XII ACTIVITY RECORD
NOTE: Apart from circuit/graphs/ray diagram/figures everything
else will come on the ruled side.
ACTIVITY 1
Aim
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches,a
fuse and a power source.
Material
Material: Three bulbs (6 V, 1W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power
supply (battery . eliminator), three (on/off) switches flexible connecting wire
with red and black plastic covering,a fuse wire.
Supplementary: Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch.
Theory
Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 V A.C. and 50 Hz. The
household circuit, all appliances are connected in “parallel” with mains. The
switches are connected in series with each appliances in live wire. 5 A switches
are required for normal appliances like, bulbs, fluorescent tubes fans etc. 15 A
sockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances ‘ like, refrigerator,
air conditioner, geyser, hot plates etc. All appliances must have three wires called
live, neutral and the earth. Total power consumption ‘P’ at a time
P = P1 + P2 + P3 +………..
where P1 , P2 , P3 are the powers drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse
of little higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all
appliances. For further safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is
connected in series with supply source.
Diagram (BLANK SIDE)
Procedure
1. Connect the bulbs B1, B2 and B3 in series with switches S1, S2 and
S3 respectively and connect each set of B-S in parallel with each other.
2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to
get required voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply (battery
eliminator).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set.
6. Check the circuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must bum off at about
0.6 A.
ACTIVITY 2
Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
Apparatus and material
Resistor, ammeter, (0-1.5A) voltmeter (0-5V ), battery, one way key, rheostat,
sand paper, connecting wires.
Diagram(BLANK SIDE)
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each
other as shown in diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential
difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
Result
The components of the electrical circuit were assembled.
PRECAUTIONS:
[Link] positive terminal of the battery should be connected to the positive
terminal of ammeter and positive terminal of the voltmeter.
2. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter
should be connected in parallel with the resistor.
3. Sand paper should be used to clean the ends of connecting wires and leads of
the component terminals. Grease/oil or oxide layer on their surfaces is
insulating in nature and needs to be removed. However, do not clean the plugs
and keys with sand paper. Excessive use of sand paper in such a case will make
the plug unfit to be used with the key.
ACTIVITY 3
Aim
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not
connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
Apparatus and material
A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, resistance box (0 to 100 £2), two
or one way key. D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.
Theory
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a
such a manner that on closing the circuit no current is drawn from the battery.
CIRCUIT (BLANK SIDE)
Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery
eliminator.
esistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Correct circuit diagram: (Components connected in proper order)
ACTIVITY4
Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor
from a mixed collection of such items.
Apparatus Multimeter, above mentioned mixed collection of items.
Theory
For identification, appearance and working of each item will have to be considered.
1. A diode is a two terminal device. It conducts when forward biased and does
not conduct when reverse biased. It does not emit light while
conducting. Hence, it does not glow.
2. A LED (light emitting diode) is also a two terminal device. It also conducts
when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits
light while conducting. Hence, it glow.
3. A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals represent emitter (E),
base (B) and collector (C).
4. An IC (integrated circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See
figure (UM 3482 IC Tone Generator)]
5. A resistor is a two terminal device. It conducts when either forward biased
or reverse biased. (Infact there is no forward or reverse bias for a
resistor). It conducts even when operated with A.C. voltage.
6. A capacitor is also a two terminal device. It does not conduct when either
forward biased or reverse biased. When a capacitor is connected to a
D.C. source, then multimeter shows full scale current initially but it decay
to zero quickly. It is because that initially a capacitor draw a charge.
The components to be identified are shown in figure. (BLANK SIDE)
Observations
ACTIVITY 5
Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
Apparatus
Glass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, office pins, protractor.
Theory
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards
the normal since refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted
ray (QR) travel along straight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away
from the normal since refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray
(RS) out through face DC is called emergent ray.
From the following diagram
1. The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e. i = e.
2. The emergent ray is laterally deviated from its original path (incident
ray) by a distance d = t sec r sin (i – r).
Diagram (BLANK SIDE)
Conclusions
1. Angle of incidence (i) = Angle of emergence (e).
2. The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the thickness of
the slab.
3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i).
ACTIVITY 6
Aim
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. .
Apparatus
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes, a screen a source of monochromatic light
(laser pencil) black paper and a glass plate.
Theory
Diffraction is a phenomenon of bending of light around the comers or edges
of a fine opening or aperture. Diffraction takes place when order of
wavelength is comparable or small to the size of slit or aperture. The
diffraction effect is more pronounced if the size of the aperture or the
obstacle is of the order of wavelength of the waves. The diffraction pattern
arises due to interference of light waves from different symmetrical point of
the same wavefront. The diffraction pattern due to a single slit consists of a
central bright band having alternate dark and weak bright bands of decreasing
intensity on both sides.
(BLANK SIDE)
(BLANK SIDE)
Conclusion
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away
(spread) at the comers of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of
light.
Precaution
1. Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper.
2. The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible.
3. Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room.
4. A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch should be used.
