
motor control systems, lighting systems, and battery charging circuits, where efficient
conversion of AC to DC voltage is essential for proper operation.

(Fig-3.2-Full Wave Rectifier Waveform)

In summary, full wave rectifiers, particularly bridge rectifiers, play a pivotal role in
converting AC voltage to DC voltage efficiently. By utilizing both halves of the AC
waveform, they offer higher efficiency and smoother output compared to half-wave
rectifiers. With their versatility and widespread application, full-wave rectifiers serve as
indispensable components in modern electronic systems, ensuring reliable and stable DC
power supplies for various devices and equipment.

Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to
the specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or
overloading to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors
or incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the
circuit to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.
Simulation Circuit
(a)Controlled Rectifier

(Fig-3.3-Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-3.4-Full Wave Controlled Rectifier Waveform)

Simulation Circuit
(a)Uncontrolled Rectifier

(Fig-3.5-Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-3.6-Full Wave Uncontrolled Rectifier Waveform)

 Experiment-4

Aim
To develop mathematical and Simulink models for a Mass-Spring-Damper system and
observe the step response

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)

Theory
The mass-spring-damper model is a fundamental mechanical system used to describe the
dynamic behavior of objects subjected to external forces. It comprises discrete mass nodes
distributed within an object and interconnected through a network of springs and dampers.
Each mass node represents a localized portion of the object, while the springs and dampers
simulate the mechanical connections between these nodes.

In this model, the masses represent the inertial properties of the object, with their mass
values determining how they respond to applied forces. The springs mimic the elastic
properties of the material, providing resistance to deformation and restoring forces when
displaced from equilibrium. The dampers, on the other hand, introduce a damping effect that
dissipates energy and reduces oscillations within the system.
Deriving the equations of motion for this model is usually done by examining the sum of
forces on the mass:

(Fig-4.1-Mass Spring Damper Diagram)

The mass-spring-damper model is particularly suitable for simulating objects with complex
material properties, such as nonlinearity and viscoelasticity. Nonlinearity refers to materials
whose mechanical response deviates from linear behavior, often exhibiting phenomena like
hysteresis or nonlinear stiffness. Viscoelastic materials display both viscous (damping) and
elastic (spring-like) characteristics, causing time-dependent deformation under applied loads.
By incorporating these elements into the model, engineers can accurately simulate the
dynamic behavior of objects subjected to various loading conditions. This allows for the
prediction of how the object will respond to external forces, enabling the optimization of
design parameters and the assessment of structural integrity.

Furthermore, the mass-spring-damper model finds widespread application across numerous

fields, including mechanical engineering, civil engineering, robotics, and biomechanics. It
serves as the foundation for more complex dynamic simulations, such as finite element
analysis (FEA) and multi-body dynamics (MBD), providing valuable insights into the
behavior of real-world systems and aiding in the development of innovative technologies.

Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to
the specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or
overloading to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors
or incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the
circuit to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.
Simulation Circuit

(Fig-4.2-Mass Spring Damper Simulation Circuit)

(Fig-4.3-Mass Spring Damper Analogous Diagram)

Output Graph

(Fig-4.4-Mass Spring Damper Waveform)

 Experiment-5

Aim
To simulate the working of the liquid level system using MATLAB.

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)

Theory
A liquid level system is a crucial component in industrial processes, responsible for
measuring and controlling the level of liquid within a container or tank. These systems are
ubiquitous in industries such as chemical processing, water treatment, and food production,
where precise control of liquid levels is essential for ensuring product quality, safety, and
process efficiency.

At its core, a liquid level system consists of sensors for measuring the level of liquid,
actuators for controlling flow rates or valves, and control algorithms to regulate the liquid
level within desired parameters. By accurately monitoring and adjusting liquid levels, these
systems help maintain optimal operating conditions and prevent overflows or shortages that
could lead to costly disruptions or hazards.

(Fig-5.1-Liquid Level Control system Diagram)

MATLAB provides a powerful platform for simulating and analyzing the behavior of liquid
level systems. With its Simulink toolbox, engineers can create dynamic models that mimic
the real-world behavior of these systems, allowing for virtual experimentation and
optimization before implementing changes in actual industrial settings.
In a simulation using MATLAB's Simulink, engineers can develop a detailed model of the
liquid-level system, incorporating factors such as tank dimensions, liquid properties, sensor
characteristics, and control strategies. By defining the system parameters and control
algorithms within the Simulink environment, engineers can simulate various scenarios to
analyze system responses under different operating conditions.

Furthermore, MATLAB's extensive computational capabilities enable engineers to perform

complex analyses and optimizations to enhance the performance of liquid level systems. This
may involve tuning control parameters, optimizing sensor placement, or evaluating the
impact of disturbances on system behavior.

Overall, MATLAB's Simulink toolbox provides a comprehensive platform for designing,

simulating, and analyzing liquid level systems, empowering engineers to develop robust
control strategies and ensure the smooth operation of industrial processes reliant on precise
liquid level control.

Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to
the specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or
overloading to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors
or incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the
circuit to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.
Simulation Circuit

(Fig-5.2-Liquid Level Control system Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-5.3-Liquid Level Control system Waveform)

 Experiment-6

Aim
To simulate the working of P, PI, and PID controllers for different linear systems using
MATLAB.

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)

Theory
Simulating the working of P (Proportional), PI (Proportional-Integral), and PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers for various linear systems using MATLAB
offers valuable insights into control system dynamics and performance. These controllers are
vital components in engineering and automation, enabling precise regulation of system
behavior in response to external inputs or disturbances.

In a P controller, the control effort is directly proportional to the error between the desired
setpoint and the actual system output. This proportional action helps reduce steady-state error
but may lead to oscillations in the system response. Incorporating integral action in a PI
controller allows for the accumulation of error over time, ensuring the elimination of
steady-state error. The PI controller provides improved steady-state performance compared
to the P controller but may still exhibit sluggish response to sudden changes.
Introducing derivative action in a PID controller adds a predictive element, enabling the
controller to anticipate future changes in the system's behavior based on the rate of change of
the error. The derivative action helps dampen oscillations and improve transient response,
leading to faster settling times and reduced overshoot.

(Fig-6.1-Linear P, PI,PID Diagram)

MATLAB provides a comprehensive platform for simulating and analyzing the performance
of P, PI, and PID controllers across different linear systems. Engineers can utilize MATLAB's
Control System Toolbox to design and implement these controllers, considering factors such
as system dynamics, stability, and desired performance specifications.

(Fig-6.2-Linear P, PI,PID Waveform)

By simulating the behavior of P, PI, and PID controllers in MATLAB, engineers can evaluate
their effectiveness in regulating system responses under varying operating conditions. They
can analyze key performance metrics such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and
steady-state error to assess controller performance and fine-tune controller parameters for
optimal system performance.

Furthermore, MATLAB offers tools for tuning controller gains automatically or through
manual methods like Ziegler-Nichols or trial-and-error, facilitating the optimization of
controller parameters to meet specific design requirements. Overall, simulating P, PI, and
PID controllers using MATLAB empowers engineers to design robust control systems
capable of achieving desired performance objectives across a wide range of linear systems
Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to
the specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or
overloading to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors
or incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the
circuit to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.

Simulation Circuit

(Fig-6.3-Linear P, PI,PID Simulation Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-6.4-Linear P, PI,PID Simulation Output Waveform)

 Experiment-7

Aim
To simulate the working of P, PI, and PID controllers for different Non-linear systems using
MATLAB.

Software/Hardware Used
Acer Aspire 7, MATLAB (version R2024b), Simulink Toolbox (version 24.2)
Theory
Simulating the operation of P (Proportional), PI (Proportional-Integral), and PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers for various nonlinear systems using MATLAB
offers valuable insights into control system behavior and performance under complex
conditions. Nonlinear systems exhibit behavior that cannot be described by linear
relationships between inputs and outputs, making their analysis and control challenging yet
essential in many engineering applications.

In nonlinear systems, the relationship between input and output variables may change based
on the operating conditions, system parameters, or external disturbances. As a result,
traditional linear control techniques may not suffice for effectively regulating system
behavior. However, P, PI, and PID controllers remain versatile tools for addressing
nonlinearities and achieving desired control objectives.

(Fig-7.1-Non-Linear P, PI,PID Diagram)

MATLAB provides powerful tools and libraries for simulating and analyzing nonlinear
systems and implementing control algorithms. Engineers can utilize MATLAB's Control
System Toolbox to design and tune P, PI, and PID controllers for nonlinear systems,
considering factors such as system dynamics, stability, and desired performance
specifications.

Simulating the operation of P, PI, and PID controllers in MATLAB for nonlinear systems
involves modeling the nonlinear behavior of the system and integrating the controller into the
simulation environment. Engineers can employ various techniques such as state-space
models, transfer functions, or numerical methods to represent the nonlinear dynamics
accurately.

By simulating the behavior of P, PI, and PID controllers for nonlinear systems in MATLAB,
engineers can evaluate their effectiveness in regulating system responses under different
operating conditions and nonlinearities. They can analyze key performance metrics such as
transient response, stability, robustness, and tracking accuracy to assess controller
performance and optimize controller parameters accordingly.

Furthermore, MATLAB offers advanced control design tools, such as nonlinear model
predictive control (NMPC) or adaptive control, which can be utilized to address specific
challenges posed by nonlinear systems. These tools enable engineers to develop robust
control strategies capable of handling nonlinearities and uncertainties effectively.

Overall, simulating P, PI, and PID controllers for nonlinear systems using MATLAB
empowers engineers to design and implement effective control solutions for a wide range of
complex engineering applications, ensuring stable and reliable system performance in the
face of nonlinear dynamics.

Precautions-
•​ Ensure that the circuit is properly modelled and simulated according to
the specifications and operating conditions.
•​ Choose appropriate component values for the circuit to avoid damage or
overloading to the circuit or the simulation program.
•​ Double-check the connections and node names in the schematic to avoid errors
or incomplete circuits.
•​ Use appropriate signal sources and apply safe voltage and current levels to the
circuit to avoid damaging the components or simulation program.
Simulation Circuit

(Fig-7.2-Non-Linear P, PI,PID Simulation Circuit)

Output Graph

(Fig-7.3-Non-Linear P, PI,PID Waveform)