Airport category :

Include : seaplane , helicopters, facilities rotorcraft

The law defines airport by categories of airport activists

Include:
1-Commercial services airport :
2-Cargo service airport :
3-Reliever Airport :
4-General Aviation Airport:

Types of airports :
there are tow types of airports ( towered , nontowered )
These types can be further to :
1-Civil Airports : to the general
2-Military Airports : to government
3-Private Airports : to private use only

Towered Airports:
has control tower ATC ..pilot operating to towered airports required to maintain tow way radio communications with
ATC

Nontowered Airports:
dose not have control towered and tow way radio communications are not required

Sources of Airport Data :

When pilot flies in different airports is important to review current data for that airports...
This data provides ( communications frequency , closed runway , construction )
The three sources for information are :

1-Aeronautical Chart : provides specific information on airports

2-Chart Supplement : contains information on airports organized by region and revised every 56 days..addition to
airports information each chart contains information as
special notice ( NWS , IRF , VFR , VHR , VOR , LAHSO )

3-Notices to Airmen NOTAMS :time critical information..is a temporary nature or not not sufficiently..receives
immediate by NOTAMS system..it cloud affect your decision to make the flight..
includes :
1-taxi and runway closed
2-construction
3-communications change
4-landing operation

4-Automated Terminal information Services : is recording of local weather conditions and other pertinent
non control information broadcast on local frequency..update once per hour..
AirPort Markings and Signs :
There are marking and signs used at airports that provide direction and assist pilot in
operations..it’s important known the meanings of it

Runway Markings and Sign:

runway marking depends on thr type of operation..basic VFR runway may only have centerline
marking and runway number..runway number refernce to magnetic north..certain airports have
tow or three runways same direction , L (left) r (right) c (center)

Relocated Runway Threshold:

it’s sometimes necessary..due to construction or runway maintenance..close only portion of runway
when runway closed the runway threshold is relocated as necessary.. the closed portion is not
available for landing or takeoff is only for taxi .. Yellow arrow heads

Displaced Threshold:
located at point on runway..its reduce the length of runway for landing.. the portion are available
for takeoff and taxi .. white arrows head

Runway Save Area :

( RSA) is defined surface runway prepared to reduce risk of damage to airplane in the event of
undershoot..its provides firefighting and rescue emergency situation.. is usually identified by
presence of runway and aircraft’s should not enter RSA

Runway Safety Area Boundary Sign :

sign that faces the runway..is visible to you only when exiting runway is Yellow background and
black markings..used at towered airports..requests you report clear of runway..when aircraft
passes the sign you are clear

Runway Holding Position Sign :

noncompliance with it may the FAA deviation against you..runway holding positions sign is a stop
sign that has white character outlined black on red background..located where taxiways intersect
runways..should never allow part of aircraft cross the runway holding positions without clear from
ATC ..nontowered you can pass if it clear from aircrafts
Runway Holding Positions Marking :
Whent enter runway consist Four Yellow lines tow solid and tow dashed ..do not cross until clear
from ATC has received

Runway Distance Remaining Signe :

have black background and white number.. installed along runway indicate distance remaining in
thousand feet

Runway Designation Marking:

the runway number and letters determine from approach direction the magnetic azimuth center
line of runway

Land and hold short operation (LAHSO) :

when simultaneous operation ( takeoff and landing) being conducted on intersecting runway
may ATC procedure that requires your participation.. as PIC you have the final decision to accept
pr declined the LAHSO. ..:be aware of the reduce of runway.. marking and signe on LAHSO
determining where to stop and hold aircraft.. list of items that ensure LASHO operation..
1-know land distance
2-advised by ATC why LAHSO
3-advised ATC if you cannot
4-not student pilot
5-not on night
6-not wet runway
If you accepted it you should exit the runway or LASHO on the another runway
Taxiway Markings and Sign :
have yellow background and black characters..which identifies interesting taxiway...located on left
side..indicate direction toward different taxiway and can also be surface painted marking

Enhanced Taxiway centerline :

used to warn you an upcoming runway..extend up to 150 feet before runway holding positions
marking

Taxiway Destination Sign :

have black characters and yellow background..these sign have arrows to show direction of taxiway
route and aslo include runway route direction

Holding positions sign and marking for instruments landing system (ILS)

Holding positions marking for taxiway:

single dashed yellow line painted on taxiway where ATC hold aircraft

Marking and lighting closed runway and taxiway:

that are permanently closed .. yellow X

Temporarily Closed Runway and Taxiway:

is temporary closed runway or taxiway. Yellow X ..you must check NOTAMS
for information

Airports signAre six types

1-Mandatory: red background white inscription..don’t enter
2-Locations sign: black with yellow.. taxiway or runway location identify
3-Direction sign : yellow background black inscription..enter and exit runway or taxiway identify
4-Destinations sign : yellow background black arrows.. provid location information
5-Runway distance remaining: black background white number.. remaining distance of runway
Airports lights:
The majority airports have types of lightning for night operations

Airports beacon :
helps pilot to identify airports at night ..operated from dusk until dawn or if ceiling less than
1000feet or ground visibility less than 3 sm
Colors from airport beacon indicate airports type :
1-flash white and green for civilian airport
2-flash white and yellow for water airport
3-flash white and green and yellow for helicopters
4-tow quick white flashe with green for military

Approach light system:

primary intended to provide visual flight for landing..is sequenced flash light as ball light traveling
toward to runway

Visual glideslope indicator :

to provide pilot to night approach by maintaining the proper glidepath .. VASI and PAPI
PAPI and VASI similar to each other

Runway Light:
there are various light that identify parts of runway..assist pilot to safety takeoff and landing at
nighttime

Runway end light (REIL)

identifications of the approach end of particular runway..flashing lights on each side of runway
threshold

Runway Edge light:

used to outline the edge runway at night this light are white and its become red on end of runway

In runway light:
The centerline light located along runway centerline..white light become red in end of runway
Touchdown light :
is touchdown zone consist tow rows of light bar

Taxiway light :
Taxiway centerline light is green and yellow light

Control of airports light :

Is control by ATC

Taxiway outlines edge light :

Is blue light

Clearance bar light:

are the holding positions on taxiway are there yellow light

Runway guard light :

Are holding positions on taxiway to enter runway ..flashing yellow

Stop bar light:

Used to confirm clear to enter active runway..red light
Wind direction indicator:
It’s important to pilot to know wind direction in control operation its provides by ATC or by FFS or
METAR or TAF
non controlled airports its possible to know wind direction and runway in use by visual wind indicator
Include ' wind cone , wind sock , tetrahedron, wind tee ' they usually located in central location near the
runway

Wind sock : good source of wind velocity and direction

Tetrahedron: indicate direction of takeoff and landing ( the small end of it point in the direction )
Tetrahedron should only use in non control operation

Landing strips: use to show traffic pattern direction of turn when there are variation from normal left turn

Traffic Pattern:
With out operating control tower the segment circles designed to provide traffic pattern information
And also include ' wind direction, landing strip , tetrahedron , '

At most airports traffic pattern altitude extend from 600 feet to 1500 feet

Radio communications:
Operating out or in towered airport and portion of airspace require to have tow radio communications

Radio license: there is no radio license requirement to pilot operating in US

Radio equipment: most common types are VHF operates frequencies between 118,0 MHZ AND
136,975 MHZ and classified as 720 or 760 depending on channels numbers

Using proper radio : ability to operate safely in airspace..ICAO adopted alphabet should use in
communications

Lost Communications: it possible that pilot malfunction the radio..watch light signal
At daytime roking the wings...At nighttime blinking landing light

ground flight
Steady Green : ' clear for takeoff '. ' clear to land '
Flashing Green ' clear to taxi ' ' return to land '
Steady Red ' stop ' ' give way to other
Flashing Red. ' clear the runway ' ' airport unsafe '
Flashing white ' return to start point ' ' non '
Red and Green ' extreme caution ' ' extreme caution '
Primary Radar : provides information the fastest radar update every 4,7 second

ATC Radar Beacon Systems: a secondary surveillance radar..these systems helps primary radar.
include ' transponder and radarscope ' and provides same information but will do so more rapidly and
significantly...provide coverage in areas that do not have radar coverage information
include ' speed , direction '

Transponder: is airborne of the secondary surveillance radar..ATCRBA cannot displays the secondary
information unless aircraft equipped with transponder.. Transponder it required to operate control
airspace

Radar Traffic Advisories : provide radar assistance to aircraft..example traffic 10 clock 5 miles east
bound 3,000

Wake turbulence: all aircraft generate wake turbulence during flight by wingtips..can damage aircrafts

Vortex Generation : when high pressure on wing travel to low pressure on wing

Vortex Strength:
1-Terminal: increases with aircraft operating weight or low airspeed the greater (heavy,slow,clean)
2-Behavior: generated from the moment aircraft leaves ground ( until it touches down )
3 EnRout :

Vortex Procedures:
1- Landing Behind large aircraft same runway ' land after its touchdown point '
2- Landing Behind large aircraft parallel runway ' above its final approach '
3- Landing Behind large aircraft crossing runway '

Collisio Avoidance : established right way rules , minimum safe altitude , VFR cruising altitude
( 91part )
Scanning ' short series, spaced eye movement ' each move should not exceed 10dgree at least 1 second

Clearing Procedures:
'Before Takeoff , Climbs and descent , Straight flight , Traffic Pattern , Training Operations '

Engineered Materials Arresting System : when aircrafts beyond the end of runway during takeoff or
landing its to minimize the hazardous