RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Approved by AICTE
Accredited by NBA

Department of CSE
II B.Tech II Semester
Probability and Statistics
(AR – 20)
 UNIT – IV
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Introduction: After estimating the value(s) of a parameter(s), we need to decide whether to accept or reject a statement
about the parameter. This statement is called hypothesis and the decision making procedure about the hypothesis is
called hypothesis testing.

In many circumstances, to arrive at decisions about the population on the basis of sample information, we
make assumptions or guess about the population parameters involved. Such an assumption or statement is called a
Statistical Hypothesis which may or may not be true. The procedure which enables us to decide on the basis of sample
represents whether a hypothesis is true or not is called “Test of Hypothesis” or “Test of significance”. Hypothesis are
of two types, they are (i) Null Hypothesis, and (ii) Alternative Hypothesis.

Null Hypothesis: A null hypothesis is the hypothesis which asserts that there is no significant difference between the
statistic and the population parameter. In general it is denoted by ' H0 ' .

Ex: H 0 :   0
Alternative Hypothesis: Any hypothesis which contradicts the null hypothesis is called an Alternative hypothesis. In
general, it is denoted by ' H1 ' .

Ex: For testing the null hypothesis that the population has a specified mean

0  say  , i.e., H 0 :   0 , then the alternative hypothesis would be  i  H 1 :   0 ,

 ii  H1 :    0 , and  iii  H1 :   0 .
Errors of Sampling: The main objective of sampling is to draw valid inferences about the population parameters on
the basis of the samples results. In practice we decide to accept or to reject the lot after examining a sample from it.
As such we have two types of errors: (i) Type – I error, and (ii) Type – II error.

Type – I error: Rejecting H0 , when H0 is true. If the null hypothesis H0 is true but it is rejected by test
procedure, then the error made is called Type – I error.

Type –II error: Accepting H0, when H0 is false. If the null hypothesis H0 is false but it is accepted by test procedure,
then the error made is called Type –II error.

Level of Significance: It is the confidence with which we reject or accept null hypothesis i.e., it is the maximum
possible probability with which we are willing to risk an error in rejecting H0, when H0 is true. In general it is denoted
by ‘α’ (size of the test).

  P  Rejecting H 0 , when H 0 is true   P  Rejecting a good lot   Producer's risk .

Power of the test: Probability of Type – II error is known as “power of the test” and is denoted by ‘β’ and (1-β) is
known as “power function”.

  P  Accepting H 0 , when H 0 is false   P  Accepting a bad lot   Consumer's risk .

Critical Region: A region corresponding to a statistic ‘t’ in the sample space ‘S’, which leads to the rejection of H0
is called “critical region” or “rejection region”.

A sample point falls in a region, so that we reject the null hypothesis is known as “critical region”, a sample
point falls in a region, so that we accept the null hypothesis is known as “Acceptance Region”.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Types of tests: Keeping the nature of alternative hypothesis in mind the tests are classified into two types, they are
(i)Two-tailed tests, and (ii) One-tailed tests.

Two-tailed tests: If the alternative hypothesis not of equality type, then the corresponding test comes under two-
tailed.

Ex: To test whether the population mean ‘μ’ has a specified value ‘μ0’, then the null hypothesis is H 0 :   0 and
the alternative hypothesis is H1 :   0 .
In case of two-tailed test the size of the critical region or level of significance(α) is divided into two equal
parts(α/2) and each is located at the extreme ends of the probability curve.

One-tailed tests: If the alternative hypothesis is of greater than or less than type then the test comes under one-tailed
test.

Specifically, if the alternative hypothesis is of greater than type, then the corresponding test comes under
right-one tailed test i.e., H1 :   0 . In case of right one tailed test, the size of the critical region or level of

significance   is located only right extreme end of the probability curve.

If the alternative hypothesis is of less than type, then the corresponding test comes under left-one
tailed test i.e., H1 :   0 . In case of left one tailed test, the size of the critical region or level of significance  
is located only left extreme end of the probability curve.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Critical Value: A value which separates acceptance region and rejection region is known as a critical value (table
value).

Z–critical values:

Level of Right-one Left-one

Two-tailed
Significance tailed tailed
5% -1.96 & 1.96 1.645 -1.645
1% -2.58 & 2.58 2.33 -2.33

Procedure for testing hypothesis (or) Five step procedure for testing hypothesis: Various steps involved in testing
of hypothesis are given below

Step(1): Setup or construct null hypothesis H 0 ,by taking nature of the problem into consideration as well as the data
involved.

Step(2):Setup or construct alternative hypothesis H 1 , so that we could decide whether we should use one-tailed or
two-tailed.

Step (3): Select the appropriate level of significance   depending on the reliability of the estimates and permissible
risk and get the critical value(s) from the respective tables, based on Step (2).

Step (4): Compute the test statistic value by using the corresponding test statistic. In case of large sample tests (n>30)
we use the following test statistic

t  E t 
Zcal  ~ N  0,1 Where t be the statistic.
S .E.t 
Step (5): We compare the test statistic value with the critical value(s),

If the test statistic value lies between the critical values Z /2  Zcal  Z /2 (in case of two tailed test) (or)

Zcal  Z (or) Z
cal  Z , we accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we reject the null hypothesis, that is, we
accept the alternative hypothesis.

Q.) Write down the test procedure for testing mean (large)

Test of significance for single mean: Suppose there is a large random sample of size 'n ' drawn from a population
having mean '  ' , variance '
2
' , and the sample mean ' x ' . Now, we want to test if there is any significant

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

difference between the sample and population means. For testing this hypothesis, we follow the following 5 step
procedure

Step (1):
H 0 : There is no significant difference between sample and population means.
i.e., H 0 :   0 .

Step (2): H1 : There is a significant difference between sample and population means.
i.e., H1 :   0 (two-tailed test)
Step (3): Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are

 Z /2 and Z /2 .

x  Ex x
Step (4): Test statistic Z cal   ~ N  0,1
S .E .  x   / n

Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,

i.e.,  Z /2  Z cal  Z /2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we

reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).

Test of significance for difference of two means: Let ‘ x1 ’ be the mean of a random sample of size ‘ n1 ’ drawn
from a population with mean ‘ 1 ’ and variance ’  1 ’, and ‘ x2 ’ be the mean of an independent sample of size ‘ n2
2

’ drawn from another population with mean ‘ 2 ’ and variance ’  2 ’, for testing if there is any significant difference
2

between the population means. We use the following 5 step procedure

Step (1): H 0 : There is no significant difference between the population means.

i.e., H 0 : 1  2 .

Step (2): H1 : There is a significant difference between the population means.

i.e., H1 : 1  2 (two - tailed test)

Step (3): Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are

Z /2 and Z /2 .
Step (4): Test statistic

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 Zcal 
 x1  x2   E  x1  x2 
S .E.  x1  x2 


 x1  x2    1  2 
 12  22

n1 n2
x1  x2
 ~ N  0,1
 12  22

n1 n2

Suppose the samples are taken from the populations having same

variance i.e.,  12   22   2 .
Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,

i.e.,  Z /2  Z cal  Z /2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we

reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).

Test of significance for single proportion: Suppose a random sample of size 'n ' is drawn from a population.
X
Among which ' X ' be the number of successes. Then the sample proportion of success is p and population
n
proportion of success is ' P ' . For testing the significant difference between the sample and population proportions,
we use the following 5 step procedure.
Step (1):
H 0 : There is no significant difference between sample and population
proportions. i.e., H 0 : P  P0
Step (2):
H1 : There is a significant difference between sample and population
proportions. i.e., H1 : P  P0  two  tailed test 
Step (3):Let the level of significance be  % and the critical values are
 Z /2 and Z /2 .
p  E  p pP
Step (4):Test statistic Z cal   ~ N  0,1
S .E .  p  PQ
n
Step (5):The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,
i.e.,  Z /2  Z cal  Z /2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we
reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).
Test of significance for difference of proportions: Suppose we want to compare two distinct populations with
respect to a certain attribute (qualitative characteristic). Let X1 and X 2 be the number of units possessing the given
attribute in large random samples of sizes n1 n
and 2 taken respectively from two different populations with

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 X1 X
population proportions P1 and P2 respectively. Then, the sample proportions are p1  and p2  2 . For
n1 n2
testing the significant difference between the proportions, we use the following 5 step procedure
Step (1):
H 0 : There is no significant difference between the two population
proportions. i.e., H 0 : P1  P2
Step (2):
H1 : There is a significant difference between the two population
proportions. i.e., H1 : P1  P2  two  tailed test 
Step (3):Let the level of significance be  % and the critical values are  Z /2 and Z /2 .
Step (4):Test statistic

Zcal 
 p1  p2   E  p1  p2 
S .E.  p1  p2 


 p1  p2    P1  P2 
PQ PQ
1 1
 2 2
n1 n2
p1  p2 X  X 2 n1 p1  n2 p2
 where Pˆ  1 = and Qˆ  1  Pˆ
n  n n  n
ˆ ˆ 1  1 
PQ
1 2 1 2
 
 n1 n2 
Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,
i.e.,  Z /2  Z cal  Z /2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we
reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).
t – distribution (or) Student’s t – distribution: It is used for testing of hypothesis when the sample size is small
 n  30  , population is normal from which sample is drawn and population standard deviation is unknown.
Def.: If x1, x2 ,......, xn be a random sample of size ' n ' drawn from a normal (or) approximately normal population
with mean ' ' and unknown variance, then
n

x
t  x   ~ t n1 ,
i
the test statistic ' t ' is defined by where x i 1
be the sample mean,
s/ n n
1 n
s   xi  x  be the sample standard deviation.
2

n  1 i 1
Properties of t – distribution:
(1) The shape of t -distribution is bell-shaped, which is similar to that of a normal distribution and is symmetrical
about the mean.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 (2) t -distribution curve is asymptotic to t -axis.
(3) It is symmetrical about the line t  0
(4) The form of the probability curve varies with degrees of freedom
(5) It is uni-modal with mean = median = mode.
(6) The mean of standard normal distribution and t -distribution is zero, but the variance of the t -distribution
depends upon the parameter ' ' which is called degrees of freedom.
Applications of t -distribution: The t -distribution has a wide number of applications in statistics: for testing the
significance of single mean, difference of means in case of independent and dependent samples and also for testing
the difference of correlation.

Degrees of Freedom: It is the difference between the number of independent observations and the number of
estimated parameters by using that information.

Chi-square distribution: Chi-square distribution is a continuous probability distribution of a continuous random

variable ‘X’ with probability density function given by

 1
 2 / 2   / 2   
2  / 2  1   2
e ;2  0
f    
2
 
0; otherwise


Where ' ' is a positive integer is the only parameter of the distribution, also known as “degrees of freedom”.
Properties of Chi-square distribution:

(1) Chi-square distribution curve is not symmetrical, it lies entirely in the first quadrant and it varies from o to
.
(2) It depends only on degrees of freedom   .
(3) If 12 and 22 are two independent Chi-square variates with  and  degrees of freedom then
1 2

     is also Chi-square distribution with     degrees of freedom.

2
1
2
2 1 2

(4) Mean =  and variance = 2 .

(5) Here, ' ' denotes the area under the Chi-square distribution to the right of 2 .

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Applications: To test goodness of fit, independence of attributes, homogeneity of independent estimation of the
population variance.

F-distribution: The ratio of two independent chi-square variates divided by their respective degrees of freedom is F-
distribution.

s12
F  2 ~ F  , , where 1  n1  1 and 2  n2  1 .
s2  1 2
Properties of F-distribution:

(1) It is free from population parameters and depends upon degrees of freedom only.
(2) F-distribution curve lies entirely in first-quadrant.
(3) F-distribution curve depends not only on two parameters 1 and 2 , but also on the order in which they
are stated.
1
(4) F1  1  2   , where F 1,2  is the value of ' F ' with 1 and 2 degrees of
F 1 ,2 
,

freedom.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Test of significance for single mean (small sample): Suppose x1, x2 ,....., xn be a small sample of size ' n '
drawn from a normal population having mean '  ' , standard deviation ' ' is not known and ' x ' be the sample
  n  
mean  x    xi  / n  . Now, we want to test if there is any significant difference between the sample and
  i 1  
population means. For testing this hypothesis, we follow the following 5 step procedure

Step (1):
H 0 : There is no significant difference between sample and population means.
i.e., H 0 :   0 .

Step (2): H1 : There is a significant difference between sample and population means.
i.e., H1 :   0 (two - tailed test)
Step (3):Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are

t /2 and t /2 for  n  1 degrees of freedom.

x  Ex x  
Step (4):Test statistic tcal   ~t
S .E. x  s / n  n1

1 n
  xi  x 
2
Where s  be the sample standard deviation.
n  1 i 1
Step (5):The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,

i.e., t /2  tcal  t /2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we

reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).

Note: If t0.05/2 is the table value of ' t ' for  n  1 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, then 95%

 s 
confidence limits for true mean '  ' are x  t0.05/2   similarly, 99% confidence limits for true mean ' '
 n
 
are x  t0.01/2  s .
 n

Test of significance for difference of two means (independent samples, small sample): Let x1, x2 ,....., xn1
and y1, y2 ,....., yn2 be two independent random samples of sizes n1 and n2 , whose means and variances are
x , y, sx2 and s 2y respectively drawn from two distinct populations with mean ‘ 1 ’ and ‘ 2 ’ respectively. For
testing if there is any significant difference between the population means, we use the following 5 step procedure

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Step (1): H 0 : There is no significant difference between the population means.
i.e., H 0 : 1  2 .

Step (2): H1 : There is a significant difference between the population means.

i.e., H1 : 1  2 (Two - tailed test)

Step (3): Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are

t /2 and t /2 for  n1  n2  2 degrees of freedom.

Step (4): Test statistic

tcal  x y ~ t n n
2 2 

1 1  1
s  
n1 n2

Where ' s ' be the pooled standard deviation and

n1 n2

 ( xi  x )   ( y j  y )2
2
 n1 1 sx2   n2 1 s 2y
s 
2 i 1 j 1

 n1  n2  2  n1  n2  2
Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,

i.e., t /2 and t /2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we

reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).

Note: If t0.05/2 is the table value of ' t ' for  n1  n2  2  degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, then

 1 1 
95% confidence limits for the difference of true means  1  2  are  x  y   t0.05/2  s  .
 n1 n2 
Similarly, 99% confidence limits for the difference of true means  1   2  are

 1 1 
 x  y   t0.05/2  s  .
 n1 n2 
Test of significance for difference of two means (dependent samples, small sample) (or) Paired t-test::
Suppose the two samples are dependent and they are drawn from same or distinct population, for testing the difference
between the means, we use Paired t- test.
n
Step (1): H 0 :  d =0.
i 1
i

n
Step (2): H1 : d
i 1
i  0.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Step (3): Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are
t /2 and t /2 for  n 1 degrees of freedom.
Step (4): Test statistic

tcal  d ~t
sd / n 


n1
 
n
 di
Where d i 1
, d i  X i  Yi and
n
1 n
sd  n 1 
(d i  d ) 2
i 1
Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,
i.e., t and t .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we
 /2  /2
reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).
Test for significance of Variance (Chi-square test for variance):
x1, x2 ,....., xn 'n ' drawn from a population having variance ' '
2
Let be a sample of size and sample variance
' s ' . Now, we want to test if there is any significant difference between the sample and population variances. For
2

testing this hypothesis, we follow the following 5 step procedure

Step (1):

H 0 : There is no significant difference between sample and

population means.

i.e., H0 : 2   02 .
Step (2):

H1 : There is a significant difference between sample and

population variances.

i.e., H1 : 2   02 ( two - tailed test)

Step (3): Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are

 2/2 and 12 /2 for  n  1 degrees of freedom.

2
Step (4): Test statistic  cal    xi  x 
n 2

  n  1 s 2
~  2n1
i 1     2

1 n
  xi  x 
2
Where s  be the sample standard deviation.
n  1 i 1

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,

i.e., 12 /2 < cal

2
< 2/2 .We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we

reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).

F - test for difference of Variances:

Let x1, x2 ,....., xn1 and y1, y2 ,....., yn2 be two random samples of sizes n1 and n2 , drawn from

populations with variances 12 and  22 respectively. The sample variances are respectively s12 and s22 . For
testing if there is any significant difference between the population variances, we use the following 5 step procedure

Step (1): H 0 : There is no significant difference between the population variances.

i.e., H 0 : 12   22 .

Step (2): H1 : There is a significant difference between the population variances.

i.e., H1 :  12   22 (two - tailed test)

Step (3): Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are

from, F tables corresponding to numerator degrees of freedom and

denominator degrees of freedom.

Step (4): Test statistic

s12
Fcal  ~ F n 1,n 1 , if s12  s22
s22 1 2

Otherwise, interchange numerator and denominator.

Step (5): The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values,

We accept the null hypothesis, otherwise, we

reject the null hypothesis ( we accept alternative hypothesis).

1
Note: F1 /2  .
F /2
Chi-square test for independence of attributes: Suppose the given population is classified according to two
attributes A, and B and the classification is dichotomous (each is classified into only two sub-classes). For testing if
there is any association between the attributes A and B, it is by Chi-square test for independence of attributes.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

H0: There is no association between the two attributes A and B.
i.e., H0: A and B are independent.
H1: There is an association between the two attributes A and B.
i.e., H1: A and B are dependent.
Let the level of significance be  % and the critical values are
 2/2 and 12 /2 for one degree of freedom.
2
N  ad  bc 
Test statistic cal
2  ~ 21 , where N  a  b  c  d .
 a  b  c  d   a  c  b  d 
If the test statistic value lies between the critical values then we accept the null hypothesis, otherwise we reject the
null hypothesis.
Suppose the given population is classified according to two attributes A, and B and the classification is manifold (each
is classified into more than two sub-classes, suppose A into m classes and B into n classes). For testing if there is any
association between the attributes A and Bis by Chi-square test for independence of attributes.
H0: There is no association between the two attributes A and B.
i.e., H0: A and B are independent.
H1: There is an association between the two attributes A and B.
i.e., H1: A and B are dependent.
Let the level of significance be  % and the critical values are
 2/2 and 12 /2 for  m  1 n  1 degrees of freedom.
O  Eij 
2
n m
Test statistic cal
2 

ij
~ 2m1 n1
i 1 j 1 Eij
Where Oij be the observed and Eij be the expected frequencies.
 Ai   B j 
ijthcell expected frequency is obtained by Eij  , for all i and j.
N

 Ai     Ai B j ; i  1, 2, 3,...., m ;  B j     Ai B j ; j  1, 2,3,...., n ; N    Ai     B j  .
n m m n

j 1   i 1 i 1 j 1
If the test statistic value lies between the critical values, then we accept the null hypothesis, otherwise we reject the
null hypothesis.
Chi-square test for goodness of fit: Suppose a distribution is fitted to the given data. To test if the fitted distribution
is suitable or not, by Chi-square for goodness of fit.
H0: The fitted distribution is suitable.
 n n

i.e., H0: There is no significant difference between the observed and expected 

 O   E  frequencies.
i 1
i
i 1
i

H1: The fitted distribution is not suitable.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

  n n

i.e., H1: There is a significant difference between the observed and expected  
 i 1
Oi  
i 1
Ei  frequencies.

Let the level of significance be % and the critical values are
  /2 and 1 /2
2 2
for  n  1 degrees of freedom.
O  E 
2
n
Test statistic cal
2 
 i i
~  2n 1
i 1 Ei
Where Oi be the observed and Ei be the expected frequencies.
If the test statistic value lies between the critical values then we accept the null hypothesis, otherwise we reject the
null hypothesis.

Q1). A sample of 400 items is taken from a population whose standard deviation is 10. The mean of the sample is 40.
Test whether the sample has come from a population with mean 38.
Solution:
From the given information, sample size n  400, sample mean x  40, population mean  =38,
and population standard deviation   10.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   38
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   38
Step 3: It is two tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of not equality type    .
Let the level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical values are  Z 0.05/ 2  1.96.
x  40  38
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    4.00.
 / n 10 / 400
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  4.00, does not lies between the critical values
 Z 0.05/ 2  1.96. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that the sample has come from a population
with mean 38.
Q2). A sample of 64 students have a mean weight of 70 kgs. Can this be regarded as a sample from a population with
mean weight 56 kgs and standard deviation 25 kgs. at 1% level of significance.

Solution:
From the given information, sample size n  64, sample mean x  70, population mean  =56,
and population standard deviation   25.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   56
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   56
Step 3: It is two tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of not equality type    .
Level of significance be  = 0.01, then the critical values are  Z 0.01/2  2.58.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 x  70  56
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    4.48.
 / n 25 / 64
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  4.48, does not lies between the critical values
 Z 0.01/ 2  2.58. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
There is no enough evidence to conclude that this can be regarded as a sample from a
population with mean weight 56 kgs and standard deviation 25 kgs.
Q3). The mean breaking strength of cables supplied by a manufacturer is 1800 with a standard deviation 100. By a
new technique in the manufacturing process, it is claimed that the breaking strength of the cables have increased. In
order to test the claim, a sample of 50 cables is tested. It is found that the mean breaking strength is 1850. Can we
support the claim at 0.01 level of significance?
Solution:
From the given information, sample size n  50, sample mean x  1850, population mean  =1800,
and population standard deviation   100.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   1800
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   1800
Step 3: It is one tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of inequality type    .
Level of significance be  = 0.01, then the critical value is Z 0.01  2.33.
x   1850  1800
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    3.5355.
/ n 100 / 50
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  3.5355, greater than the critical value
Z 0.01  2.33. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
There is enough evidence to conclude that the breaking strength of the cables have increased.
Yes, we can support the claim at 1% level of significance.
Q4). A random sample of 100 recorded deaths in the United States during the past year showed
an average life span of 71.8 years. Assuming a population standard deviation of 8.9 years, does this seem to indicate
that the mean life span today is greater than 70 years? Use a 0.05 level of significance.
Solution:
From the given information, sample size n  100, sample mean x  71.8, population mean   70,
and population standard deviation   8.9.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   70
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   70
Step 3: It is one tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of inequality type    .
Level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical value is Z 0.05  1.645.
x  71.8  70
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    2.0225.
 / n 8.9 / 100
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  2.0225, greater than the critical value
Z 0.05  1.645. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

There is enough evidence to indicate that the mean life span today is greater than 70 years
at 0.05 level of significance.
Q5). A random sample 64 bags of white cheddar popcorn weighted, on average, 5.23 ounces with a standard deviation
of 0.24 ounces. Test the hypothesis that   5.5 ounces against the alternative hypothesis,   5.5 ounces at the
0.05 level of significance.

Solution:
From the given information, sample size n  64, sample mean x  5.23, population mean  =5.5,
and sample standard deviation s  0.24.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   5.5
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   5.5
Step 3: It is one tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of inequality type    .
Level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical value is t 0.05,63  1.671.
x   5.23  5.5
Step 4: Test statistic tcal    9.0.
s / n 0.24 / 64
Step 5: The value of the test statistic tcal  9.0, less than the critical value
t 0.05,63  1.671. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
There is enough evidence to conclude that   5.5 at 1% level of significance.

Q6). The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be 70, 67, 62, 68, 61, 68, 70, 64, 64, and 66 inches. Is it
reasonable to believe that the average height is greater than 64 inches at 5% level of significance?

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  10,

n

x i
660
Sample mean is x  i 1
  66,
n 10
1 n
Sample standard deviation is s  
n  1 i 1
( xi  x ) 2  3.1623,

Degrees of freedom   n  1  10  1  9.

Null Hypothesis H 0 :   64
Alternative Hypothesis H A :   64
Level of significance   0.05, then the critical value is t ,n 1  t 0.05,9  1.833.
x  66  64
Test statistic tcal    2.00.
s / n 3.1623 / 10

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

The value of the test statistic tcal  2.00 greater than the critical value
t ,n 1  1.833. It falls in rejection region.
We reject the null hypothesis.
It is reasonable to believe that the average height is greater than 64 inches
at 5% level of significance.
Q7). The life time (in 1000hrs.) of electric bulbs for a random sample of 10 from a large consignment are 1.2, 4.6, 3.9,
4.1, 5.2, 3.8, 3.9, 4.3, 4.4, and 5.6. Can we accept the hypothesis that the average life time of bulbs is 4000 hrs.

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  10,

n

x i
41
Sample mean is x  i 1
  4.1,
n 10
1 n
Sample standard deviation is s  
n  1 i 1
( xi  x ) 2  1.1747,

Degrees of freedom   n  1  10  1  9.

Null Hypothesis H 0 :   4
Alternative Hypothesis H1 :   4
Let the level of significance be   0.05, then the critical values are t /2,n1  t 0.05/ 2,9   2.262.
x  4.1  4.0
Test statistic tcal    0.2692.
s / n 1.1747 / 10
The value of the test statistic tcal  0.2692 lies between the critical values
t /2,n 1  2.262. It falls in acceptance region.
We fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Yes, we can accept the hypothesis that the average life time of bulbs is 4000 hrs.
Q8). A manufacturer claimed that at least 95% of the equipment which he supplied to a factory confirmed
specifications. An examination of a sample of 200 pieces of equipment revealed that 18 were faulty. Test his claim
at 5% level of significance.

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  200, no. of equipments
confirming specification X  200  18  182, and population proportion of
equipments confirmed to specification P  95%.
X 182
Sample proportion p    0.91.
n 200

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Null hypothesis H 0 : P  0.95.
Alternative hypothesis H a : P  0.95.
Let the level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical value is Z 0.05  1.645.
Critical region: Z  1.645.
If the test statistic value less than  1.645, we reject the null hypothesis.
Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
pP 0.91  0.95
The test statistic value is Z cal    2.5955  2.60.
P 1  P   0.95  1  0.95 
n 200
The value of the test statistic Z cal  2.60 less than the critical value,
it falls in rejection region. We reject the null hypothesis.
Q9). In a sample of 1000 people in AP, 540 are rice eaters and the rest are wheat eaters. Can we assume that both rice
and wheat are equally popular in this state at 1% level of significance?

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  1000, no. of rice eaters X  540.
X 540
Sample proportion p    0.54.
n 1000

Null hypothesis H 0 : Rice and Wheat eaters are equally popular

Null hypothesis H 0 : P  0.50.
Alternative hypothesis H a : Rice and Wheat eaters are not equally popular
Alternative hypothesis H a : P  0.50.
Let the level of significance be  = 0.01, then the critical values are Z 0.01/2  2.58.
Critical region: Z  2.58 and Z  2.58.
If the test statistic value lies between the critical values, we fail to reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, we reject the null hypothesis.

pP 0.54  0.50

The test statistic value is Z cal    1.1314  1.13.
P 1  P   0.50  1  0.50  
n 200

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

The value of the test statistic Z cal  1.13 lies between the critical values,
it falls in acceptance region. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Yes, we can assume that both rice and wheat are equally popular in this state at 1% level of significance.

Q10). An urban community would like to show that the incidence of breast cancer is higher than in a nearby rural
area. If it is found that 20 of 200 adult women in the urban community have breast cancer and 10 of 150 adult women
in the rural community have breast cancer, can we conclude at the 0.01 level of significance that breast cancer is more
prevalent in the urban community?

Solution:

From the given information, for Urban community: X 1  20, n1  200,

for Rural community: X 2  10, and n2  150.
X 1 20 X 10
sample proportions pˆ1    0.10, pˆ 2  2   0.0667.
n1 200 n2 150
Null hypothesis H 0 : P1  P2
Alternative hypothesis H a : P1  P2
Level of significance be  = 0.01, then the critical value is Z 0.01  2.33.
Critical region: Z  2.33.
If the test statistic value greater than the critical value, we reject the null
hypothesis. Otherwise, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
X1  X 2 20  10
Pooled proportion Pˆ    0.0857
n1  n2 200  150
and Qˆ  1  Pˆ  1  0.0857  0.9143

Test statistic Z cal 

 pˆ1  pˆ 2    p1  p2    0.10  0.0667   0  1.1014.
ˆ ˆ 1  1 
PQ  0.0857  0.9142  
1

1 

   200 150 
 n1 n2 
The value of the test statistic less than the critical value, it falls in acceptance region.
We fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that breast cancer is more prevalent
in the urban community.
Q11). Samples of sizes 10 and 14 were taken from two normal populations with S.D. 3.5 and 5.2. The sample means
were found to be 20.3 and 18.6. Test whether the means of the two populations are same at 5% level.

Solution:

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

From the given information , x1  20.3, n1  10,  1  3.5, x2  18.6, n2  14,  2  5.2, and   0.05.
Null hypothesis H 0 : 1   2  0
Alternative hypothesis H1 : 1  2  0
This is a two-tailed test.
Level of significance be   0.05 then the critical values are  Z 0.05/ 2  1.96,
and Z 0.05/2  1.96.
x1  x2 20.3  18.6
The test statistic Z cal    0.9569
2 2 3.52 5.22
1
 2 
n1 n2 10 14
The value of the test statistic lies between the critical values  Z 0.05/ 2  1.96 and Z 0.05/2  1.96.
It falls in acceptance region. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that the means of the two populations
are same at 5% level.
Q12). A storekeeper wanted to buy a large quantity of bulbs from two brands A and B respectively. He bought 100
bulbs from each brand A and B and found by testing that brand A had mean life time of 1120 hrs with a S.D. of 75
hrs and brand B had mean life time 1062 hrs with a S.D. of 82 hrs. Examine whether the difference of means is
significant. Use 0.01 level of significance.

Solution:

From the given information , for Brand A: x1  1120, s  75, n1  100, 1

for Brand B: x2  1062, s  82, and n2  100.

2

Null hypothesis H 0 : 1  2
Alternative hypothesis H a : 1  2
The Student's t. We assume that both population distributions are approximately normal
with unknown standard deviations.
Level of signifcance be  = 0.01, then the critical values are t0.01/2,198  2.576.

The test statistic tcal 

 x1  x2    1  2   1120  1062   0  5.2193  5.22
s2 s2  75   82 
2 2

 1 2

n1 n2 100 100

The value of the test statistic tcal  5.22 does not lies between the critical value,
it falls in the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference of means is significant.
Q13). A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A exceed the average tensile strength of thread
B by at least 12 kilograms. To test his claim, 50 pieces of each type of thread are tested under similar conditions.
Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7 kilograms with known standard deviation of  A  6.28
kilograms, while Type B thread had an average tensile strength of 77.8 kilograms with known standard deviation of
 B  5.61 kilograms. Test the manufacturers claim at 0.01 level of significance.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Solution:

From the given information , for Type A: xA  86.7,  A  6.28, nA  50,

for Type B: xB  77.8,  B  5.61, and nB  50.
Null hypothesis H 0 : 1  2 =12
Alternative hypothesis H a : 1  2  12
Level of signifcance be  = 0.01, then the critical value is are Z 0.01  2.33.
 x1  x2    1  2   86.7  77.8  12
The test statistic Z cal    2.6031  2.60.
s12 s 22  6.28    5.61
2 2


n1 n2 50 50

The value of the test statistic tcal  5.22 does not lies between the critical value,
it falls in the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
There is sufficient evidence to conclude that the difference of means is significant.
Q14). The height of 6 randomly chosen sailors is, inches 63, 65, 68, 69, 71, and 72. Those of 9 randomly chosen
soldiers are 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, and 73. Test whether the sailors are on the average taller than soldiers. Use
a 0.05 level of significance.

Solution:

x i
1
From the given information , for Sailors: x1   68, s  x  x   3.46,
i 2
i 1
n1
1
n 1
1 i

j x j 1
n1  6,for Soldiers: x2   67.67, s2  x  x2   4.36, and n2  9.
2

n2 n2  1 j
j

Null hypothesis H 0 : 1  2
Alternative hypothesis H a : 1   2

Level of significance  = 0.05 then the critical values are t 0.05,13  1.771,
degrees of freedom n1  n2  2  6  9  2  13.

The test statistic tcal 

 x1  x2  
 68.00  67.67   0.1628.
s12 s22 3.462 4.362
 
n1 n2 6 9
The value of the test statistic tcal  0.1628 less than the critical value t 0.05,13  1.771,
it falls in acceptance region, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the sailors are on the average taller than soldiers.
Q15). Scores obtained in a shooting competition by 10 soldiers before and after intensive training are given below:

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 Before 67 24 57 55 63 54 56 68 33 43
After 70 38 58 58 56 67 68 75 42 38

Test whether the intensive training is useful at 0.05 level of significance.

Solution:

Null Hypothesis H 0 :  di  0; di  X i  After   Yi  Before 

i

Alternative Hypothesis H1: di

i  0;

One-tailed test. Paired  t or matched samples test is suitable.

The most appropriate test for this data is Paired t  test or Dependent t  test
or matched samples. Since, the observatios are dependent.
Let the level of significance be   0.05 then the critical value is t 0.05,101  1.833.

The value of the test statistic greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis,
otherwise,we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
10

d i
The mean of the differences is d  i 1
 5.00,
10
n
1
  di  d   7.32.
2
standard deviation of the differences sd 
 n  1 i 1
d 5.00
The test statistic tcal    2.16.
sd / n 
7.32 / 10 
The test statistic value tcal =2.16 greater than the critical value t 0.05,9  1.833.
It falls in the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that t he intensive training is useful.
Q16). The following random samples are measurements of heat producing capacity in millions of calories per ton of
specimens of coal from two mines.
Mine 1 8260 8130 8350 8070 8340
Mine 2 7950 7890 7900 8140 7920 7840
Use 0.01 level of significance to test whether the difference between the means of these two samples is significant?
Solution:

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 x i
41150
From the given information , for Mine-1: x1  i
  8230,
n1 5
1
s   x  x   125.5, n1  5.
2
i 1
n 1
1

1 i

j x j 1
for Mine-2: x2   7940, s2 
 104.5, and n2  6. x  x2 
2

n2 n 1 2
j
j

Null hypothesis H 0 : 1   2
Alternative hypothesis H a : 1  2
Level of significance  = 0.01 then the critical values are  t 0.01/2,9    3.2498,
degrees of freedom n1  n2  2  5  6  2  9.

The test statistic tcal 

 x1  x2  
 8230  7940   4.1135.
s12 s22 125.52 104.52
 
n1 n2 5 6
The value of the test statistic tcal  4.1135 does not lies between the critical values
 t 0.01/2,9   3.2498, it falls in the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference
between the two samples means.
Q17). The following are the average weekly loses of working hours due to accidents in 10 industrial plants before and
after a certain safety program was put into operation. Use the 5% level of significance to test whether the safety
program is effective

Before 45 73 46 124 33 57 83 34 26 17
After 36 60 44 119 35 51 77 29 24 11
Solution:

Null Hypothesis H 0 :  d i  0; di  X i  Before   Yi  After 

i

Alternative Hypothesis H1: d

i
i  0;

Appropriate test for this data is Paired t  test. Since, the observatios are dependent.
Level of significance be   0.05 then the critical value is t 0.05,10 1  1.833.

The value of the test statistic greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis,
otherwise,we fail to reject the null hypothesis.
10

d i
The mean of the differences is d  i 1
 5.20,
10

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

 n
1
  d i  d   4.077.
2
standard deviation of the differences sd 
 n  1 i 1
d 5.20
The test statistic tcal    4.033.
sd / n 
4.077 / 10 
The test statistic value tcal =4.033 greater than the critical value t 0.05,9   1.833.
It falls in the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that the safety program is effective.
Q18). Two horses A and B were tested according to the time (in seconds) to run a particular track with the following
results
Horse - A 28 32 30 33 33 29 34
Horse - B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Test whether the two horses have the same running capacity.
Solution:

x i
From the given information , for Horse-A: x1  i
 31.29,
n1
1
s  x  x   2.29, n1  7.
2
1 i 1
n 1
1 i

j x j 1
for Horse-B: x2  28.17, s  x  x2   2.32, and n2  6.
2

n2 2
n2  1 j
j

Null hypothesis H 0 : 1   2
Alternative hypothesis H a : 1   2
Let the level of significance be  = 0.05 then the critical values are  t 0.05/2,11   2.201,
degrees of freedom n1  n2  2  7  6  2  11.

The test statistic tcal 

 x1  x2  
 31.29  28.17   2.432.
s12 s22 2.292 2.322
 
n1 n2 7 6
The value of the test statistic tcal  2.432 does not lies between the critical values
 t 0.05/2,11   2.201, it falls in the rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the two horses have the same
running capacity.
Q19). In a study to estimate the proportion of residents in a certain city and its suburbs who favour the construction
of a nuclear power plant, it is found that 63 of 100 urban residents favour the construction while only 59 of 125
suburban residents are in favour. Is there a significant difference between the proportion of urban and suburban
residents who favour construction of the nuclear plant?

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Solution:

From the given information, for Urban: X 1  63, n1  100, for Suburban: X 2  59, and n2  125.
X1 63 X2 59
sample proportions pˆ 1    0.63, pˆ 2    0.472.
n1 100 n2 125
Null hypothesis H 0 : P1  P2
Alternative hypothesis H a : P1  P2
Let the level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical values are  Z 0.05/2  1.96.
X  X2 63  59
Pooled proportion Pˆ  1   0.542
n1  n2 100  125
and Qˆ  1  Pˆ  1  0.542  0.458

Test statistic Z cal 

 pˆ1  pˆ 2    p1  p2    0.63  0.472   0  2.364.
ˆ ˆ 1  1   0.542  0.458    
1 1
PQ n n 
 1 2 
 100 125 
The value of the test statistic does not lies between the critical values,
it falls in the rejection region. We reject the null hypothesis.

Therefore, there is a significant difference between the proportion of urban and

suburban residents who favour construction of the nuclear plant.
Q20). Ten individuals are chosen from a normal population and their heights (in inches) are given as
63,63,66,67,68,69,70,70,71,and 71. Test whether the sample comes from a normal population whose mean height is
66 inches or not at 5% level of significance?

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  10,

n

x i
678
Sample mean is x  i 1
  67.8,
n 10
1 n
Sample standard deviation is s  
n  1 i 1
( xi  x ) 2  3.011,

Degrees of freedom   n  1  10  1  9.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Null Hypothesis H 0 :   66
Alternative Hypothesis H A :   66
Level of significance   0.05, then the critical value is  t / 2, n1  t 0.05/2,9   2.262.
x  67.8  66
Test statistic tcal    1.89.
s / n 3.011/ 10
The value of the test statistic tcal  1.89 lies between the critical values
t /2,n 1  2.262. It falls in the acceptance region.
We fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that the sample comes from a normal population
whose mean height is 66 inches at 5% level of significance.
Q21). In a city, 250 men out of 750 were found to be smokers. Does this information support the conclusion that the
majority of men in this city are smokers?

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  750,

no. of smokers X  250.
X 250
Sample proportion of smokers p    0.33.
n 750

Null hypothesis H 0 : P  0.50.

Alternative hypothesis H a : P  0.50.
Let the level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical value is Z 0.05  1.645.
pP 0.33  0.50
The test statistic value is Z cal    9.311.
P 1  P   0.50  1  0.50  
n 750
The value of the test statistic Z cal  9.311 less than the critical value,
it falls in the acceptance region. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the majority of men in this city are smokers.

Q22). Five measurements of tar content of certain kind of cigarette yielded 14.5, 14.2, 14.4, 14.3, and 14.6 milligrams
per cigarette. Show that the difference between the mean of this sample and the average tar claimed by the
manufacturer μ=14.0 mg/cigarette is significant at α=0.05?

Solution:

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

From the given information, size of the sample n  5,
n

x i
Sample mean is x  i 1
 14.4,
n
1 n
Sample standard deviation is s  
n  1 i 1
( xi  x ) 2  0.158,

Degrees of freedom   n  1  5  1  4.

Null Hypothesis H 0 :   14
Alternative Hypothesis H A :   14
Level of significance   0.05, then the critical value is  t / 2, n1  t 0.05/2,4  2.776.
x  14.4  14
Test statistic tcal    5.66.
s / n 0.158 / 5
The value of the test statistic tcal  5.66 does not lies between the critical values
t / 2,n 1  2.776. It falls in the rejection region.
We reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the difference between the
mean of this sample and the average tar claimed by the manufacturer   14.0 mg / cigarette
is significant at   0.05
Q23). An insurance agent has claimed that the average age of policy holders who insure through him is less than the
average for all their agents which is 30.5 years. A random sample of 100 policy holders who had insured through him
reveal that the mean and S.D. are 28.8 years and 6.35 years respectively. Test his claim at 5% level of significance?
Solution:

From the given information, sample size n  100, sample mean x  28.8, population mean  =30.5,
and sample standard deviation S  6.35.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   30.5
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   30.5
Step 3: It is one tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of inequality type   .
Level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical value is  Z 0.05  1.645.
x  28.8  30.5
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    2.677.
 / n 6.35 / 100
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  2.677, less than the critical value
 Z 0.05  1.645. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

There is enough evidence to conclude that the average age of policy holders who insure
through him is less than the average for all their agents which is 30.5 years.
Q24). Experiences had shown that 20% of a manufactured product is of the top quality. In one day’s production of
400 articles, only 50 are of top quality. Test the hypothesis at 0.05 level?

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  400,

no. of smokers X  50.

X 50
Sample proportion of top quality products p    0.125.
n 400

Null hypothesis H 0 : P  20%  0.20.

Alternative hypothesis H a : P  20%  0.20.

Level of significance  = 0.05, then the critical values are  Z 0.05 / 2  1.96 and Z 0.05/ 2  1.96.

pP pP 0.125  0.20

The test statistic value is Z cal     3.75.
PQ P 1  P   0.20  1  0.20  
n n 400
The value of the test statistic Z cal  3.75 does not lies between the critical values,

it falls in the rejection region. We reject the null hypothesis.

Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that 20% of a manufactured product is of the top quality.

Q25). A sample of size 400 was drawn and the sample mean was found to be 99. Test whether this sample could
have come from a population with mean 100 and variance 64 at 5% level of significance.

Solution:

From the given information, sample size n  400, sample mean x  99, population mean  =100,
and population variance  2  64.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   100
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   100
Step 3: It is two tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of not equality type    .
Level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical values are  Z 0.05/ 2  1.96.
x  99  100
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    2.50.
 / n 8 / 400
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  2.50, does not lies between the critical values
 Z 0.05/ 2  1.96. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that sample could have come from a population
with mean 100 and variance 64 at 5% level of significance.
Q26). A sample of 105 iron bars whose mean length is 10 ft. is drawn. Is it drawn from a population whose mean is
12 ft. and standard deviation 4 ft.

Solution:

From the given information, sample size n  105, sample mean x  10, population mean  =12,
and population standard deviation   4.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   12
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   12
Step 3: It is two tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of not equality type    .
Let the level of significance be  = 0.05, then the critical values are  Z 0.05/ 2  1.96.
x  10  12
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    5.1235.
 / n 4 / 105
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  5.1235, does not lies between the critical values
 Z 0.05/ 2  1.96. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the given sample is drawn from a population whose mean is
12 ft. and standard deviation is 4 ft.

Q27). A manufacturer claims that the mean breaking strength of a cable is 8 kgs, with a standard deviation of 0.5kg.
Test the hypothesis that the mean μ=8 kgs against μ≠ 8 kgs if a random sample of 50 cables is tested and found to
have a mean breaking strength of 7.8 kgs. Use 0.01 level of significance.

Solution:

From the given information, sample size n  50, sample mean x  7.8kgs, population mean  =8kgs,
population standard deviation   0.5kg , and level of significance  =0.01.
Step 1: Null hypothesis H 0 :   8
Step 2: Alternative hypothesis H1 :   8
Step 3: It is two tailed test, since the alternate hypothesis is of not equality type   .
Level of significance be  = 0.01, then the critical values are  Z 0.01/2  2.58.
x  7.8  8
Step 4: Test statistic Z cal    2.8284.
 / n 0.5 / 50
Step 5: The value of the test statistic Z cal  2.8284, does not lies between the critical values
 Z 0.01/ 2  2.58. It falls in rejection region, we reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the mean breaking strength of cable is 8 kgs.

Q28). A manufacturer of a medicine claimed that it was 90% effective in relieving an allergy in 8 hours. In a
sample of 200 people who had the allergy, the medicine provided relief for 160 people. Determine whether the
manufacturer’s claim is legitimate at 0.01 level of significance.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)

Solution:

From the given information, size of the sample n  200, X  160.

X 160
Sample proportion of patients who got relief from the allergy by using the given medicine p    0.8.
n 200
Null hypothesis H 0 : P  90%  0.90.
Alternative hypothesis H a : P  90%  0.90.
Level of significance  = 0.01, then the critical values are  Z 0.01/ 2  2.58.
pP pP 0.80  0.90
The test statistic value is Z cal     4.714.
PQ P 1  P   0.90  1  0.90  
n n 200
The value of the test statistic Z cal  4.714 does not lies between the critical values,
it falls in the rejection region. We reject the null hypothesis.
Therefore, there is no enough evidence to conclude that the manufacturer’s claim is legitimate at 0.01 level of
significance.

Raghu Engineering College Dept. of CSE P & S, Unit -IV (AR-20)