Some Important Questions
Plasma Membrane:
Fluid Mosaic Model
Case history
Chemistry of Biomolecules
Definition and classification of Carbohydrates, lipids, aminoacids, proteins
Epimer, anomer, enantiomer, mutarotation, invert sugar
Lactose intolerance
Clinically useful carbohydrates
Glycosaminoglycans
Lung surfactants
Components of a phospholipid and action of phospholipases
Components of sphingomyelin
Levels of protein structure
Denaturation
Collagen- salient features
HbA, Glycated hemoglobin
Vitamins:
Classfication
Fat soluble vitamins- provitamins, dietary source, RDA, Biochemical functions, deficiency
Water soluble vitamins- RDA, dietary sourcecoenzyme forms, biochemical functions,
deficiency states, Folate trap, Vitamin C and few case histories
Enzymes:
Classification, Factors influencing enzyme action, enzyme inhibition, clinical enzymology,
Isoenzymes
Carbohydrate metabolism
Case histories
Significance of HMP pathway
Glycolysis- anaerobic aerobic; irreversible steps, energetics
1
Rapoport Luebring cycle
TCA cycle-energectics, amphibolic role
Anaplerotic reaction
Pyruvate –different reactions- lactic acid, acetyl CoA, oxalaoacetate
Main gluconeogenic enzymes; ATP required for synthesis of glucose molecule
Fructose intolerance, galactosemias, polyol pathway
Lipid Metabolism
Digestion and absorption
Chylomicron, VLDL metabolism, HDL reverse cholesterol transport, Type I and Type II
hyperlipoproteinemia
Beta oxidation- carnitine transport, energetics
Ketone body formation, utilization, ketoacidosis
Regulatory enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, regulation, inhibitor
Refsum disease, Zellweizer syndrome
COX 1 and COX in prostaglandin metabolism
Heme Metabolism
Synthesis and breakdown of Heme- key regulatory steps
Jaundice(types, diagnosis)
Porphyrias-acute intermittent porphyria
Mineral Metabolism
Facotrs influencing calcium and phosphorus metabolism- deficiency states, Paget’s disease
Iron absorption, transport and storage, disorders
Copper- examples of copper containing protein, Wilson’s disease
Zine-acrodermatitis enteropathica
Selenium
Aminoacid Metabolism
Digestion, Hartnup disease
Transamination, deamination, urea cycle and its disorders
Glycine –important products formed and disorder
2
Phenyl alanine, tyrosine- formation, disorders-inborn errors of metabolism ( PKU,
Alcaptonuria, Maple syrup disease, homocystinuria
Trptophan- products formed, carcinoid syndrome
Nucleotide metabolism
Draw the structure of Purine and pyrimidine ring- name the sources
Gout, Lesnyhan syndrome
Synthetic analogs
Orotic aciduria
Nutrition
Specific dynamic action
Definition of BMR, Factors influencing BMR
Protein energy mal nutrition-Kwoshiokor, Marasmus
Fatty liver, obesity
Molecule Biology
Cell cycle
Definition of replication; diagram of replication of fork, inhibitors
Mutations examples, repair, Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Steps of transcription, posttranscriptional modification, inhibitors
Translation- initiation complex formation, inibitors,-posttranslational modification
Salient features of genetic code
Strcutrue of tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
Gene regulation-lac operon,
Acid-Base Balance
First and second line defense- buffers, Hendersan-Hasselbach equation
Renal regulation of acid base balance
Metaboli and respiratory acidosis, alkalosis, compensation
Functions Tests-Liver,
Kidney and Thyroid function tests and disease
