SYSTEM TRON INTERNSHIP NOTES

AI/ML PART 1
AI/ML

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

1.1 What is Artificial Intelligence?

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Definition and brief history
Types of AI: Narrow AI (Weak AI) and General AI (Strong AI)
1.2 Machine Learning Fundamentals
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Definition of Machine Learning
Types of Machine Learning: Supervised, Unsupervised, and
Reinforcement Learning
Chapter 2: The Basics of Machine Learning
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

*Chapter Overview: In this chapter, we'll explore the basics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
Machine Learning (ML) in simple terms.*

1.1 What is Artificial Intelligence?

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1.1.1 Definition and Brief History:

- Artificial Intelligence (AI) is all about making computers think and act like humans. It's about
teaching machines to be smart.
- AI has a cool history. People started dreaming about AI a long time ago, but it really took off in
the mid-20th century. Now, it's all around us.

1.1.2 Types of AI: Narrow AI and General AI:

 - There are two main types of AI. Narrow AI (Weak AI) is like a specialist. It's good at one thing,
like a chatbot answering questions.
- General AI (Strong AI) is like a genius. It can do anything a human can do. We're still working
on this one.

1.2 Machine Learning Fundamentals

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1.2.1 Definition of Machine Learning:
- Machine Learning (ML) is a part of AI. It's where computers learn from data and get better at
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- Instead of telling a computer exactly what to do, we give it data and let it figure things out.

1.2.2 Types of Machine Learning: Supervised, Unsupervised, and Reinforcement Learning:

- There are three main types of ML.

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- In Supervised Learning, we show the computer examples and tell it what the right answers
are.
- In Unsupervised Learning, the computer finds patterns and structures in data on its own.
- In Reinforcement Learning, it learns by trying things and getting rewards, like a game.

*That's the first chapter in a nutshell. AI is about making computers smart like us, and ML is a
way for them to learn from data. We'll dig deeper into these topics in the following chapters.*
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2.1 Data and Datasets

Importance of data in machine learning

Types of data: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured
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Data preprocessing
2.2 Supervised Learning

Introduction to supervised learning

Regression and classification
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Algorithms: Linear Regression, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors,

etc.
2.3 Unsupervised Learning

Introduction to unsupervised learning

Clustering and dimensionality reduction
 Algorithms: K-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, Principal Component
Analysis (PCA), etc.

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Chapter 2: The Basics of Machine Learning

*Chapter Overview: In this chapter, we'll get into the heart of Machine Learning and understand
how it works in simple terms.*

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2.1 Data and Datasets

2.1.1 Importance of Data in Machine Learning:

- Data is like the magic ingredient in Machine Learning. It's the stuff we use to teach computers.

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- The more good data we have, the better our computers get at their tasks.

2.1.2 Types of Data: Structured, Unstructured, and Semi-Structured:

- Data comes in different forms.
- Structured data is organized and neat, like in a spreadsheet.
- Unstructured data is messy, like text or images.
- Semi-structured data is a bit of both, like data in a web page.
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2.1.3 Data Preprocessing:
- Before we feed data to computers, we need to clean it up.
- We fix errors, remove extra stuff, and make it easy for computers to understand.

2.2 Supervised Learning

2.2.1 Introduction to Supervised Learning:

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- Supervised Learning is like teaching a dog new tricks.

- We show the computer examples and tell it what the right answers are.
- It learns to make predictions based on those examples.

2.2.2 Regression and Classification:

- In Regression, we predict numbers, like predicting the price of a house.
- In Classification, we put things into categories, like sorting emails into spam and not spam.
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2.2.3 Algorithms: Linear Regression, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors, etc.:

- Algorithms are like the tricks our computer dog learns.
- Linear Regression is for making straight-line predictions.
- Decision Trees help make choices.
- K-Nearest Neighbors looks at the closest neighbors to decide.
 2.3 Unsupervised Learning

2.3.1 Introduction to Unsupervised Learning:

- Unsupervised Learning is like finding hidden patterns in a puzzle.
- The computer looks for groups or structures in data without being told what to find.

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2.3.2 Clustering and Dimensionality Reduction:
- Clustering is about putting similar things together, like grouping similar fruits.
- Dimensionality Reduction helps simplify complex data, like turning a 3D object into 2D.

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2.3.3 Algorithms: K-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), etc.:
- Algorithms in Unsupervised Learning help the computer find patterns.
- K-Means is like dividing data into clusters.
- Hierarchical Clustering builds clusters in layers.

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- PCA simplifies data by keeping what matters most.

*In this chapter, we learned that data is super important, and there are different types of
Machine Learning, like Supervised and Unsupervised. Supervised is about predictions, while
Unsupervised is about finding hidden patterns.*
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Chapter 3: Deep Learning

3.1 Neural Networks

Basics of artificial neurons

Feedforward and backpropagation
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Activation functions
3.2 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)

Introduction to CNNs
Applications in image analysis
3.3 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
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Introduction to RNNs
Applications in sequence data

Chapter 3: Deep Learning

 *Chapter Overview: In this chapter, we'll dive into the fascinating world of Deep Learning, which
is a special type of Machine Learning using artificial neural networks.*

3.1 Neural Networks

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3.1.1 Basics of Artificial Neurons:
- Imagine artificial neurons like tiny decision-makers in our computer brain.
- They take input, process it, and give us an output.

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3.1.2 Feedforward and Backpropagation:
- Feedforward is like passing a message through a chain of neurons. The message gets better
with each neuron.
- Backpropagation is like learning from our mistakes. We adjust our neurons to make better

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decisions.

3.1.3 Activation Functions:

- Activation functions are like on/off switches for neurons.
- They decide if the neuron should fire (be active) or not. They help with learning.

3.2 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)

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3.2.1 Introduction to CNNs:
- CNNs are like detectives for pictures. They're great at understanding images.
- They can find shapes, objects, and patterns in pictures.

3.2.2 Applications in Image Analysis:

- We use CNNs for cool stuff like recognizing cats in photos, self-driving cars seeing the road,
and doctors reading X-rays.
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3.3 Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)

3.3.1 Introduction to RNNs:

- RNNs are like storytellers in the computer world. They're good with sequences and time.
- They remember what happened before and use it to make predictions.

3.3.2 Applications in Sequence Data:

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- RNNs help with things like predicting the next word in a sentence or stock market trends.

*Deep Learning is like a superhero in Machine Learning. Neural networks are its building blocks,
and they work together to solve complex problems. CNNs are experts in images, while RNNs
are great with sequences.*
 Chapter 4: Natural Language Processing (NLP)

4.1 Introduction to NLP

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Basics of NLP
Applications in text processing and understanding
4.2 NLP Techniques

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Tokenization, stemming, and lemmatization
Text classification and sentiment analysis

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Chapter 4: Natural Language Processing (NLP)

*Chapter Overview: In this chapter, we'll explore how computers understand and work with
human language. It's like teaching computers to talk and understand what we say.*
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4.1 Introduction to NLP

4.1.1 Basics of NLP:

- NLP stands for Natural Language Processing. It's all about helping computers understand
human language, like the words we use to talk and write.
- Imagine if your computer could chat with you and understand what you mean. That's what NLP
does.
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4.1.2 Applications in Text Processing and Understanding:

- NLP has many cool uses. It can summarize long articles, translate languages, answer
questions, and even chat with you like a virtual assistant.

4.2 NLP Techniques

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4.2.1 Tokenization, Stemming, and Lemmatization:

- Tokenization is like breaking sentences into words. It helps the computer understand what's
being said.
- Stemming is like finding the root form of words. For example, "running" becomes "run."
- Lemmatization is like finding the base form of words, like turning "better" into "good."

4.2.2 Text Classification and Sentiment Analysis:

 - Text classification is like sorting emails into spam and not spam. It helps computers understand
if text belongs to a certain category.
- Sentiment analysis is like understanding if a text is happy, sad, or neutral. It can tell if people
like or dislike something based on what they wrote.

*NLP is all about making computers talk our language. It can be used in many ways, from

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understanding and summarizing text to classifying it and even figuring out how people feel
about something.*

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