I MBBS – SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
GENERAL
1. Marker enzymes in a cell
2. Nucleus & Mitochondria
3. Fluid mosaic model of Plasma membrane
4. Cytoskeleton
5. Active and passive transport mechanisms
CARBOHYDRATES – CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM
1. Isomerism – D & L
2. Epimer and Anomer
3. Mutarotation
4. Heteropolysaccharides
5. Homopolysaccharides
6. Cardiac glycosides
7. Benedicts reaction
8. Insulin structure
9. Glucose alanine cycle
10. Malate aspartate shuttle
11. Coris cycle
12. Rapaport leubering cycle
13. Significance of HMP shunt pathway
14. Pentose phosphate pathway
15. Polyol pathway
16. GSD
17. Insulin receptor
18. Glucose transporters
19. Glycoproteins
20. Glycolipids
21. Alcohol metabolism
22. Fructose metabolism
23. Galactose metabolism
24. Energetics of Glycolysis
25. Anaplerotic reactions
26. Regulation of glycolysis
27. Diabetes Investigations
28. OGTT
29. GDM
30. Diabetic ketoacidosis
31. Renal glycosuria
32. Alimentary glycosuria
33. Fructosemia
34. HFI
35. Galactosemia
36. Essential pentosuria
37. Glycated hemoglobin
38. Lactose intolerance
LIPIDS – CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM
1. Cholesterol functions
2. PUFA
3. Fatty acid
4. Classification of lipids
5. Phospholipids
6. Lipoproteins
7. Prostaglandins
8. Eicosanoids
9. EFA
10. Rancidity of fats
11. Saponification and iodine number
12. LC ratio
13. Sphingomyelin
14. Lipid storage diseases
15. Lpa
16. Anti hyper lipidemic drugs
17. Lipotrophic factors
18. Ketogenesis
19. Ketolysis
20. Fattyl liver
21. Ketone bodies
22. Gangliosides
23. FAS complex
24. TAG
25. White and brown adipose tissue
26. Alpha oxidation & omega oxidation
27. Entero hepatic circulation
28. Atherosclerosis
29. Dyslipidemia
30. Steatorrhea
31. Obesity
32. Starvation ketosis
33. Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids
34. Lung surfactants
35. Gauchers disease
36. Niemann pick disease
37. Fabrys disease
38. Tay sach disease
39. Reverse cholesterol transport
40. LCAT
PROTEIN – CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM
1. Protein structure
2. Denaturation of proteins
3. Complete protein
4. Iso electric pH
5. Zwitterions
6. Prion disease
7. Products derived from glycine
8. Products derived from tyrosine
9. Creatinine
10. Transamination
11. Transdeamination
12. Oxidative deamination
13. Urea cycle disorders
14. Transmethylation
15. SAM
16. Glutathione
17. Cystinuria
18. Phenylketonuria
19. Alkaptonuria
20. Albinism
21. Parkinson disease
22. Miester cycle
23. EAA
24. Ferric chloride test
25. Guthrie test
26. Figlu test
27. Amino acidurias
HEME METABOLISM
1. Porphyria
2. Vanden berg test
3. Sickle cell anemia
4. Thalassemia
5. Lead poisoning
6. Jaundice
7. Bohr effect
8. Chloride shift
9. 2,3 BPG
10. Heme structure
11. Iron toxicity
12. Mucosal block theory
VITAMINS
1. Vitamin A deficiency
2. Vitamin D deficiency
3. Vitamin K cycle
4. Functions of vitamin E
5. Antivitamins
6. Dark adaptation time
7. Walds visual cycle
8. Activation of vitamin D
9. Thiamine deficiency
10. Wernicke korsakoff syndrome
11. Enzymes with co enzyme [TPP, FMN, FAD, NAD, NADP, PLP]
12. Pellagra
13. Folate deficiency
14. Scurvy
15. Vitamin B12 deficiency
16. Folate trap
17. Absorption of vitamin B12
MINERALS
1. Iron absorption
2. Iron toxicity
3. Homeostasis of calcium
4. Hypo and hyper calcemia
5. Hypo and hyper natremia
6. Hypo and hyper kalemia
7. Copper
8. Wilson disease
9. Selenium
10. Zinc
11. Iodine
12. Fluorine
13. Trace elements
NUTRITION
1. BMR
2. SDA
3. Dietary fiber
4. PEM
5. Obesity
6. BMI
7. Glycemic index
8. Brown and white adipose tissue
9. How to calculate the caloric value of sedentary worker weighing 70kg.
10. Parenteral nutrition
11. Calorific value
12. Mutual supplementation
13. Limiting amino acids
14. Mixed diet
15. Respiratory quotient
16. Biological value
17. NPU
18. Nitrogen balance
19. Marasmus
20. Kwashiorkor
21. Mal nutrition.
22. Under nutrition.
23. Over nutrition.
24. Prescription of a diet.
NUCLEOTIDE CHEMISTRY & METABOLISM
1. Structure of Purine and pyrimidine
2. Gout
3. Lesch nyhan syndrome
4. Orotic aciduria
5. HGPRTase
6. Hypo and hyper uricemia
7. Methotrexate
8. 5 fluoro uracil
9. Allopurinol
10. Mercaptopurine
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. DNA strucuture
2. RNA types and structure
3. Taq polymerase
4. Chargaff rule
5. Okazaki fragments
6. Mutation
7. Mutagesn
8. Inhibitors of replication, transcription and translation
9. Post transcriptional and post translational modifications
10. Cell cycle
11. tRNA structure
12. histones
13. vectors
14. DNA finger printing
15. DNA repair
16. Recombinant DNA technology
17. RFLP
18. VNTR
19. ELISA
20. PCR
21. Xeroderma pigmentosum
22. Wobble hypothesis
23. Lac operon
24. Gene expression
25. Genetic counseling
26. Gene therapy
27. Genetic code
28. Gene library
29. Cloning
30. HRE
31. FISH
32. Stem cell therapy
33. Retro virus
34. Codons
35. Chymeric DNA
36. Blotting
37. Restriction endonuclease
38. Telomerase
39. Apoptosis
40. Micro array
41. DNA sequencing
ENZYMES
1. Enzyme, co enzyme
2. Iso enzyme
3. LDH isoenzyme
4. CK isoenzyme
5. Cardiac enzymes
6. Liver enzymes
7. Pancreatic enzymes
8. Metallo enzymes
9. Km value
10. Competitive, Non competitive and Uncompetitive inhibition
11. Suicide inhibition
12. Allosteric regulation
13. Double reciprocal plot
14. Transaminases
BIO ENERGETICS
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3. Chemiosmotic theory
4. ATP
5. Physiological uncouplers
6. High energy phosphate compounds
7. ETC inhibitors
8. ATP synthase
9. TCA cycle – regulatory enzymes, inhibitors
10. Redox potential
11. CO poisoning
12. CN poisoning
DETOXIFICATION
1. Phase I reactions
2. Phase II reactions
3. Cytochrome P450
4. Glutathione
5. Free radical
6. Antioxidants vitamins and enzymes
7. ROS
8. Oxidative stress
9. Lipid peroxidation
CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Buffer
2. Renal buffer and regulation
3. Respiratory buffer and regulation
4. Henderson hasselbach equation
5. Alkali reserve
6. Metabolic acidosis
7. Metabolic alkalosis
8. Respiratory acidosis
9. Respiratory alkalosis
10. RAAS
11. Water toxicity
12. Liver function tests
13. Renal function tests
14. Adrenal function tests
15. Gastric function tests
16. Thyroid function tests
OTHERS
1. Structure and functions of Immunoglobulin
2. Types of Immunoglobulin
3. Bence jones proteinuria
4. Multiple myeloma
5. hypergammaglobulinemia
6. mechanism of action of hormones
7. insulin action
8. structure of hemoglobin
9. collagen
10. elastin
11. marfan syndrome
12. prions
13. extra cellular matrix
14. electrophoresis – abnormal patterns
15. functions of plasma proteins
16. ceruloplasmin and Wilson disease
17. AG ratio
18. Tumor markers
19. Oncogenes
20. Tumor suppressor genes
21. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway
22. Types of vaccines
23. toxoid
