A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
“RENEWABLE ENERGY”
SUBMITTED TO
GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT &
RESEARCH, JALGAON
A.Y .2023-2024
AFFILIATED TO
GAJANAN COLLAGE PACHORA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT & REQUIREMENT FOR
AWARD OF THE
DEGREE OF BCA
BY
NEHA RAJENRDA KHAIRNAR
BCA (1STYEAR)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. Mitali Shinde
Godavari Foundation’s
Godavari Institute of Management & Research,
Jalgaon
(NAAC Accredited B+ Institute)
Affiliated to KBCNMU, Jalgaon., Approved by AICTE, New Delhi., Recognized by State Govt. of Maharashtra
Plot no. P-54, Nr. Bharat Petroleum, Addl. MIDC, JALGAON 425003
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that NEHA RAJENRDA KHAIRNAR of BCA 1st year student (2023-
2024) of Godavari Institute Of Management And Research, Jalgaon has successfully
completed his project work entitled “” in order fulfill the partial RENEWABLE ENERGY
requirement of the degree of Bachelor of Computer Application affiliated to KBC North
Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.
The present project work is outcome of genuine research work Carried out by
him during the Semester II in A.Y. 2023-2024.
Prof. Mitali Shinde Prof. Mitali Shinde
Project Guide Co-ordinator
Dr.Prashant S. warke
Director
DECLARATION
I NEHA RAJENRDA KHAIRNAR hereby declare that the project entitled
“RENEWABLE ENERGY” is the genuine work for the fulfillment of bachelor of
computer application at GODAVARI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT &
RESEARCH, JALGAON and will be solely for the academic purpose.
To the best of my knowledge any part of this context has not been submitted earlier for
any degree, diploma or certificate communication.
NEHA RAJENRDA KHAIRNAR
BCA(1st Year)
INDEX
Sr.
Particular Page No.
No
1. Introduction 6-7
2. Definition 8-11
3. Objective and Research Methodology 11-12
4. Advantage And Disadvantage 13-15
5. Suggestion 16-19
6. Conclusion 20-23
7. Reference
Abstract
Renewable energy technologies have emerged as pivotal solutions to mitigate the
environmental impacts of traditional energy sources while addressing global energy
demands. This abstract explores recent advancements and promising opportunities in
renewable energy, encompassing solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass
sources.
Solar energy continues to lead the renewable revolution with ongoing innovations in
photovoltaic cells, energy storage, and concentrated solar power systems. Wind energy
technologies have witnessed substantial growth, aided by improved turbine efficiency and
offshore installations. Hydroelectric power, although established, sees modernization
through enhanced dam designs and micro-hydro installations.
Geothermal energy taps into Earth's heat reservoirs, with advancements in drilling
techniques and enhanced geothermal systems making it more accessible. Biomass energy,
derived from organic materials, is undergoing refinement in conversion processes, such as
pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion, to maximize energy yield and minimize emissions.
Furthermore, integration with smart grids, energy storage solutions like batteries and
hydrogen, and digitalization through Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI)
optimize the reliability and efficiency of renewable energy systems. Policy support and
investment incentives further propel the transition towards a sustainable energy future.
This abstract highlights the imperative role of renewable energy in combating climate
change and fostering energy security, emphasizing the need for continued research,
innovation, and global collaboration to unlock the full potential of renewable resources.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy has been an important component of India’s energy planning. The
importance of renewable energy sources in the transition to a sustainable energy base was recognized in
the early 1970s. Modern renewable energy is being used increasingly in four distinct markets: power
generation, heating and cooling, transport, and rural/off-grid energy services. The Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) in India has been facilitating the implementation of broad spectrum programs
including harnessing renewable power, renewable energy for rural areas for lighting, cooking and motive
power, use of renewable energy in urban, industrial and commercial applications and development of
alternate fuels and applications. In addition, it supports research, design and development of new and
renewable energy technologies, products and services. The approach for deployment of new and
renewable energy systems focused on a mix of subsidy, fiscal incentives, preferential tariffs, market
mechanism and affirmative action such as renewable purchase obligations by way of legislation and
policies. Financial support has also been extended to research and development (R&D), information &
publicity and other support programs. Renewable energy plays an important role in the long-term energy
supply security, diversification of energy mix, energy access, environmental security and sustainability.
Renewable energy is bound to play an increasing role in future energy systems. This chapter analyses
central level policies and interventions for renewable energy applications and also recommends a set of
guidelines to serve as a roadmap to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies
CHAPTER 2
DEFINITION
Renewable energy is energy from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human
timescale.
Renewable resources include sunlight, wind, the movement of water, and geothermal heat.
Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example,
some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation.
Renewable energy is often used for electricity generation, heating and cooling. to rural and remote areas
and developing countries, where energy is often crucial in human development.
In addition, electrification with renewable energy is more efficient and therefore leads to significant
reductions in primary energy requirements.[9]
From 2011 to 2021, renewable energy has grown from 20% to 28% of global electricity supply. Use of
fossil energy shrank from 68% to 62%, and nuclear from 12% to 10%. The share of hydropower decreased
from 16% to 15% while power from sun and wind increased from 2% to 10%.
Biomass and geothermal energy grew from 2% to 3%. There are 3,146 gigawatts installed in 135
countries, while 156 countries have laws regulating the renewable energy sector. In 2021, China accounted
for almost half of the global increase in renewable electricity.
.
The cheapest new-build electricityMany nations around the world already have renewable energy
contributing more than 20% of their total energy supply, with some generating over half their electricity
from renewables.
A few countries generate all their electricity using renewable energy. National renewable energy markets
are projected to continue to grow strongly in the 2020s and beyond.
According to the IEA, to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, 90% of global electricity generation will
need to be produced from renewable sources.Some studies have shown that a global transition to 100%
renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and desalination – is feasible and economically
viable. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to fossil fuels, which
are concentrated in a limited number of countries.
Deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies is resulting in significant energy
security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits. However renewables are being hindered by
hundreds of billions of dollars of fossil fuel subsidies. In international public opinion surveys there is
strong support for renewables such as solar power and wind power.
In 2022 the International Energy Agency asked countries to solve policy, regulatory, permitting and
financing obstacles to adding more renewables, to have a better chance of reaching net zero carbon
emissions by 2050.
Status Repot
Power generation from renewable sources is on the rise in India, with the share of renewable energy
in the country’s total installed capacity rising from 7.8% in 2008 to around 13% in 2014 (IREDA, 2014).
India now has about 36.4 GW of installed renewable energy capacity. Of these, wind is the largest
contributor and stands at around 23.7 GW of installed capacity making India the world’s fifth largest wind
energy producer.
Small hydro power (4.1 GW), bio-energy (4.4 GW) and solar energy (4 GW) constitute the remaining
capacity (MNRE, 2015). It has been reported that in terms of electricity generation, approximately 70
billion units per year is being generated from renewable sources (MNRE, 2014). Figure 1 below shows the
renewable energy mix in the total installed capacity in India.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) was launched in 2010 after which the Indian
SPV market has seen significant growth. Grid connected SPV mainly consists of ground mounted, rooftop
and distribution grid plants. With the provision of institutional arrangements, national and local enabling
mechanisms, and targeted policies, including appropriate subsidies and financing arrangements, the total
installed capacity rose from 40 MW in 2010 to 2686 MW as on 30 June 2014.
An aggregate capacity of 1686 MW was installed in JNNSM Phase I, and an additional capacity of 1000
MW has been added in Phase II of the programme (TERI, 2014-15). The total installed capacity of grid
connected SPV as on June 2015 is 4060.65 MW (MNRE, 2015), which includes central and state level
initiatives. In order to meet this target, the government is taking a number of measures which are listed
below: Provision of renewable purchase obligation (RPO) for solar power in the National
∙ Tariff Policy Grant of subsidy on off-grid applications and GBI facility for bundled power and
∙ Viability Gap Funding (VGF) for grid-connected solar power projects through various interventions
announced from time to time Setting up ultra-mega solar power projects and solar parks, 1 MW solar
parks on the
∙ banks of canals, and solar power driven agricultural pump sets for energizing 1 lakh pumps.
Concessional import duty/excise duty exemption for setting up of solar power
∙ plants, accelerated depreciation and tax holiday.
The first phase of the programme provided learning experiences to the government, such as reduction in
tariffs is possible if the capacity to be allotted is high, experienced companies are interested in large
projects and transmission and evacuation system is still a major issue.
Apart from that, timely payment and assurance of continuity is essential from the point of view of the
lender, the domestic manufacturing units need more R&D support since majority of the equipment are
imported increasing the overall price.
Rooftop solar has been relatively lackluster in India with no clear policy thrust so far and only about 350
MW of rooftop solar being installed (100 MW) of total rooftop capacity.
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in India has reached the 225 MW mark. In 2014, the
world’s largest linear Fresnel plant of 125 MW and equivalent to 13% of global added
capacity came on line in India. The Dhursar CSP plant of 125 MW is located in
Rajasthan and is Asia’s largest CSP installation. Another plant of 50 MW located in
Andhra Pradesh was also commissioned in 2014
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy is the most abundant of all energy resources and can even be harnessed in cloudy weather.
The rate at which solar energy is intercepted by the Earth is about 10,000 times greater than the rate at
which humankind consumes energy.
Solar technologies can deliver heat, cooling, natural lighting, electricity, and fuels for a host of
applications. Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic panels
or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation.
Although not all countries are equally endowed with solar energy, a significant contribution to the energy
mix from direct solar energy is possible for every country.
The cost of manufacturing solar panels has plummeted dramatically in the last decade, making them not
only affordable but often the cheapest form of electricity. Solar panels have a lifespan of roughly 30 years,
and come in variety of shades depending on the type of material used in manufacturing.
WIND ENERGY
Wind energy harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air by using large wind turbines located on land
(onshore) or in sea- or freshwater (offshore). Wind energy has been used for millennia, but onshore and
offshore wind energy technologies have evolved over the last few years to maximize the electricity
produced - with taller turbines and larger rotor diameters.
Though average wind speeds vary considerably by location, the world’s technical potential for wind
energy exceeds global electricity production, and ample potential exists in most regions of the world to
enable significant wind energy deployment.
Many parts of the world have strong wind speeds, but the best locations for generating wind power are
sometimes remote ones. Offshore wind power offers tremendous potential.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal energy utilizes the accessible thermal energy from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted from
geothermal reservoirs using wells or other means.
Reservoirs that are naturally sufficiently hot and permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs, whereas
reservoirs that are sufficiently hot but that are improved with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced
geothermal systems.
Once at the surface, fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity. The technology for
electricity generation from hydrothermal reservoirs is mature and reliable, and has been operating for more
than 100 years.
HYDROPOWER
Hydropower harnesses the energy of water moving from higher to lower elevations. It can be generated
from reservoirs and rivers. Reservoir hydropower plants rely on stored water in a reservoir, while run-of-
river hydropower plants harness energy from the available flow of the river.
Hydropower reservoirs often have multiple uses - providing drinking water, water for irrigation, flood and
drought control, navigation services, as well as energy supply.
Hydropower currently is the largest source of renewable energy in the electricity sector. It relies on
generally stable rainfall patterns, and can be negatively impacted by climate-induced droughts or changes
to ecosystems which impact rainfall patterns.
The infrastructure needed to create hydropower can also impact on ecosystems in adverse ways. For this
reason, many consider small-scale hydro a more environmentally-friendly option, and especially suitable
for communities in remote locations.
OCEAN ENERGY
Ocean energy derives from technologies that use the kinetic and thermal energy of seawater - waves or
currents for instance - to produce electricity or heat.
Ocean energy systems are still at an early stage of development, with a number of prototype wave and tidal
current devices being explored. The theoretical potential for ocean energy easily exceeds present human
energy requirements
BIOENERGY
Bioenergy is produced from a variety of organic materials, called biomass, such as wood, charcoal, dung
and other manures for heat and power production, and agricultural crops for liquid biofuels. Most biomass
is used in rural areas for cooking, lighting and space heating, generally by poorer populations in
developing countries.
Modern biomass systems include dedicated crops or trees, residues from agriculture and forestry, and
various organic waste streams.Energy created by burning biomass creates greenhouse gas emissions, but at
lower levels than burning fossil fuels like coal, oil or gasHowevebioenergyshould only be used in limited
applications, given potential .
CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Include:
Environmental and economic benefits of using renewable energy
Generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels and reduces some types
of air pollution
Diversifying energy supply and reducing dependence on imported fuels
Creating economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation,ect.
● Methodology :-
Our approach employs several strategies to meet our renewable energy goals:
• Energy Efficiency: Innovate to continuously increase the energy efficiency of our operations and devices.
• Off-Site Renewable Projects: Invest in new, utility-scale renewable energy projects.
• Site Energy Contracts: Participate in green tariff programs with utilities and pursue new renewable
projects through competitive site energy contracts.
• Policy Engagement: Support public policy that advances access to and the expansion of clean energy for
Amazon
• On-Site Solar: Deploy rooftop solar systems on buildings.
CHAPTER 4
AVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
and even sources that naturally replenish themselves – such as sunlight, wind, water, biomass,
geothermal (underground) heat.
Unlike the mining of coal, oil, and natural gas – which requires extensive networks of
heavy machinery, processing stations, pipelines, and
● The Advantages of Renewable Energy Resources
1) A Fuel Supply That Never Runs Out
As the name suggests, renewable energy is created from transportation – renewables convert natural
resources directly into electricity. And while many fossil fuels are becoming harder and more expensive to
source – resulting in the destruction of natural habitats and – renewable energy never runs out.
2) Zero Carbon Emissions
Perhaps the most significant benefit of renewable energy is that there are no greenhouse gasses or other
pollutants created during the process. Whereas coal power plants create around 2.2 pounds of CO2 for
every kilowatt-hour of electricity – solar panels and wind turbines create none at all.
As we race to decarbonize our world and embrace energy sources that don’t contribute to global
warming, renewables are helping to provide us with emission-free energy, heat, cars, and even air travel.
3) Cleaner Air and Water
Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity does far more than warm the climate; it also contaminates the
air we breathe and the water we drink.
Coal power stations, for example, release high volumes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide
(N2O) directly into the atmosphere – two of the most potent greenhouse gasses. But in addition, they
also emit mercury, lead, sulfur dioxide, particulates, and dangerous metals – which can cause a host of
health problems ranging from breathing difficulties to premature death. Fossil fuel electricity can also
contaminate waterways, both from air pollution that falls to the ground during rain, and waste materials
created during the production process.
On the other hand, renewable energy creates no pollution, waste, or contamination risks to air and water.
And while the COVID-19 lockdowns gave us a glimpse of clear skies in major cities all over the world,
renewable energy has the potential to make clean air the new normal.
4) A Cheaper Form of Electricity
With the rapid growth of renewable energy over the last ten years, solar and wind power are now the
cheapest sources of electricity in many parts of the world. In the United Arab Emirates – an area well-
known for its abundant land and sunny weather – a new sun farm recently secured the world’s lowest
price of solar energy at just 1.35c per kilowatt-hour.
The dramatic decline in solar and wind costs has even led to many fossil fuel multinationals –
including the six major oil companies – to focus on renewable energy investment instead. And whereas
green energy was once a “clean-but-expensive” alternative – it’s now helping to reduce energy bills for
people all over the world.
5) Renewable Energy Creates New Jobs
With an increasing focus on global warming and many governments setting ambitious carbon-reduction
goals, one of the surprising renewable energy advantages is that it has quickly become a major source of
new job growth.
In America, renewables now employ three times as many people as fossil-fuels, and the Bureau of
Statistics predicts that wind turbine technicians and solar panel installers will be some of the fastest-
growing jobs over the next decade. And in addition to keeping
millions of people in work over extended periods – many renewable energy jobs also pay above-average
wages.
CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
1) Higher Capital Costs
While renewable energy systems need no fuel and can deliver substantial long-term savings, their up-
front costs can still be prohibitive. For example, installing a solar system on your home may cost $10,000 –
$20,000, and despite your desire to power your house with renewable energy, the price tag may push it
out of reach.
On a larger scale, wind farms, solar parks, and hydropower stations require significant investment, land,
and electrical infrastructure, resulting in some projects being delayed, altered, or even canceled.
Thankfully, renewable energy sources such as solar panels and wind turbines have continued to fall in cost
due to growing economies of scale, improved manufacturing, and the popularity of renewable energy
certificates.
2) Electricity Production Can Be Unreliable
Renewable energy systems rely on natural resources such as sunlight, wind, and water, and therefore,
their electricity generation can be as unpredictable as the weather. Solar panels lose efficiency on cloudy
days, wind turbines aren’t effective in calm weather, and hydropower systems need consistent snow and
rainfall to maintain reliable production.
At the same time, when renewable systems produce too much energy, they risk overloading the grid and
causing major problems for network operators. Australia, the country with the most solar panels per
capita, is considering new export measures to prevent too much solar power from entering the grid on
sunny days – and even charging system owners to do so.
One of the advantages of non-renewable energy – such as the output from a coal power station – is a
consistent flow of energy that can be ramped up and down. But the intermittency of renewables,
combined with their accelerating deployment, requires many expensive infrastructure upgrades to
maintain reliable supply – which are ultimately paid for by the end-users.
3) Energy Storage Is a Challenge
Due to the intermittent nature of renewables, they need forms of energy storage to capture and release
electricity in a consistent and controlled way.
Utility-scale batteries have gained significant momentum in recent years, such as the world’s largest
system that recently came online in California. However, despite falling costs, storage technology is still
relatively expensive and there are some lingering questions regarding its reliability and lifespan.
Thankfully, many of the existing systems in operation are generating promising results. Tesla’s “big
battery” in South Australia – the largest of its kind when built – has delivered significant savings to local
customers while keeping the lights on during grid interruptions. And with tccelerating growth of
renewables all over the world, it seems that large-scale energy storage .
CHAPTER 5
SUGGESTION
What is renewable energy?
Renewable energy, called sometimes new energies, refers to energy that come from sources that can be
replaced continuously in nature, such as sunlight, water, and wind.
They’re more sustainable than fossil fuels, which will run out over time; their carbon footprints are far
smaller; and they are safer for the environment.
Despite the benefits that renewable energy poses for reducing carbon emissions, tackling climate change,
and protecting our health, we’re not at a stage when we can switch completely.
Power from sources like wind and the sun can fluctuate depending on what the weather is doing, and we
can’t easily store electricity from these sources as it’s produced.
Renewable energy has grown rapidly in recent years, especially in the electricity sector where renewables
now account for the largest power capacity additions globally. However, renewables still account for only
just above 10% of final energy consumption and the energy sector remains dominated by fossil fuels.
Renewables need to increase further and faster to bring about an energy transition that achieves cliensures
energy access for all, reduces air pollution and improves energy security.
These 20 recommendations provide guiding principles for policy making, based on best practicesobserved
across IEA member states and partner countries. They can be adapted to suit specific national and local
circumstances.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
Renewable energy supplies reduce the emission of greenhouse gases significantly if replaced with fossil
fuels. Since renewable energy supplies are obtained naturally from ongoing flows of energy in our
surroundings, it should be sustainable.
For renewable energy to be sustainable, it must be limitless and provide non-harmful delivery of
environmental goods and services.
For instance, a sustainable biofuel should not increase the net CO₂ emissions, should not unfavourably
affect food security, nor threaten biodiversity (Twidell & Weir, Citation2015).
Is that really what is happening today?
I guess not.
In spite of the outstanding advantages of renewable energy sources, certain shortcoming exists such as:
Discontinuity of generation due to seasonal variations as most renewable energy resources are climate-
dependent, that is why its exploitation requires complex design, planning and control optimization
methods.
Fortunately, the continuous technological advances in computer hardware and software are permitting
scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties using computational resources applicable to
the renewable and sustainable energy field
CHAPTER 7
REFERANCE
Renewable energy is often used for electricity generation, heating and cooling. Renewable energy
projects are typically large-scale, but they are also suited to rural and remote areas and developing
countries, where energy is often crucial in human development.
Renewable energy is often deployed together with further electrification, which has several benefits:
electricity can move heat or objects efficiently, and is clean at the point of consumption.
In addition, electrification with renewable energy is more efficient and therefore leads to significant
reductions in primary energy requirements.
.
1. In 2021, China accounted for almost half of the global increase in renewable electricity.
2. Globally there are over 10 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar
photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.
3. Renewable energy systems are rapidly becoming more efficient and cheaper and their share of total
energy consumption is increasing, with a large majority of worldwide newly installed electricity
capacity being renewable.
4. In most countries, photovoltaic solar or onshore wind are the cheapest new-build electricity
5. Many nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of their
total energy supply, with some generating over half their electricity from renewables.
6. A few countries generate all their electricity using renewable energy.
7. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the 2020s and
beyond.
8. According to the IEA, to achieve net zero emissions by 2050, 90% of global electricity generation
will need to be produced from renewable sources.
9. Some studies have shown that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors –
power, heat, transport and desalination – is feasible and economically viable.
10. Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to fossil fuels, which
are concentrated in a limited number of countries.
11. Deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies is resulting in
significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.
12. However renewables are being hindered by hundreds of billions of dollars of fossil fuel subsidies.
13. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for renewables such as solar power
and wind power.
