FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING

(203106332)
5TH SEMESTER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Laboratory Manual
 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

PREFACE

The High Voltage Engineering theory and laboratory courses at PARUL UNIVERSITY,
WAGHODIA, VADODARA are designed in such a way that students develop the basic
understanding of the subject in the theory classes and then try their hands on using hardware and
software experiments to realize the various High Voltage Engineering concepts that they learned
during theoretical sessions. The main objective of the High Voltage Engineering laboratory course
is: Learning High Voltage Engineering through experimentations.

The objective of this High Voltage Engineering Laboratory Practical Book is to provide a
comprehensive source for all the experiments included in the laboratory course. It explains all the
aspects related to High Voltage Engineering such as: types of dielectrics, generation of high voltage
alternating current and high voltage direct current, lightning protective device, the theoretical
formalism & formulae, procedure of performing the experiment and how to calculate the desired
results from the observations etc. It also gives sufficient information on how to interpret and discuss
the obtained results.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. All the experiments are designed to illustrate various phenomena in different areas of High
Voltage Engineering and also to expose the students to various instruments and their uses.
2. Be prompt in arriving to the laboratory and always come well prepared for the experiment.
3. Be careful while working on the equipment’s operated with high voltage power supply.
4. Work quietly and carefully. Give equal opportunity to all your fellow students to work on the
instruments.
5. Every student should have his/her individual copy of the High Voltage Engineering Practical
Book.
6. Every student must prepare the notebooks specifically reserved for the High Voltage
Engineering practical work: “High Voltage Engineering Practical Book”
7. Every student must necessarily bring his/her High Voltage Engineering Practical Book, High
Voltage Engineering Practical Class Notebook and High Voltage Engineering Practical Final
Notebook, when he/she comes to the Practical to perform the experiment.
8. Record your observations honestly. Never makeup reading or doctor them either to get a
better fit on the graph or to produce the correct result. Display all your observations on the
graph (if applicable)
9. All the observations must be neatly recorded in the High Voltage Engineering Practical Class
Notebook (as explained in the High Voltage Engineering Practical Book) and verified by the
instructor before leaving the laboratory.
10. If some of the readings appear to be wrong, then repeat the set of observations carefully.
11. Do not share your readings with your fellow student. Every student must produce his/her
own set of readings by performing the experiment separately.
12. After verification of the recorded observations, do the calculation in the High Voltage
Engineering Practical Class Notebook (as explained in the High Voltage Engineering
Practical Book) and produce the desired results and get them verified by the instructor.
13. Never forget to mention the units of the observed quantities in the observation table. After
calculations, represent the results with appropriate units.
14. Calculate the percentage error in the results obtained by you if the standard results are
available and try to point out the sources of errors in the experiment.
15. Find the answers of all the questions mentioned under the section ‘Find the Answers’ at the
end of each experiment in the High Voltage Engineering Practical Book.
16. Finally record the verified observations along with the calculation and results in the Network
Analysis Practical Notebook.
17. Do not forget to get the information of your next allotment (the experiment which is to be
performed by you in the next laboratory session) before leaving the laboratory from the
Technical Assistant.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr./Ms............................................................................................................................

with enrolment no. ............................................ has successfully completed his/her

laboratory experiments in the High Voltage Engineering (203106332) laboratory for

B.Tech. 3rD Year from the department of ..................................................... during

the academic year ………...

Date of Submission:......................... Staff In charge:...........................

Head Of Department:..........................................

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No Marks
Sr. Date of Date of
Experiment Title (out of Sign
No From To Performance Assessment
10)
Impulse Voltage
1 Generation through
Simulation.
Stress Analysis of single
2
core single layer insulation
cable using FEMM.
Stress Analysis of different
3 types of Electrode
Arrangements using
FEMM.
Part-1 (Cockroft-Walton
4 Voltage Multiplier using
Virtual Lab)
Part-2 (Impulse Voltage
Generator using Virtual
Lab)
Part-3 (Impulse Current
Generator using Virtual
Lab)
High Voltage Engineering
5
Parameter Calculation
using MATLAB.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO. 01

AIM: To Generate Impulse Voltage through Simulation.

THEORY:

Multistage Impulse Voltage Generator is also known as Marx impulse voltage generator. The
principle on which Marx Generators work is; the capacitors are charging in parallel and discharging
in series into the load circuit. The overvoltage of impulsive nature produced by this generator is used
in testing of HV apparatus such as transformers, cables and insulators. Fig. 8.1 shows the schematic
drawing of Marx impulse voltage generator. The charging resistors (Rs) needs to be properly sized
for both charging and discharging, generally in the order of 10 to 100 kΩ. Each resistor will design
to have a maximum voltage between 50 to 100 kV. The generator capacitance C is chosen in such a
manner that the product CRs will be about 10 s to 1 min.

In the Marx’s generator, the wave shaping circuit is connected externally to the capacitor unit. The
wave shaping circuit comprises of wave front resistor (Rf or R1) and wave tail resistor (Rt or R2).
The time taken for charging (rise time/front time) is three times the time constant of the circuit

𝐶1𝐶2
𝑇 = 3 𝑅𝑓
𝐶1 + 𝐶2

The time taken for discharging (fall time/tail time) is given by the time taken to achieve 50% of peak
value during discharging that occurs through the parallel combination of the generator capacitance,
load capacitance and the series combination of R1 and R2.

𝑇𝑡 = 0.7 ∗ (𝑅𝑓 + 𝑅𝑡) ∗ (𝐶1 + 𝐶2)

Standard impulse testing method requires the application of a specified wave-shape. IEC60060-1
and -2 are Mihir A Bhatt IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 3 March 2016 Page 5004 an international standard
that specifies the high voltage measuring equipment and technique for impulse testing. As per the
international standard, a full lightning impulse wave-shape is specified as having a wave front time
(Tf) of 1.2µs ± 30% and a wave tail time (Tt) of 50µs ± 20%

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

PROGRAM:

(a) Program for impulse generator circuit (without delay)

clc
clear all
C1=0.02e-6;
C2=0.001e-6;
R1=420;
R2=2981;
V1=125e3;
V2=0;
dt =0.01e-6;
ft = 50e-6;
t=0:dt:ft;
K = [1/R1+C1/dt -1/R1; -1/R1 1/R1+1/R2+C2/dt];
V(:,1) = [V1; V2];
for i=2:1:5001
IC1 = C1/dt*V(1,i-1);
IC2 = C2/dt*V(2,i-1);
V(:,i)=inv(K)*[IC1;IC2];
end
plot(t,V(2,:),'r')

Expected Output

Fig. 8.1 Impulse voltage waveform without delay

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

(b) Program for impulse generator circuit (with delay)

clc
clear
C1=0.02e-6;
C2=0.001e-6;
R1=420;
R2=2981;
V1=125e3;
V2=0;
V3=0;
dt =0.01e-6;
ft = 50e-6;
t=0:dt:ft;
RS =1e16;
V(:,1) = [V1; V2; V3];
for i=2:1:5001
K = [1/RS+C1/dt -1/RS 0; -1/RS 1/RS+1/R1 -1/R1; 0 –
1/R1 1/R1+1/R2+C2/dt];
IC1 = C1/dt*V(1,i-1);
IC2 = 0
IC3 = C2/dt*V(3,i-1);
V(:,i)=inv(K)*[IC1;IC2;IC3];
if t(i)> 10e-6
RS = 1e-6;
end
end
plot(t,V(3,:),'r')

Expected Output

Fig. 8.2 Impulse voltage waveform with delay

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

(c) Program for impulse generator circuit with parameter variations

clc
clear
%C1 Variations
for j = 1:1:10
C1=0.02e-6+0.1*j*0.02e-6;
C2=0.001e-6;
R1=420;
R2=2981;
V1=125e3;
V2=0;
V3=0;
dt =0.01e-6;
ft = 50e-6;
t=0:dt:ft;
RS =1e16;
V(:,1) = [V1; V2; V3];
for i=2:1:5001
K = [1/RS+C1/dt -1/RS 0; -1/RS 1/RS+1/R1 -1/R1; 0 -1/R1
1/R1+1/R2+C2/dt];
IC1 = C1/dt*V(1,i-1);
IC2 = 0;
IC3 = C2/dt*V(3,i-1);
V(:,i)=inv(K)*[IC1;IC2;IC3];
if t(i)> 10e-6
RS = 1e-6;
end
end
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,V(3,:),'Color',[0.1*j 0.0*j 0.0*j])
hold on
end
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Voltage')
title('C1 Variations')
%C2 Variations
for j = 1:1:10
C1=0.02e-6;
C2=0.001e-6+j*0.001e-6;
R1=420;
R2=2981;
V1=125e3;
V2=0;
V3=0;
dt =0.01e-6;
ft = 50e-6;
t=0:dt:ft;
RS =1e16;
V(:,1) = [V1; V2; V3];
for i=2:1:5001
K = [1/RS+C1/dt -1/RS 0; -1/RS 1/RS+1/R1 -1/R1; 0 -1/R1
1/R1+1/R2+C2/dt];
IC1 = C1/dt*V(1,i-1);

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
IC2 = 0;
IC3 = C2/dt*V(3,i-1);
V(:,i)=inv(K)*[IC1;IC2;IC3];
if t(i)> 10e-6
RS = 1e-6;
end
end
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,V(3,:),'Color',[0.0*j 0.1*j 0.0*j])
hold on
end
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Voltage')
title('C2 Variations')
%R1 Variations
for j = 1:1:10
C1=0.02e-6;
C2=0.001e-6;
R1=420+1*j*420;
R2=2981;
V1=125e3;
V2=0;
V3=0;
dt =0.01e-6;
ft = 50e-6;
t=0:dt:ft;
RS =1e16;
V(:,1) = [V1; V2; V3];
for i=2:1:5001
K = [1/RS+C1/dt -1/RS 0; -1/RS 1/RS+1/R1 -1/R1; 0 -1/R1
1/R1+1/R2+C2/dt];
IC1 = C1/dt*V(1,i-1);
IC2 = 0;
IC3 = C2/dt*V(3,i-1);
V(:,i)=inv(K)*[IC1;IC2;IC3];
if t(i)> 10e-6
RS = 1e-6;
end
end
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(t,V(3,:),'Color',[0.0*j 0.0*j 0.1*j])
hold on
end
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Voltage')
title('R1 Variations')
%R2 Variations
for j = 1:1:10
C1=0.02e-6;
C2=0.001e-6;
R1=420;
R2=2981+0.1*j*2981;
V1=125e3;
V2=0;

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR
V3=0;
dt =0.01e-6;
ft = 50e-6;
t=0:dt:ft;
RS =1e16;
V(:,1) = [V1; V2; V3];
for i=2:1:5001
K = [1/RS+C1/dt -1/RS 0; -1/RS 1/RS+1/R1 -1/R1; 0 -1/R1
1/R1+1/R2+C2/dt];
IC1 = C1/dt*V(1,i-1);
IC2 = 0;
IC3 = C2/dt*V(3,i-1);
V(:,i)=inv(K)*[IC1;IC2;IC3];
if t(i)> 10e-6
RS = 1e-6;
end
end
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,V(3,:),'Color',[0.1*j 0.1*j 0.0*j])
hold on
end
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Voltage')
title('R2 Variations')

Expected Output

Fig. 8.3 Impulse generation with parameter variations

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

CONCLUSION:

QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the effects of various parameter variations on generated impulse waveforms.
2. Define front time and tail time for the impulse wave with the help of neat diagrams.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

SIGNATURE OF FACULTY WITH DATE

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPREMENT : 02

AIM: Stress Analysis of single core single layer insulation cable using FEMM.
THEORY: In modern times high voltages are used for a wide variety of applications covering the power
system, industry and research laboratory. High voltage cables are used for the transmission and
distribution purpose of electric power. The transmission of electric power is carried out by the overhead
lines as well as underground cables. High voltage cables are used especially for the underground
transmission. These cables are laid in ducts or may be buried in the ground. In overhead lines air forms
the part of insulation but in underground cables air does not form part of the insulation.
So, conductor must be completely insulated. The cables are much costlier than overhead lines. All
electric cables consist of three essential points: (a) The conductor for transmitting electrical power. (b)
The insulation, to insulate the conductor from direct contact with earth or other objects and (e) External
protection against mechanical damage, chemical or electro chemical attack, fire or any other dangerous
effects external to the cable. Generally, copper and aluminium conductors are used.
High voltage cables are single core as well as three cores. Generally, single core cables are used.
Cables are classified depending upon the material used for the insulation. Materials like vulcanized
rubber, Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polythene, Impregnated paper etc. arc used for the insulation. In
present scenario, cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) is used increasingly as an insulating material because
of its more advantages over other materials. It offers the advantages over other materials as low dielectric
loss, low dielectric constant, high current load, easy installation and accessories, low weight and less
maintenance. Cables must be completely insulated and insulation of the cable is the back bone of the
power cable. Its state is usually used to reflect the real age of the cable. The cable insulation has to be
continuously exposed the variety of stresses. If this stress exceeds the limit electric field is increased. it
results in partial discharge and it can result in breakdown of the insulation. So, analysis of electric stress
in the insulation of the cable is very necessary. The maximum electrical stress occurs in the insulation
immediately adiacent to the conductor shield and minimum stress occurs at the inner radius of the sheath.
There will be a large difference between the maximum and the minimum stress in the insulation, so it
means that the dielectric material will not be fully utilized. For uniform stress distribution in the
insulation, grading of insulation is used.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

*Stress analysis of a Single core Single layer insulation Cable

• Single core cable.

Ai

Copp

Rubb

• Stress analysis of single layer cable.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO. 03

AIM: Analysis of field distribution of different geometry gap using FEMM.

THEORY:The Finite Element Method (FEM) is a numerical technique used to solve partial differential
equations by dividing a complex domain into smaller, simpler subdomains called finite elements. This
method is widely used in various fields, including electromagnetic simulations. FEMM (Finite Element
Method Magnetics) is a software package specifically designed for electromagnetic simulations,
particularly in the context of magnetics and electrostatics.
When analyzing the field distribution of different geometries using FEMM, you typically follow these
steps:
Geometry Creation: Define the geometry of your problem using the FEMM interface. This involves
creating shapes, specifying dimensions, and positioning objects appropriately.
Material Properties: Assign material properties to the different regions of your geometry. This could
include parameters like permeability, conductivity, and relative permittivity, depending on the nature of
your simulation.
Meshing: Divide your geometry into a mesh of finite elements. This is crucial for numerical simulations
since it discretizes the problem domain, allowing for accurate approximations of field behavior.
Boundary Conditions: Specify the boundary conditions for your problem. These conditions define how
the problem interacts with its surroundings. Common boundary conditions include fixed potentials, fixed
flux, and symmetry.
Solving the Problem: Use the FEMM software to solve the electromagnetic problem numerically.
FEMM will calculate the field distribution within the geometry based on the provided inputs and settings.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

• Stress analysis of PLANE-PLANE electrode arrangement

• Field Stress distribution of PLANE-PLANE.

Ai

Iro Iro

• Field Line distribution of PLANE-PLANE.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

* Stress analysis of SPHERE-SPHERE electrode arrangement

• Field Stress distribution of SPHERE-SPHERE.

Ai

Iro Iro

• Field Line distribution of SPHERE-SPHERE.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

* Stress analysis of ROD- ROD electrode arrangement

* Field Stress distribution of ROD-ROD.

Ai

Iro Iro

• Field Line distribution of ROD-ROD.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

* Stress analysis of POINT-POINT electrode arrangement

• Field Stress distribution of POINT-POINT.

Ai

Iro Iro

• Field Line distribution of POINT-POINT.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

*Stress analysis of SPHERE- PLANE electrode arrangement

• Field Stress distribution of SPHERE-PLANE.

Ai

Iro Iro

• Field Line distribution of SPHERE-PLANE.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

*Stress analysis of PLANE-POINT electrode arrangement

• Field Stress distribution of PLANE-POINT.

Ai
r

Iro Iro
n n

• Field Line distribution of PLANE-POINT.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

* Stress analysis of PLANE- ROD electrode arrangement

• Field Stress distribution of PLANE-ROD.

Ai
r

Iro Iro
n n

• Field Line distribution of PLANE-ROD.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

Procedure:
1. Open the FEMM software.
2. Choose a new electrostatic problem.
3. Co-ordinate different types of geometry like sphere-sphere, plane-rod.
4. Set the material property so that the drawn electrode can be given that property to the electrode.
5 . Set the boundary condition so that the electrodes boundary set as one electrode is high and another
one is ground.
6. Run the mesh generator so that the field stress distribution can be observed.
7. Run analysis and then view the results so that the field line distribution can be scen

8. This process repeats for different types of geometry.

Conclusion:
Based on analysis of the field distribution using FEMM for different gap geometries, the conclusions
about how each geometry affects the magnetic field distribution. By simulating electromagnetic fields in
FEMM (Finite Element Method Magnetic) software can help to analyse how various gap geometries
affected the distribution of fields. We can draw several important conclusions:
Gap Size Impact on Field Strength: It is evident that altering the gap size leads to variations in field
strength. Wider gaps generally lead to weaker field strength, as magnetic flux lines are distributed over a
larger area. Conversely, narrower gaps concentrate the magnetic flux, resulting in stronger field
intensities. This knowledge aids in optimizing gap dimensions for desired field strengths.
Shape's Contribution to Field Concentration: Gap shape has been revealed as a significant contributor
to field distribution. Irregular gap shapes tend to disperse the field, while symmetric shapes concentrate
it. This emphasizes the role of symmetry in achieving uniform field distribution, particularly in
applications requiring consistent electromagnetic interactions.
Material Impact on Magnetic Flux: The choice of materials for the gap components significantly
affects the field distribution. High-permeability materials effectively guide magnetic flux, leading to
enhanced field concentrations within the gap. Non-magnetic materials, on the other hand, exhibit weaker
field effects. This finding guide material selection for optimizing field strength and direction.

SIGNATURE OF FACULTY WITH DATE

A Performance 10
B Report Writing 10
C Context Problem 10
D Total 10

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

EXPERIMENT NO. 4

AIM: I. To perform High Voltage DC generation through Cockroft-Walton Voltage

Multiplier.
II. To perform Impulse Voltage Generation using Virtual Lab.
III. To perform Impulse Current Generation using Virtual Lab.

APPARATUS: Virtual lab

(PART-1) High Voltage DC generation through Cockroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier.

THRORY:
High Voltage DC Multipliers are used to generate high DC Voltages using a single supply high
voltage transformer. Cockroft and Walton popularized the use of multipliers using a multi-
stage diode capacitor combination. A Three stage multiplier circuit is shown below:

Three Stage Cockroft Walton Voltage Multiplier

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

C1,C2,C3 constitute the oscillating column as the voltage across these capacitors vary with
time,Where as the capacitors C1',C2',C3' comprise the smoothening column since the DC
Voltage output is fairly constant.

The DC Output voltage (Vdc) is nominally the twice the peak input voltage (Vmax) multiplied
by the number of stages. Thus, for the circuit above a maximum voltage of Vdc= 3 * 2 * Vmax is
possible. In practice, the DC output voltage is significantly lower, particularly when there are
a large number of stages.

The multiplier circuits are popularly used in High Voltage DC power supply for particle
accelerators. Multipliers are also used for charging capacitor banks to high voltages at roughly
constant charging power. The downside of the multipliers is that the ripple and voltage drop
on the output is high as the load current increases. The voltage regulation, is thus, poor at high
loads.

Regulation and ripple calculations

Assuming all the stage capacitances to be equal, the voltage drop under load is given by :
Vdrop = Il/(f*C)*(2/3*n^3 + n^2/2 - n/6)

where:
Il is the load current
C is the stage capacitance
f is the AC frequency
n is the number of stages.

The ripple voltage, in the case where all stage capacitances (C1 through C(2*n)) may be
calculated from:

Vripple = Il/(f * C)*n*(n+1)/2

As seen from this equation, the ripple increases as the square of the number of stages. A
common modification to the design is to make the stage capacitances larger at the bottom, with
C1 & C2 = nC, C3 & C4= (n-1)C, and so forth. Differentiating the drop equation with respect to
the number of stages gives an equation for the optimum number of stages Nopt (for the equal
valued capacitor design):

Nopt =√(Vmax * f * C/Il)

Increasing the frequency can dramatically reduce the ripple, and the voltage drop under load.

OBJECTIVE:
• Understand the functioning of High Voltage DC Multiplier.
• Study the variation of ripple and voltage drop by varying each one of the following
parameters:
a) Load Current b)Frequency c)Capacitance.
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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

PROCEDURE:
1. When the page gets loaded two buttons with values "Click to display the functioning of
Voltage Multiplier" & "Click to stop the functioning of Voltage Multiplier" are
displayed.
2. The first button is clicked to display the functioning of the Voltage Multiplier & the
second button is clicked to stop the functioning of the same.
3. The input parameters are Current (in µA), Frequency (in Hz), Capacitance (in µF) and
these are associated with corresponding text boxes which are displayed.
4. The input values of each of these variables to be entered should be within the range
specified.
5. Upon entering the values of all the variables, the "Calculate drop and ripple" button is
clicked to display the computed ripple and drop values. This calculation of drop and
ripple is for a set of values of Current (in µA), Frequency (in Hz), Capacitance (in µF)In
addition, the variation of one of the above parameters on the ripple voltage can also be
studied.
6. The parameters that have to be varied are shown to the user on the right pane.The user
have to choose the parameter to vary from the list & click on the "Choose Parameter to
vary" button. Only this parameter is varied while the others are kept constant during the
experiment.
7. To begin with the user enters the appropriate values of all the parameters and calculates
the drop and ripple as mentioned in step 5.
8. Step 5 is repeated by changing the value of the desired parameter only. The other
parameters which are constant cannot be edited.
9. Steps 8 and 9 can be repeated for a range of the parameter that is being varied.
10. After calculating the drop and ripple for six values the user is prompted with the "Show
Graph" button.
11. The "Show Graph" button is clicked to depict the graph for the parameter chosen versus
calculated drop and ripple.
12. These steps can be repeated for other parameters.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Stage
Sr.No. Frequency Load Calculated Calculated
Capacitance
(Hz) Current (µA) Ripple (V) Voltage (V)
(µF)

1 50 0.1 10 12 44

2 50 0.1 20 24 88

3 50 0.1 30 36 132

4 50 0.1 40 48 176

5 50 0.1 50 60 220

6 50 0.1 60 72 264

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

(PART-2) Impulse Voltage Generation

THEORY:
Transient over-voltages due to lightning and switching action cause steep build up of voltage
on transmission lines and other electrical power apparatus. Experimental investigations show
that these waves have a rise time of 0.5 to 10µs and decay time to 50% of the peak value of the
order of 30 to 200µs. The wave-shapes are arbitrary, but mostly unidirectional. It is shown that
lightning over-voltages can be represented as double exponential waves defined by the
equation:
V=Vo [exp (-at)-exp (-βt)] ----------------------- (1)

where a and β are constants of inverse microsecond values. The equation (1) represents a
unidirectional wave which usually has a rapid rise to the peak value and slowly falls to zero
value. The standard wave-shape is given in figure below.

The impulse waves are specified by defining their rise or front time, fall (or tail time) to 50%
peak value, and the value of the peak voltage. Thus 1.2/50µs, 1000 kV wave represents an
impulse voltage wave with a front time of 1.2µs, fall (or tail) time to 50% peak value of 50µs
and a peak value of 1000 kV. When impulse wave-shapes are recorded, the initial portion of
the wave may not be clearly defined or sometimes may be missing. Hence, front and tail times
are to be redefined. Referring to the wave shape in figure 1, the peak value A is fixed and
referred to as 100% value. The point corresponding to 10% and 90% of the peak values are
located on the front portion (points C and D).O' is taken as the virtual origin. 1.25 times the
interval between times t1 and t2 corresponding to points C and D is defined as the front time,
i.e. 1.25(O't1-O't2). The point E is located on the wave tail corresponding to 50% of the peak
value, and it is t4. O't4 is defined as fall or tail time. In case, C is not clear or missing from the
wave shape record, the point corresponding to 30% of the peak value is taken on the time axis
and then the wave front time in that case will be 1.67 times in place of 1.25. The tolerances that
can be allowed on the front and tail times are respectively ± 30% and ± 20%.The tolerance
allowed on the peak value is ± 3%.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

List of abbreviations and symbols

Cg Generator Capacitance (µF)

Vg Charging Voltage (kV)

Lf Inductance of Front Resistor (µH)

Rf Front Resistor (Ω)

Tf Front Time (µs)

IVG Impulse Voltage Generator

Cl Load Capacitance (µF)

Ll Load Inductance (µH)

Vl Output impulse Voltage (kV)

Vp Peak Voltage (kV)

Lt Inductance of Tail Resistor (µH)

Rt Tail Resistor (Ω)

Tt Tail Time (µs)

Tr Time range (µs)

Tp Time to Peak value (µs)

VHVL Virtual High Voltage Laboratory

Transients
When a power device is abruptly switched on or turned off, trapped energy in the circuit stray
inductance is dissipated in the switching device, causing a voltage overshoot across the device
termed as transient or over voltage. The magnitude of this transient voltage is proportional to
the amount of stray inductance and the rate of fall of turn-off current. The time-varying currents
and voltages resulting from the sudden application of sources are called transients.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

RC Transients
The capacitor C is initially charged with charging voltage Vi. When switch is closed at t=0+,
the capacitor gets discharged through resistor R, with output voltage, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig:1: Typical RC circuit

A capacitor C discharge through resistance R, hence, gives the output equation (2)

vc(t)=Vi -t/RC ................................................ (2)

Fig:2: Typical waveform for capacitor voltage vs time

vc is the voltage across the capacitor, Vi is the initial charging voltage for the capacitor, R is the
resistance and C is the capacitance of electrical circuit,Fig.1.
The time interval τ (= RC) is called as the time constant of the circuit. The voltage vs time for the
circuit, is shown in Fig. 2. This is the time for decay to 36.8 % of the initial value.

Fig:3: Typical RC circuit

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

RL Transients
For DC circuit analysis, the voltage and current source excitation is constant, so C and L are
neglected. The circuit is assumed to be as it is since time t= -∞ to ∞. In practice, no excitation
is constant from t= -∞ to ∞.
The input DC voltage Vs, which stores the energy in L through a resistor R and gives the output,
as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig:5: Typical RL circuit

......................(3)

......................(4)

Vt(t) is the voltage across inductor. In eq. 4, it is noticed that in time L/R seconds, the voltage
across the inductor reduces to 1/e of its original value and would go on decreasing by a further
factor of 1/e in every L/R seconds thereafter.
Another arrangement to study the transient is shown in Fig. 7. Initial current at t=0 is present
through the inductor, at t=0+,

......................(5)

......................(6)

Fig:6: Typical waveforms i(t) vs t and v(t) vs t of RL circuit

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

Fig:7: Typical RL circuit

For (R2 → ∞ ) discharge will be immediate hence, switching off causes spark at switch. The
respective current and voltage waveforms vs time are shown in Fig. 8. The time interval τ (=
L/R) is called as the time constant of the circuit.

Fig:8: Typical waveforms i (t) vs t and v (t) vs t of RL circuit

RC vs RL
In a resistor-capacitor charging circuit, capacitor voltage from zero to full source voltage, while
current goes from maximum to a zero, both variables changing most rapidly at first,
approaching their final values slower and slower as time goes on. In a resistor-inductor
"charging" circuit, inductor current goes from zero to full value while voltage goes from
maximum to a zero, both variables changing most rapidly at first, approaching their final values
slower and slower as time goes on.

Resistor-capacitor circuits respond quicker with low resistance and slower with high resistance;
resistor-inductor circuits are just the opposite, responding quicker with high resistance and
slower with low resistance. While capacitive circuits seem to present no intuitive trouble for
the new student, inductive circuits tend to make less sense.

A capacitor's electrostatic energy storage manifests itself in the tendency to maintain a constant
voltage across the terminals. An inductor's electromagnetic energy storage manifests itself in

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

the tendency to maintain a constant current through it.

In either case, heat dissipated by the resistor constitutes energy leaving the circuit, and as a
consequence the reactive component loses its store of energy over time, resulting in a
measurable decrease of either voltage (capacitor) or current (inductor) expressed on the graphs.
The more power dissipated by the resistor, the faster this discharging action will occur, because
power is by definition the rate of energy transfer over time.

Therefore, a transient circuit's time constant will be dependent upon the resistance of the circuit.
Of course, it is also dependent upon the size (storage capacity) of the reactive component. A
circuit's time constant will be less (faster discharging rate) if the resistance value is such that it
maximizes power dissipation (rate of energy transfer into heat). For a capacitive circuit where
stored energy manifests itself in the form of a voltage, this means the resistor must have a low
resistance value so as to maximize current for any given amount of voltage. For an inductive
circuit where stored energy manifests itself in the form of a current, this means the resistor
must have a high resistance value so as to maximize voltage drop for any given amount of
current.
As already shown, to DC a capacitor acts as an open circuit and inductor acts as a short circuit,
in order to generate a transient a capacitor needs to be discharged of its voltage and an inductor
needs an interruption in current. While it is easy to close a switch to discharge a charged
capacitor but in trying to interrupt DC current through an Inductor is quiet difficult

Single stage circuit-IVG

Fig:9: Equivalent circuit of a single stage IVG

The one-stage equivalent, of an impulse voltage circuit with a capacitive load is shown in Fig.
9. Resistances, which are used in Marx circuit, are non inductive. All resistances have some
small internal inductances, which leads to the inefficient outputs. The inductance Lf represents
the loop inductance offered by the front resistance that is responsible for the overshoot of
lightning impulse (LI) which must be limited to below 5%. Similarly Lt is the inductance
offered by the tail resistance of the impulse circuit. These inductances are incorporated in the
equivalent circuit to give the VHVL a more realistic feel.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

Single stage circuit-IVG

As mentioned earlier in IVG Introduction (http://10.9.1.224:85/), impulse voltages are
represented as a sum of two exponentials. A double exponential wave shape can be generated
by having a circuit with energy storage elements with independent control for rising portion
and falling portion of the wave. These circuit elements can either be capacitors or inductors.
Since inductors of large ratings are difficult to manufacture owing to their large size and high
currents involved, hence a speedy suitable discharge circuit consisting of capacitors could be
preferred.

Fig:10: Three stage Marx Generator Circuit

Marx Circuit
As shown in Fig. 10, the front resistors and the discharge resistors are distributed along each
stage. Sphere gaps are used as switches to connect the parallely charged capacitors in series. A
high voltage dc source is used to charge the capacitors in parallel. The charging current is
limited by a large charging resistance which is typically of the order of a few kilo ohms. On
firing (or triggering) the lowest sphere gap, stages 1 and 2 get connected in series. Hence, the
individual voltages across the stages 1 and 2 appear as a sum across the next gap, thereby
triggering it and thus connecting all the stages in series. Hence, an impulse voltage is obtained
across the load capacitance.

A definite advantage that the Marx circuit has over other impulse generating circuits is that
very high impulse voltages can be generated using components rated for relatively low
voltages. Impulses of different front times can be conveniently obtained by varying series
resistor. The sphere-gap can be triggered at a predetermined voltage by adjusting the spacing
between the spark gaps. Hence, it acts as a controlled switch. The steepness of the impulse
voltage generated is affected by the inherent inductance of the Marx generator. This inductance
is due to the charging loop comprising of the generator capacitor, front resistor and load
capacitor. This cannot be reduced below a certain minimum value because of the restrictions
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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

placed on the minimum dimensions due to the high voltage ratings involved in the circuit.

OBJECTIVE:
• For measurement of spark-over and withstand voltages of various test objects.
• HV testing engineers are also the group of people who benefits, apart from academic
and industry personnel.
• To study the behavior of output impulse voltage pulse by variation of different circuit
parameters like the front and tail resistors and inductors and complying with IEC
60060-1.
• Enables safe setting up of the experiment in minimal time.
• Ensures thorough learning of the concepts involved in IVG before stepping into the
physical laboratory.

PROCEDURE:
1. When the page is loaded user will be presented with a 3D simulator representation of
IVG on the right frame.
2. Mouse-hover on equivalent circuit to see the equivalent circuit diagram of the simulator
model.
3. Mouse-hover on Instructions to know how to perform the experiment.
4. The input parameters namely Charging Voltage(VO),Ground Capacitance (Cg),Tail
Capacitance(Cl),Front Inductance(Lf),Load Inductance(Ll), Front Resistance(Rf),Tail
Resistance(Rt)are displayed with default values on the other frame.
5. The user can conduct the experiment with the default values,However the parameters
can also be changed and the experiment performed.
6. Drag your mouse to see the impulse voltage generator testing apparatus in details. You
can also zoom in it by scrolling your mouse for detail study of IVG.
7. After completing detail study of IVG, set the value of voltage and sphere gap
8. Click on start Experiment
9. Then click on open ground switch to give supply to IVG and you can see it in simulator
10. The Charge Capacitor button is to be clicked to charge generator capacitors.Charging
time of capacitor is displayed by bar on left corner of simulator
11. The Trigger generator button is to be clicked to display the mechanism of IVG and the
fact that Breakdown has occurred or not is displayed.
12. After complete the process the respective graph will be shown. Different alert
statements are included to direct the user whether there are withstand or flashover
occurs between sphere gaps. View the waveform carefully how waveform is changing
with variation in parameters. And also different wave forms are generated for withstand
and flashover.
13. Mouse-hover on wave to see the variation of generated voltage with time. You can drag
it or Zoom In/Zoom Out the wave form for detail study.
14. Find out Front time and tail time from the wave from (how to find out front time and
tail time you have to see theory part).
15. after finding front time and tail time you can compare the generated Impulse wave with
standard switching impulse wave.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Charging Generator Capacitor Front Tail Peak Front Tail
Set Voltage Capacitor Of voltage Resistor Resistor Inverse Time Time
no. Vo Cg Divider Rf Rt Voltage Tf Tf
(Kv) (µF) C1 (µF) (Ω) (V) (kVp) (µs) (µs)

Set-1 10 0.6 0.001 15 115 27.76 0.5 50.5

Set-2 10 0.6 0.001 30 230 27.76 0.5 101

Set-3 10 0.6 0.001 50 500 27.82 0.5 135.5

Set-4 10 0.6 0.001 75 750 27.82 0.5 15.5

Set-5 10 0.6 0.001 55 700 27.83 0.5 146.5

Set-6 10 0.6 0.001 60 595 27.81 0.5 86.5

Set-7 10 0.702 0.0025 15 115 27.72 0.5 59

WAVEFORMS:

Set - 1 Set - 2

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

Set - 3 Set – 4

Set – 5 Set - 6

Set -7

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

(PART-3) Impulse Current Generation

THEROY:
Impulse current can have varying wave shapes and magnitudes depending upon their
application and occurrence. Often, impulse currents appear as periodic or damped oscillatory
currents.
Impulse current waveforms are represented as damped sinusoids given as
I (t) = Io [e-at sin (wt)]-------------------- (1)

where 'a' is damping constant and 'w' is the frequency of the sinusoid.

fig:1
The characteristic parameters and the nature of the standard waveform are shown in figure 1.
The standard parameters characterizing the waveform are front time ( tf ), tail time ( tt ) and
peak value of current ( Ip ). The front time and the tail time are calculated as below:

fig:2
1) Referring to the wave shape in figure, the peak value is fixed and referred to as 100% value.
The points corresponding to 10% and 90% of the peak values are found on the front portion.
2) The line joining these points is extended to cut the time axis at O'. O' is taken as the virtual
origin.
3) Now, 1.25 times the time interval between times corresponding to 10% and 90% of peak
value of the waveform is defined as the front time (tf ).
4) Starting from the virtual origin, the time corresponding to the point on the wave tail for
50% of the peak value of the waveform is known as the tail time (tt). -- Tolerance that can be

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

allowed both on the front time and the tail time is + 10%. – Tolerance allowed on peak value
is +20% and -0%.

Standard impulse current wave shapes

Front time tf (µs) Tail time tt (µs) Std.notation
1.0 ± 0.1 20.0 ± 2.0 1/20
4.0 ± 0.4 10.0 ± 1.0 4/10
8.0 ± 0.8 20.0 ± 2.0 8/20
30.0 ± 3.0 80.0 ± 8.0 30/80

OBJECTIVE:
• Exponential impulse current test for verification of current rating.
• Exponential impulse current test for determination of residual voltage like, as surge
arresters.

PROCEDURE:
1. When the page is loaded user is presented with input parameters namely Charging
voltage(VO),Ground Capacitance(Cg),Front Resistance(Rf),Load Resistance(Rl),)
loaded with default values on left frame and a circuit representation of ICG on right
frame.
2. Drag your mouse on simulator part to see the impulse current generator testing
apparatus in details. You can also zoom in it by scrolling your mouse for detail study
of impulse current generator.
3. The user can conduct the experiment with the default values, However the parameters
can also be changed and the experiment performed.
4. The parameters can be changed by adjusting slider position
5. Click on start Experiment
6. Then click on open ground switch to give supply to impulse current generator and you
can see it in simulator
7. The Charge Capacitor button is to be clicked to charge generator capacitors.Charging
time of capacitor is displayed by bar on left corner of simulator
8. The Trigger generator button is to be clicked to display the mechanism of impulse
current generator.
9. After complete the process the respective graph will be shown. View the waveform
carefully how waveform is changing with variation in parameters.
10. Mouse-hover on wave to see the variation of generated voltage with time. You can drag
it or Zoom In/Zoom Out the wave form for detail study.
11. Find out Front time and tail time from the wave from (how to find out front time and
tail time you have to see theory part).
12. after finding front time and tail time you can compare the generated Impulse wave with
standard switching impulse wave.

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Charging Generator Front Load Front Load Peak
Set Voltage Capacitance Resistor Resistor Inductance Inductance Impulse
no. Vo Cg Rf Rt Lf Lt Current
(Kv) (µF) (Ω) (V) (µH) (µH) (KA)

Set-1 50 3 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 2.498

Set-2 50 10 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.527

Set-3 50 20 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.066

Set-4 50 23 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.005

Set-5 50 3 0.8 0.501 0.6 0.4 1.728

Set-6 50 3 1 0.601 0.6 0.4 1.144

Set-7 50 3 1.2 0.701 0.6 0.4 0.707

WAVEFORMS:

Set - 1 Set- 2

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

Set – 3 Set - 4

Set – 5 Set - 6

Set - 7

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

CONCLUSION: This experiment is divided in to three parts for High Voltage

generation; (1)Cockroft Walton Voltage Multiplier. (11) Impulse
Voltage Generator. (111)Impulse Current Generator. This generators
are use to generate high voltageand current for testing power system
apparatus. So in this experiment testingis done in virtual lab
simulation. In this we get peak impulse, front time andtail time for
different values of capacitance, inductance and resistors.

Sign………….
Date…………..

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 PARUL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING (203106332) B. Tech. 3RD YEAR

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