JLPT N4 Vocabulary List
1. 上がる (agaru): to rise, to ascend
2. 挨拶 (aisatsu): greeting, salutation
3. 味 (aji): flavor, taste
4. 赤ちゃん (akachan): baby, infant
5. 赤ん坊 (akanbou): baby, infant
6. 案内 (annai): guidance, leading (the way)
7. 安心 (anshin): relief, peace of mind
8. 安全 (anzen): safety
9. 浅い (asai): shallow, superficial
10. 足音 (ashioto): sound of footsteps
11. 遊び (asobi): playing
12. 集る (atsumaru): to gather, to collect, to assemble
13. 集める (atsumeru): to collect, to assemble, to gather
14. 合う (au): to fit, to match, to suit
15. 謝る (ayamaru): to apologize
16. 倍 (bai): twice, double, times
17. 番組 (bangumi): program (e.g. TV)
18. 場所 (basho): place, location
19. 別 (betsu): different, another
20. 美術館 (bijutsukan): art gallery, art museum
21. びっくり (bikkuri): to be surprised
22. 僕 (boku): I, me
23. 貿易 (boueki): trade (foreign)
24. 部長 (buchou): head of a section or department
25. ぶどう (budou): grape
26. 文学 (bungaku): literature
27. 文化 (bunka): culture, civilization
28. 文法 (bunpou): grammar
29. 血 (chi): blood
30. 力 (chikara): force, strength, vigor
31. 地理 (chiri): geography
32. 中学校 (chuugakkou): junior high school
33. 注意 (chuui): caution, being careful
34. 注射 (chuusha): injection
35. 駐車場 (chuushajou): parking lot
36. 大分 (daibu): considerably, greatly
37. 大学生 (daigakusei): university student
38. 大事 (daiji): important, serious, crucial
39. 大体 (daitai): general, substantially
40. だから (dakara): so, therefore
41. 駄目 (dame): no good, useless
42. 暖房 (danbou): (indoor) heating
43. 男性 (dansei): man, male
44. 電報 (denpou): telegram
45. 電灯 (dentou): electric light
46. どんどん (dondon): rapidly, continuously
47. 泥棒 (dorobou): thief, burglar, robber, theft
48. 動物園 (doubutsuen): zoo
49. 道具 (dougu): tool, implement
50. 枝 (eda): branch, bough
51. 遠慮 (enryo): constraint, restraint, modesty
52. 選ぶ (erabu): to choose, to select
53. 不便 (fuben): inconvenience
54. 増える (fueru): to increase, to multiply
55. 深い (fukai): deep, profound
56. 復習 (fukushuu): review, revision
57. 複雑 (fukuzatsu): complex, complicated
58. 踏む (fumu): to step on, to tread on
59. 船 (fune): ship, boat
60. 布団 (futon): futon
61. 太る (futoru): to grow fat
62. 普通 (futsuu): general, ordinary, usual
63. 頑張る (ganbaru): to hang on, to do one’s best
64. 原因 (gen’in): cause, origin, source
65. 下宿 (geshuku): boarding, lodging
66. 技術 (gijutsu): technology, engineering
67. ご馳走 (gochisou): feast, treating (someone)
68. 塵 (gomi): rubbish, trash, garbage
69. ご覧になる (goran ni naru): to see, to look, to watch
70. ご存じ (gozonji): knowing
71. ご主人 (goshujin): your husband
72. 具合 (guai): condition, state, health
73. 軍人 (gunjin): military personnel, soldier
74. 葉 (ha): leaf
75. 拝見 (haiken): seeing, look at
76. 歯医者 (haisha): dentist
77. 始める (hajimeru): to start, to begin
78. はっきり (hakkiri): clearly, plainly
79. 運ぶ (hakobu): to carry, to transport
80. 花見 (hanami): cherry blossom viewing
81. 反対 (hantai): opposition, resistance
82. 払う (harau): to pay
83. 発音 (hatsuon): pronunciation
84. 林 (hayashi): woods, forest
85. 恥ずかしい (hazukashii): shy, embarrassed
86. 変 (hen): strange, odd, peculiar
87. 返事 (henji): reply, answer, response
88. 酷い (hidoi): cruel, heartless
89. 冷える (hieru): to grow cold
90. ひげ (hige): mustache, beard
91. 非常に (hijou ni): very, extremely
92. 光 (hikari): light, beam
93. 光る (hikaru): to shine, to glitter
94. 引き出し (hikidashi): drawer
95. 引き出す (hikidasu): to pull out, to take out
96. 引っ越す (hikkosu): to move (house)
97. 飛行場 (hikoujou): airfield, airport
98. 開く (hiraku): to open, to undo
99. 昼間 (hiruma): daytime, during the day
100. 拾う (hirou): to pick up
101. 昼休み (hiruyasumi): lunch break
102. 久しぶり (hisashiburi): it’s been a while
103. 褒める (homeru): to praise, to admire
104. 翻訳 (honyaku): translation
105. 星 (hoshi): star
106. ほとんど (hotondo): mostly, nearly
107. 法律 (houritsu): law
108. 一度 (ichido): once, one time
109. 医学 (igaku): medical science, medicine
110. 苛める (ijimeru): to bully, to torment
111. 以上 (ijou): not less than, beyond
112. 以下 (ika): not exceeding, below
113. 意見 (iken): opinion, view, comment
114. 生きる (ikiru): to live, to exist
115. 以内 (inai): within, inside of
116. 田舎 (inaka): rural area, countryside
117. 祈る (inoru): to pray, to wish
118. 一杯 (ippai): full, a lot
119. 石 (ishi): stone, gem, jewel
120. 一生懸命 (isshoukenmei): very hard, with utmost effort
121. 急ぐ (isogu): to hurry, to rush
122. 糸 (ito): thread, yarn, string
123. 邪魔 (jama): hindrance, obstacle
124. 字 (ji): character (i.e. kanji)
125. 時代 (jidai): period, epoch, era, age
126. 事故 (jiko): accident, incident, trouble
127. 事務所 (jimusho): office
128. 神社 (jinja): Shinto shrine
129. 人口 (jinkou): population
130. 地震 (jishin): earthquake
131. 辞典 (jiten): dictionary
132. 自由 (jiyuu): freedom, liberty
133. 女性 (josei): woman, female
134. 準備 (junbi): preparation, set up
135. 十分 (juubun): plenty, enough, sufficient
136. 住所 (juusho): address
137. 壁 (kabe): wall, partition
138. 課長 (kachou): section manager, section chief
139. 帰り (kaeri): return, coming back
140. 変える (kaeru): to change, to alter
141. 科学 (kagaku): science
142. 鏡 (kagami): mirror, looking-glass
143. 海岸 (kaigan): coast, beach
144. 会議 (kaigi): meeting, conference
145. 会議室 (kaigishitsu): conference room
146. 会場 (kaijou): assembly hall, meeting place
147. 会話 (kaiwa): conversation
148. 火事 (kaji): fire, conflagration
149. 掛ける (kakeru): to hang, to hoist, to raise
150. 格好 (kakkou): shape, form, figure
151. 構う (kamau): to mind, to care about
152. 髪 (kami): hair (on the head)
153. 噛む (kamu): to bite, to chew, to gnaw
154. 家内 (kanai): (my) wife
155. 必ず (kanarazu): always, without exception
156. 悲しい (kanashii): sad, sorrowful
157. 金持ち (kanemochi): rich person
158. 考える (kangaeru): to think about
159. 関係 (kankei): relation, relationship, connection
160. 彼女 (kanojo): she, her
161. 簡単 (kantan): simple, easy, uncomplicated
162. 顔 (kao): face, look
163. 彼 (kare): he, him
164. 彼ら (karera): they, them
165. 形 (katachi): form, shape, figure
166. 硬い (katai): hard, solid, tough
167. 片付ける (katazukeru): to tidy up, to put in order
168. 勝つ (katsu): to win, to gain victory
169. 乾く (kawaku): to get dry
170. 代わり (kawari): substitute, replacement
171. 変わる (kawaru): to change, to be transformed
172. 通う (kayou): to go back and forth between
173. 飾る (kazaru): to decorate, to ornament
174. 毛 (ke): hair, fur, wool
175. 怪我 (kega): injury, hurt
176. 計画 (keikaku): plan, project
177. 経験 (keiken): experience
178. 警察 (keisatsu): police
179. 経済 (keizai): economics, economy
180. 見物 (kenbutsu): sightseeing, watching
181. 喧嘩 (kenka): quarrel, brawl, fight
182. 研究 (kenkyuu): study, research, investigation
183. 研究室 (kenkyuushitsu): laboratory
184. 消しゴム (keshogomu): eraser
185. 景色 (keshiki): scenery, landscape
186. 気 (ki): spirit, mind, heart
187. 厳しい (kibishii): severe, strict, rigid
188. 気分 (kibun): feeling, mood
189. 機会 (kikai): chance, opportunity
190. 危険 (kiken): danger, peril, hazard
191. 聞こえる (kikoeru): to be heard, to be audible
192. 決る (kimaru): to be decided, to be settled
193. 決める (kimeru): to decide, to choose
194. 君 (kimi): you, buddy, pal
195. 気持ち (kimochi): feeling, sensation, mood
196. 近所 (kinjo): neighborhood
197. 季節 (kisetsu): season
198. 汽車 (kisha): train
199. 規則 (kisoku): rule, regulation
200. きっと: surely, undoubtedly
201. 心 (kokoro): mind, heart, spirit
202. 国内 (kokunai): internal, domestic
203. 国際 (kokusai): international
204. 細かい (komakai): small, fine, minute
205. 米 (kome): rice
206. 込む (komu): to be crowded, to be packed
207. 今度 (kondo): this time, next time
208. この間 (kono aida): the other day, lately
209. この頃 (kono goro): recently, nowadays
210. 今夜 (kon’ya): this evening, tonight
211. これから (kore kara): after this
212. 故障 (koshou): breakdown, out of order
213. 答え (kotae): answer, reply, response
214. 事 (koto): thing, matter
215. 小鳥 (kotori): small bird, songbird
216. 校長 (kouchou): principal, headmaster
217. 講堂 (koudou): auditorium, lecture hall
218. 郊外 (kougai): suburb, outskirts
219. 講義 (kougi): lecture
220. 工業 (kougyou): (manufacturing) industry
221. 工場 (koujou): factory, plant, mill
222. 高校 (koukou): senior high school, high school
223. 高校生 (koukousei): senior high school student
224. 公務員 (koumuin): government worker, public servant
225. 交通 (koutsuu): traffic, transportation
226. 壊れる (kowareru): to be broken
227. 壊す (kowasu): to break, to destroy
228. 首 (kubi): neck
229. 雲 (kumo): cloud
230. 比べる (kuraberu): to compare
231. 暮れる (kureru): to get dark, to grow dark
232. 草 (kusa): grass, weed, herb
233. 空気 (kuuki): air, atmosphere
234. 空港 (kuukou): airport
235. 怖い (kowai): scary, frightening
236. 客 (kyaku): guest, visitor
237. 教育 (kyouiku): education, schooling
238. 教会 (kyoukai): church
239. 興味 (kyoumi): interest, curiosity
240. 競争 (kyousou): competition, contest
241. 急 (kyuu): sudden, abrupt, unexpected
242. 急行 (kyuukou): moving at high speed
243. 間違える (machigaeru): to make a mistake
244. 参る (mairu): to go, to come (humble)
245. 真面目 (majime): seriousness, earnestness
246. 負ける (makeru): to lose, to be defeated
247. 漫画 (manga): cartoon, comic
248. 間に合う (maniau): to be in time for
249. 真中 (mannaka): middle, center
250. または (matawa): or, otherwise
251. 周り (mawari): surroundings, neighbourhood
252. 回る (mawaru): to turn, to revolve
253. まず (mazu): first of all
254. 召し上がる (meshiagaru): to eat, to drink
255. 珍しい (mezurashii): unusual, rare, curious
256. 見える (mieru): to be seen, to be in sight
257. 港 (minato): harbor, port
258. 見つかる (mitsukaru): to be found
259. 見つける (mitsukeru): to discover, to find
260. 湖 (mizuumi): lake
261. もちろん (mochiron): of course, certainly
262. 戻る (modoru): to return, to go back
263. 森 (mori): forest
264. もし (moshi): if, in case
265. 申し上げる (moushiageru): to say, to tell (humble)
266. 申す (mousu): to say, to be called (humble)
267. もうすぐ (mousugu): soon, shortly
268. 迎える (mukaeru): to go out to meet
269. 向かう (mukau): to face, to go towards
270. 昔 (mukashi): olden days, former
271. 無理 (muri): unreasonable, impossible
272. 虫 (mushi): insect, bug
273. 息子 (musuko): son
274. 娘 (musume): (my) daughter, girl
275. 投げる (nageru): to throw, to cast away
276. 中々 (nakanaka): very, considerably
277. 泣く (naku): to cry, to weep
278. 無くなる (nakunaru): to be lost, to be missing
279. 亡くなる (nakunaru): to die
280. 治る (naoru): to be cured
281. 直る (naoru): to get mended
282. 直す (naosu): to fix, to repair
283. 慣れる (nareru): to get used to
284. 鳴る (naru): to sound, to ring
285. なるほど (naru hodo): I see!, That’s right!
286. 寝坊 (nebou): sleeping in late
287. 値段 (nedan): price, cost
288. 眠い (nemui): sleepy, drowsy
289. 眠る (nemuru): to sleep
290. 熱心 (nesshin): zeal, enthusiasm
291. 熱 (netsu): heat
292. 苦い (nigai): bitter
293. 逃げる (nigeru): to escape, to run away
294. 二階建て (nikaidate): two-storied building
295. 日記 (nikki): diary, journal
296. 人形 (ningyou): doll
297. 匂い (nioi): scent, smell
298. 似る (niru): to resemble, to look like
299. 喉 (nodo): throat
300. 残る (nokoru): to remain, to be left
301. 乗り換える (norikaeru): to transfer (trains), to change (bus, train)
302. 乗り物 (norimono): vehicle, conveyance
303. 濡れる (nureru): to get wet
304. 塗る (nuru): to paint, to plaster
305. 盗む (nusumu): to steal
306. 入学 (nyuugaku): entry to school or university
307. 入院 (nyuuin): hospitalization
308. 落ちる (ochiru): to fall down, to drop
309. 踊り (odori): dance
310. 驚く (odoroku): to be surprised, to be astonished
311. 踊る (odoru): to dance
312. お祝い (oiwai): congratulations, celebration
313. お嬢さん (ojousan): (your) daughter, young lady
314. 可笑しい (okashii): funny, strange, odd
315. 行う (okonau): to perform, to do
316. 怒る (okoru): to get angry, to get mad
317. 起こす (okosu): to raise, to wake, to cause
318. 億 (oku): hundred million
319. 屋上 (okujou): rooftop
320. 贈り物 (okurimono): present, gift
321. 遅れる (okureru): to be late, to be delayed
322. 送る (okuru): to send, to dispatch
323. お祭り (omatsuri): festival, feast, carnival
324. お見舞い (omimai): calling on someone who is ill
325. お土産 (omiyage): present, souvenir
326. 玩具 (omocha): toy, plaything
327. 思い出す (omoidasu): to recall, to remember
328. 表 (omote): surface, face, front, outside
329. 思う (omou): to think, to consider
330. お礼 (orei): thanks, gratitude
331. 折れる (oreru): to break, to be broken
332. 折る (oru): to break, to fracture
333. 押し入れ (oshiire): closet
334. 仰る (ossharu): to say, to speak
335. お宅 (otaku): your house, your home, your family
336. 音 (oto): sound, noise
337. 落とす (otosu): to drop, to let fall
338. 夫 (otto): husband
339. お釣り (otsuri): change (for a purchase)
340. 終わり (owari): the end
341. 親 (oya): parent, parents
342. 歴史 (rekishi): history
343. 連絡 (renraku): to contact, to get in touch
344. 利用 (riyou): use, utilization
345. 理由 (riyuu): reason, motive
346. 留守 (rusu): absence, being away from home
347. 旅館 (ryokan): Japanese-style lodging
348. 両方 (ryouhou): both, both sides
349. 寂しい (sabishii): lonely, lonesome, solitary
350. 下がる (sagaru): to come down, to get lower
351. 探す (sagasu): to search, to look for
352. 下げる (sageru): to hang, to lower
353. 最後 (saigo): last, final, latest
354. 最近 (saikin): most recent, these days
355. 最初 (saisho): beginning, first
356. 坂 (saka): slope, hill
357. 盛ん (sakan): popular, prosperous
358. さっき (sakki): some time ago, just now
359. 昨夜 (sakuya): last night
360. 産業 (sangyou): industry
361. さ来月 (saraigetsu): month after next
362. さ来週 (saraishuu): week after next
363. 差し上げる (sashiageru): to give, to offer
364. 騒ぐ (sawagu): to make noise, to rustle
365. 触る (sawaru): to touch, to feel
366. 政治 (seiji): politics, government
367. 生活 (seikatsu): living, life
368. 生産 (seisan): production, manufacture
369. 西洋 (seiyou): the west, Western countries
370. 世界 (sekai): the world, society
371. 席 (seki): seat
372. 線 (sen): line, stripe, stria
373. 背中 (senaka): back (of body)
374. 先輩 (senpai): senior (at work or school)
375. 戦争 (sensou): war
376. 説明 (setsumei): explanation, exposition
377. 世話 (sewa): looking after, help
378. 社長 (shachou): company president
379. 社会 (shakai): society, public, community
380. 市 (shi): city
381. 試合 (shiai): match, game
382. しばらく: little while, short while
383. 叱る (shikaru): to scold
384. 仕方 (shikata): way, method, means
385. 試験 (shiken): examination, exam, test
386. しっかり: tightly, firmly, securely
387. 島 (shima): island
388. 市民 (shimin): citizen, citizenry, public
389. 品物 (shinamono): goods, article, thing
390. 新聞社 (shinbunsha): newspaper company
391. 心配 (shinpai): worry, concern, anxiety
392. 親切 (shinsetsu): kindness, gentleness
393. 調べる (shiraberu): to examine, to investigate
394. 知らせる (shiraseru): to notify, to advise, to inform
395. 下着 (shitagi): underwear
396. 支度 (shitaku): preparation, arrangements
397. 失礼 (shitsurei): discourtesy, impoliteness
398. 失敗 (shippai): failure, mistake, blunder
399. 食事 (shokuji): meal
400. 食料品 (shokuryouhin): foodstuff, groceries
401. 小学校 (shougakkou): primary school
402. 紹介 (shoukai): introduction, presentation
403. 小説 (shousetsu): novel, (short) story
404. 将来 (shourai): future, prospects
405. 招待 (shoutai): invitation
406. 趣味 (shumi): hobby, pastime
407. 出発 (shuppatsu): departure
408. 出席 (shusseki): attendance, presence
409. 習慣 (shuukan): habit, custom
410. 祖母 (sobo): grandmother
411. 育てる (sodateru): to raise, to rear, to bring up
412. 祖父 (sofu): grandfather
413. そんな (sonna): such
414. それで (sore de): and, thereupon
415. それほど (sore hodo): to that degree
416. それに (sore ni): besides, in addition
417. そろそろ (sorosoro): soon, momentarily
418. 卒業 (sotsugyou): graduation
419. 相談 (soudan): consultation, discussion
420. 素晴らしい (subarashii): wonderful, splendid
421. 滑る (suberu): to glide, to slide
422. 水道 (suidou): water supply, water service
423. 過ぎる (sugiru): to pass through, to pass by
424. 凄い (sugoi): terrible, dreadful, amazing
425. 水泳 (suiei): swimming
426. すっかり (sukkari): all, completely, totally
427. 空く (suku): to become empty
428. 隅 (sumi): corner, nook, recess
429. 済む (sumu): to finish, to end
430. 砂 (suna): sand, grit
431. 進む (susumu): to advance, to go forward
432. 捨てる (suteru): to throw away, to cast away
433. 数学 (suugaku): mathematics
434. 正しい (tadashii): right, correct
435. 退院 (taiin): discharge from hospital
436. 大抵 (taitei): mostly, ordinarily
437. たまに (tama ni): occasionally, once in a while
438. 棚 (tana): shelf, shelves
439. 楽しみ (tanoshimi): enjoyment, pleasure
440. 楽む (tanoshimu): to enjoy (oneself)
441. 倒れる (taoreru): to fall, to collapse
442. 足りる (tariru): to be sufficient, to be enough
443. 確か (tashika): sure, certain, positive
444. 足す (tasu): to add, to top up
445. 多数 (tasuu): large number, many
446. 畳 (tatami): tatami mat
447. 立てる (tateru): to stand up
448. 建てる (tateru): to build, to construct
449. 訪ねる (tazuneru): to visit, to call on
450. 尋ねる (tazuneru): to ask, to enquire
451. 手袋 (tebukuro): glove, mitten, mitt
452. 丁寧 (teinei): polite, courteous, careful
453. 適当 (tekitou): suitable, proper, fit
454. 点 (ten): point, dot, spot
455. 天 (ten): sky
456. 店員 (ten’in): shop assistant, clerk
457. 天気予報 (tenkiyohou): weather forecast
458. 展覧会 (tenrankai): exhibition
459. 寺 (tera): temple (Buddhist)
460. 手伝う (tetsudau): to help, to assist, to aid
461. 届ける (todokeru): to deliver, to send
462. 床屋 (tokoya): barbershop, barber
463. 特別 (tokubetsu): special
464. 特に (toku ni): particularly, especially
465. 特急 (tokkyuu): limited express
466. 泊まる (tomaru): to stay at (e.g. hotel)
467. 遠く (tooku): far away, distant
468. 通る (tooru): to go by, to go past
469. 取り替える (torikaeru): to exchange, to replace
470. とうとう (toutou): finally, at
471. 都合 (tsugou): circumstances, convenience
472. 捕まえる (tsukamaeru): to catch, to arrest
473. 月 (tsuki): moon
474. 付く (tsuku): to be attached, to adhere
475. 妻 (tsuma): wife
476. 連れる (tsureru): to lead, to take (a person)
477. 釣る (tsuru): to fish, to lure in
478. 伝える (tsutaeru): to convey, to report
479. 包む (tsutsumu): to wrap up, to tuck in
480. 続ける (tsuzukeru): to continue, to keep up
481. 続く (tsuzuku): to continue, to last, to go on
482. 腕 (ude): arm
483. 植える (ueru): to plant, to grow, to raise
484. 動く (ugoku): to move, to stir, to shift
485. 受ける (ukeru): to receive, to get
486. 受付 (uketsuke): reception (desk), information desk
487. 旨い (umai): delicious, appetizing
488. 運動 (undou): exercise, motion
489. 運転 (unten): operation, operating
490. 運転手 (untenshu): driver, chauffeur
491. 裏 (ura): reverse side, rear, back
492. 嬉しい (ureshii): happy, glad
493. 売り場 (uriba): sales floor, counter (in shop)
494. 嘘 (uso): lie, falsehood
495. 打つ (utsu): to hit, to strike, to knock
496. 美しい (utsukushii): beautiful, lovely
497. 移る (utsuru): to move (house), to transfer (department)
498. 写す (utsusu): to transcribe, to duplicate
499. 別れる (wakareru): to part, to separate
500. 沸かす (wakasu): to boil, to heat
501. 訳 (wake): reason, cause
502. 沸く (waku): to grow hot, to boil
503. 笑う (warau): to laugh
504. 割れる (wareru): to break, to be smashed
505. 割合 (wariai): rate, ratio
506. 忘れ物 (wasuremono): something forgotten
507. やはり (yahari): as expected
508. 焼ける (yakeru): to be roasted
509. 焼く (yaku): to burn, to roast, to bake
510. 役に立つ (yaku ni tatsu): to be helpful, to be useful
511. 約束 (yakusoku): promise, agreement
512. 止める (yameru): to stop
513. 止む (yamu): to cease, to stop
514. 優しい (yasashii): tender, kind, gentle
515. 痩せる (yaseru): to become thin, to slim
516. やっと (yatto): at last
517. 柔らかい (yawarakai): soft, tender
518. 用 (you): business, task, errand
519. 汚れる (yogoreru): to get dirty
520. 喜ぶ (yorokobu): to be delighted
521. 寄る (yoru): to approach, to drop by
522. 予習 (yoshuu): preparation for a lesson
523. 予定 (yotei): plans, arrangement
524. 用意 (youi): preparation, arrangements
525. 用事 (youji): tasks, things to do
526. 予約 (yoyaku): reservation, appointment
527. 湯 (yu): hot water
528. 指 (yubi): finger, toe
529. 指輪 (yubiwa): (finger) ring
530. 夢 (yume): dream
531. 輸入 (yunyuu): import, importation
532. 揺れる (yureru): to shake, to sway
533. 輸出 (yushutsu): export
534. 夕食 (yuushoku): evening meal, dinner
535. 残念 (zannen): deplorable, regret, bad luck
536. 随分 (zuibun): very, extremely, surprisingly
