ABIOTIC STRESS MANAGEMENT IN VEGETABLE, CROPS (VSC-603 INTRODUCTION Plant stress is when a plant grows in a non-ideal growth condition and has increased demands for the sudden change in external conditions. Morphologically, it affects a plant's growth, development. and reproduction. Physiologically, it affects cellular metabolism, ion distribution, and cell homeostasis. At the molecular level, it altered gene expression, Plants are frequently subjected to environmental stresses in natural and agricultural environments. s caused by poor climatic and soil conditions never allow crops to reach their potential genetic yields (Boyer, 1982). Furthermore, play an essential function in influencing the spread of plant species. Excess and inadequate water stresses, high and low temperature, and salinity are significant abiotic stresses. However, some elements might be stressful in a matter of minutes, such as temperature, while others can take days or even weeks to have an effect, such as soil water content. * Stress Climate change is constantly putting pressure on horticultural crop yields, with seasonal climate patterns marked by a higher prevalence of extreme weather events (¢.g., heat waves, drought periods, heavy rainfalls, and excessive radiation) that are responsible for significant decreases in both yield and quality of fruit and vegetable production. Furthermore, numerous abiotic stress conditions have been demonstrated to degrade plant defence mechanisms and increase vulnerability to pathogen invasion. Understanding the nature and origins of abiotic stresses that impact vegetables is critical. Furthermore, as understanding improves, better management or resistance solutions become accessible. Crops are increasingly regularly subjected to abiotic stresses in today's climate change scenarios. Global agriculture is facing a slew of new challenges due to climate change. The most apparent of these would be abiotic stresses associated with rising drought occurrences, temperature extremes, and unseasonal floods. Furthermore, the global food supply must be doubled by 2050 to meet the population's ever-increasing demands. Understanding the mechanisms underpinning plant abiotic stress responses and the development of stress-tolerant plants has gamered considerable attention in recent times for these reasons. Adaptation and acclimatization to environmental stresses are the consequence of coordinated activities at all levels of an organization, from the morphological and anatomical to the biochemical, cellular, and molecular levels. Drooping leaves in response to water scarcity, for example, minimizes water loss from the leaf surface. Cellular responses to stress involve disruption of cell division and cell cycle, disruption of cell wall architecture, vacuolization of cells, and alterations in the endomembrane system; all of these responses culminate in increased stress tolerance. ABIOTIC STRESS Bither they are naturally occurring or artificial factors such as cold, heat, salt, drought, flood, intense { or, toxins, Global climate change poses severe abiotic stress in plants regarding increased temperature, chilling, drought, flood, salinity, mineral toxicity, ete. In the future, it is expected to aggravate as they are interconnected. A plant's first-line defence against abiotic stress is in its roots and the health of the si holding it. Stress signalling pathways for any abiotic stress can be separated into the following categories: signal perception, signal transduction, stress-responsive gene expression, and, finaly, the activation of physiological and metabolic responses. Both abiotic and biotic stresses cause an overabundance of ROS. However, the enhanced ROS generation source appears to differ between the two types of strains, ROS, which include hydrogen peroxide (H202), superoxide anions (02-), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and singlet oxygen (02), are products of physiological ‘metabolisms and are finely regulated by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence mechanisms. ROS build substantially during abiotic stress circumstances, causing oxidative stress and, ultimately, the death of cells, ROS have recently been identified as crucial participants in the complicated signalling system of plant response to stress. The intervention of ROS in signal transduction suggests that regulation networks must work in concert to keep ROS at non-toxic levels in a tricky balancing act among ROS production, which involves ROS-generating enzymes and the inevitable development of ROS throughout primary cellular metabolism ROS-Avenging processes. Emerging data suggest that ROS play a critical role in agricultural plant abiotic stress “esponses, activating stress-response and defence systems. DEVELOPMENT OF CLIMATE-RESILIENT VEGETABLE VARIETIES Recent advances in genomics, high through put phenomics, sequeneing, and breeding procedur. as cutting-edge genome-editing tools integrated with artificial intelligence, open up new avenues for rapid climate-resilient crop improvement, As a result, holistic smart breeding approaches may be a potential solution to combating climate change and developing better-adapted agricultural types. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ABLOTIC STRE! ‘A. HEAT STRESS: Heat stress ref particular period which ea impact plant phy in the activi S MITIGATIONS ARE DESCRIBED BELOW to a rise in temperature beyond the threshold level of temperature for a tly 's damage to plant growth and development. jology because each speci mperature changes ean signifi es has an optimal temperature for development, Due to a redu of Rubisco as well as its substrate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP), at high temperatures, the yield was reduced significantly. Cell death can occur when cell membranes, nucleic acids, enzymes, and proteins are denatured at high temperatures for a short period. The effects of high temperatures on crops are determined by the degree and intensity of the temperature and the species. Temperature changes play a significant role in plant physiological activities from germination to reproductive stages. These can be well explained with suitable examples. EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON GERMINATION ASPECT: In the case of carrots, temperatures of 15° C and 35° C reduced the seed germination percentage and vigor of seedlings. In the case of okra above 40, there is complete inhibition of germination, Cucumber and melon seed germination is severely inhibited at 42, and 45° C, respectively, and watermelon, winter squash, summer squash, and pumpkin seed germination is not feasible at 42°C. EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH ASPECT: In cabbage leaf expansion, leat length, leaf width, fresh and dry weight decreased at a temperature above 32° C. In the case of Okra reduction in the number of leaves was observed under heat stress. EFFECT OF HEAT STRESS ON REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH ASPECT: Flower abortion and the initiation of sterile flowers can be caused by excessive heat during the reproductive stage of the plants. Heat- induced flower sterility is caused by a change in meiosis in male and female organs, which results in decreased pollen fertility and ovule and stigma distortions. In the chilli and okra crops, flower drop is experienced above 35 °C and 42 °C, respectively. In tomato fruit set is decreased if the temperature goes beyond 26 °C. Poor pollen production and ovule abortion in vegetable crops was observed under heat stress. PATHWAYS TO COMBAT HEAT STRESS IN PLANTS Pathway 1: Major adaptation is the production of thermo-protectants like Secondary metabolites, Heat shock proteins, & activation of enzymatic & non-enzymatic ROS (Reactive oxygen species) and their signalling events Pathwa‘ ILalter the membrane proteins resulting in the activation ofealcium fons with more ealeium influx, I activates signals and another Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ealeium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) cascades and many heat stress-responsive genes, These genes are involved in synthesising Osmo protectants, ‘oxidants, HSPs, signalling transduction molecules. The primary purpose of these Osmo protectants and these antioxidants is to scavenge the ROS. Pathway 3: When a cell is subjected to heat stress. that help protcin fold in a particular pattet genes. There are several HSPs like Hsp60, F it produces some proteins called Heat shock proteins. HSPs are called chaperons. These HSFs help in the activation of HSP 1p70, Hsp90, Hsp100. MECHANISM OF ‘AT TOLERANC! ‘Various plant species are divided into sensitive, tolerant and resistant species based on their response to high temperature, while adaptation is divided inlo avoidance and tolerance, Plans’ heat stess avoidance strategie include morphological and physiological changes such as stomata closure, stomata density increase, aoa ane lipid alteration, and leaf orientation moxiieation. To avoid the heat, plants may grow tomentose hairs a/ ‘sh form a thick covering on the leaf surface and cuticles. leaves are positioned parallel to the sun's rays, or {rey roll up t0 reduce water losses to prevent the absorption of this much sunlight. A leaf size affects its ability to transfer heat from its interior into the outside environment via respiration. maller leaves thrive better heat stress than larger leaves, Furthermore, plants prefer to accomplish their reproductive cycle at periods of favourable temperatures to resist periods of high temperatures. In addition, C4 and CAM mechanisms help plants adapt their photosynthesis to high temperatures. Other factors contributing to tolerance include late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins, ion transporters, antioxidant molecules. osmo- protectants, and transcriptional factors. On the other hand, tolerance might differ between species, organs, and tissues within the same plant, Another method for avoiding the adverse effects of heat stress is the synthesis of shock proteins (HSP). Five of these proteins work with other chaperones to help repair proteins and help plants escape stress. Finally, the plant raises the amounts of glutathione, ascorbate, carotenes, tocopherols, and different antioxidant enzymes in response to oxidative damage caused by heat stress. BREEDING FOR HEAT STRESS TOLERANCE IN VEGETABLE CROPS Breeding for heat stress in the vegetable can be done by two means. They are 1) Conventional breeding methods and 2) Advanced breeding methods. 1. Conventional breeding method: Growing of different heat-tolerant varieties by employing the selections and methods like recurrent selection, pedigree method, selections that have a source for heat tolerance, 2, Advanced breeding method: It includes a marker-assisted selection associated with QTLs; the advantage is that it will be very stable and less altered by the environment as we work at the gene level. MITIGATING STRATEGIES FOR HEAT STRESS 1. Selection of heat-tolerant varieties: The breeding and selection of heat-resistant cultivars is an essential strategy for mitigating the damaging effects of heat on plants. The heat-tolerant tomato genotype showed mild transcriptional alterations and up- regulated gene expression compared to the heat-sensitive genotype, which showed down-regulation of gene expression. Heat-tolerant genotypes of B. campestris had lower root development and antioxidant enzymes than heat-sensitive genotypes. Heat tolerant varieties in vegetable crops: Tomato-Pusa Sadabahar and Pusa Hybrid-1; Radish-Pusa Chetki; Carrot-Pusa Vrishti; Cauliflower-Pusa Meghna The use of osmolytes aided in the protection of the defensive system. i. Ascorbic acid: Strong antioxidant protects plant cells from oxidative damage caused by aerobic metabolism and photosynthetic damage. Ascorbic acid (50 wM) increased the defence system by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide generation in mungbean and also promoted seed germination and seedling growth under heat stress. ii. Abscisic Acid: ABA aids in stimulating metabolic pathways that are required to protect plants from heat stress. ABA (2.5 1M) enhanced plant development and defence system at higher heat stress in chickpea by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide levels at the maximum temperature, y-Aminobutyrie Acid (GABA): GABA is engaged in various activities, including resistance to oxidative stress and osmoregulation, bullering in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, signal transduction, resistance 10 herbivorous pests, and cytosolic pH regulation. iv, Brassinosteroids: It accumulates in reproductive organs like fruits and pollen in most cases. Brassinosteroids play a role in various physiological processes and reactions, including stomatal function. respiration, photosynthesis, CO2 assimilation, ion transport, and cell division. By scavenging ROS and inducing the formation of HSPs, BRs inerease the activity of antioxidant enzymes and decrease membrane lipid peroxidation. v. Citric acid: It functions as an antioxidant respiratory metabolism intermediate, taking part in heat-stress defence mechanisms. vii Glycine betaine: Stressed plants benefit from the protective effects of glycine betaine (GB), which maintains vr mbrane integrity, stabilises activities, and keeps protein and enzyme complex structures intact. wih Nitrie oxide: Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical with a short half-life found in plant cells and organs. It performs a variety of activities in plant development and growth and the regulation of various processes, —ising stress responses, adaptability, and programmed cell death. By activating antioxidant enzymes, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (Nitric oxide donor) improves heat tolerance. . Salicylic Acid: Salicylic acid is involved in various plant responses as a signalling molecule, such as chlorophyll and protein synthesis, food uptake and transport and stomatal closure, increasing chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and plant biomass. : 3. Exogenous application of microbes: Microbes promote plant growth, yield, and defence through a symbiotic connection. Improve nutrition and water intake, WUE, survival without injury, and endogenous hormone levels. Asan example, consider AMF (arbuscular mycorthizal fun 4, Use of inorganic amendments Calcium: Exogenous treatment of Caleium CAT activity while decreasing oxidative stress ii, Sulpbur: ns enhanced amino acid content, proline, and POD, SOD, and Sulphur reduced oxidative stress by increasing chlorophyll content while lowering the production of reactive oxygen species. iii, Zine: Zi the plant's defence system under heat stress conditions by maintaining antioxidant activity, such as SOD activity and membrane integrity. - Silicon ea Plant cell membrane lipids are more stable under heat stress if they contain silicon. In addition, antioxidant enzymes’ activity was enhanced by silicon, which minimises the detrimental effects of ROS when subjected to heat stress, 5. Use of organic amendments: By combining low-oxygen biochar with mineral nutrients like phosphorus, plants may be better able to thrive under heat stress. 6. Anti transpirants: Kaolin (White, inert clay It reduces the detrimental effects of light and heat Pressures on plant physiology and product quality by reflecting infrared and ultraviolet light, enhancing plant water conditions. 7. Soil management practices: Mulching (straw mulch to enhance seedling survival); Soil treated with inorganic nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Zn) in combination with organic material, ¢.g., YM and straw mulch; Proper crop rotation and adjusting N supply; and Adjusting sowing date B. DROUGHT STRESS an environmental phenomenon defined by below-average precipitation rates for extended Periods, resulting in decreased soil water content available for the growth and development of plants. Agronomically, water stress is essential because it impacts crop performance, especially if it happens ata critical moment in the growing season. It occurs as the air temperature rises, causing plants to close their stomata, decreasing photosynthesis and productivity. EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON PLANT DEVELOPMENT Most crops are less sensitive to water scarcity during the early vegetative growth phases, Still, throughout the reproductive stage, water scarcity causes changes in numerous physiological parameters, including fertility disruptions and yield decrease. Tomatoes are susceptible to water stress during fruit seting and vigorous fruit development stages when increased water stress results in a 25 to 50% loss in yield, Water scarcity causes flower shedding and lack of fertilization during early tomato flowering, and during fruit setting, plants with small-sized fruits are produced. Water stress increases flower drop in legume plants during flowering, reduces pod numbers and seed abortion in pods, and raises the ratio of curved pods, Bean plants generate shorter shoots, smaller leaves, and shorter pods when scarce water, Semi-leafless pea varieties have a smaller leaf area. They are thought to require less water and have a greater water use efficiency (WUE) than tradit Drought nal types with typical leaves. MECHANISM OF TOLERANCE OF DROUGHT STRESS Three different defence systems result in drought tolerance involving escape, avoidance, and tolerance. ‘The escapement process is accomplished by plants’ ability to complete their life cycle before the onset of drought stress. This reaction entails shorter periods for the various phenological stages, which means plants mature in less time, On the other side, the avoidance strategy is achieved by inereasing water absorption and reducing water losses from cells under drought periods, leading to high water potential in plant cells, There are many methods for achieving this, including deereasing leaf area and canopy height to minimise solar energy absorptionee wo. asa result, transpiration. The other mechanisms include changes in root density and length, the generation of cuticular wax and stomatal closure. Finally, plants thrive well under drought stress by maintaining cellular urgor and water loss. This can be performed by increasing cell membranes’ flexibi ity, decreasing the cell's size, and accumulating solutes in the cytoplasm, Plant defence mechanisms against oxidative stress include enzymes (superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase ~CAT and others, phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and jasmonate (JA), as well as bioactive molecules (carotenoids, glutathione, ascorbate, flavonoids, and tocopherols). Under water- stress conditions, ABA induces stomatal closure. At the same time, the same hormone also regulates transpiration and the activation of specific genes via a pathway involving SnRK2/OST1 (Proteinase), PP2C (Protein phosphatases), and PYR/PYLIRCAR proteins, MITIGATION OF DROUGHT STRESS 1. Selection of varieti area, # Selected drought-tolerant varieties of vegetable crops for planting in a drought-prone Drought-tolerant varicti s of vegetable crops: Tomato-Arka Vikas; Brinjal-Bundelkhand Deshi: Chilli-Arka Lohit and HHR-Sel.-132; Onion-Atka Kalyan, MST 42 and MST 46; Potato-Kufri Sheetman; Cassava-TP White and Narukku-3; Sweet potato-Sree Bhadra, 2. Improved method of seedling production: fertlisers/bio-pesticide inoculation in Portray Consistent seedlings. However, with reduced conditions, these seedlings will be more succe: 3. Adoption of soil and moisture consery: At the nursery stage, coco peat, nylon net protection, and bio- seedlings have a high probability of producing strong and root damage and a better chance of survival in water-stress ssful when transplanted into the main field. ‘ation techniques: Soil moisture conservation can be achieved ‘hrough various agricultural practices, including cropping, mulching and zero tillage. For optimal soil and water conservation in arid locations, mechanical techniques such as graded bunding, contour bunding, vertical ‘mulching, bench terracing, and so on must be employed. Another option for maximising runoff utilisation is ‘water harvesting and recycling, For example, runoff water ean be collected in dug-out ponds or tanks and earthen or masonry dams for rainwater collection. In areas with rainfall between 500 and 800 mm, rainwater harvesting is possible, ‘4. Mulching Practices in Vegetable Produetion: Soil and water conservation can be achieved by using mulch, ‘Which can be made from organic agricultural waste or synthetic plastic sheets, Fruit and vegetable crops can be mulched using farm waste and other organic material. However, it has recently been popular to use plastic mulches because of their apparent advantages of effective moisture retention, weed conttol, and soil structure conservation. 5. Use of drip irrigation: Drip irrigation in horticulture has proven superior to other conventional irrigation methods because of its previse and direet application of water inthe root zone. The additional benefits of drip irrigation are significant water savings, weed contol, labour savings, and inereased growth, development, and Yields of fruits and vegetables. Drip irrigation can be used in fruit crops and all vegetable erops, including those with small spacing, such as onions and beans. Water savings range from 30 to 50 per cent depending on crop and season. 6. Application of foliar nutrition: Foliar application of nutrients during water stress situations promotes more significant development by absorbing nutrients more quickly. Drought resistance is induced in vegetable crops by K and Ca spraying. Crop yields and quality are improved by spraying micronutrients and secondary nutrients C. SALT STRESS Salinity is one of the most critical problems affecting crop productivity worldwide. As much as 20% of irrigated land, which produces one-third of the world’s food, was influenced by salts, Soil salinity is classified into two types: primary and secondary salinity. The principal one is caused by natural rock disintegration processes that release soluble salts into water, such as chlorides, sodium, magnesium, sulphates, calcium and carbonates, which are deposited in soil solution by wind and rain, The most easily transportable salt is sodium chloride (NaCl). On the other hand, secondary salinity is the result of human actions such asthe use of irigation water with high salt concentrations, the substitution of perennial crops with annual crops, and the inappropriateoa I of which promote soil salinity. Salinity impairs plant growth and development via wr": stress and cytotoxicity due to excessive uptake of Nat and Ca- ions and nutritional imbalance. In addition, the salinity threshold (ECt) of the majority of vegetable crops is low (ranging from | to 2.5 dS m-1 in saturated soil extracts), and vegetable salt tolerance decreases when saline water is used for irrigation. EFFECT OF SALT STRESS ON PLANT DEVELOPMENTS, Excessive salt concentrations in plant tissues will impede growth and productivity since they can disrupt various critical processes such as germination, nutrient balance, redox balance, and photosynthesis, among others. Salinity, for example, may impair germination by lowering the osmotic potential of the germination medium, reducing seed imbibition, and altering the activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins. The effects of salinity on germination differ between species and cultivars, as well as different salinity levels. The eflect of salinity on plant growth progresses in two stages. Saline situations have little impact on plant growth in the first phase because Na and Cl that enter the xylem are gathered in the vacuoles, while the meristems continue to grow by feeding through the phloem. Only the reduction of leaves and the formation of roots are visible during this phase. As salts accumulate within plant tissues, cells cannot store them in vacuoles. Therefore, the concentration in the cytoplasm rises, and the function of numerous enzymes i s severely impeded MECHANISM OF SALT STRESS TOLERANCE, Halophytes are plants that can flourish in saline situations. From the genomic to the proteome and metabolomic levels, many plant characteristics are involved in salinity tolerance. Plants attempt to cope with high salt concentrations in various ways, including reduced salt absorption and transport, as well as compartmentalisation and expulsion of salts from plant tissues. Stomata closure under saline circumstances, driven by osmotic stress, lowers CO2 assimilation. This, in turn, results in a reduction in the proteins that comprise the Rubisco subunits, the proteins of the oxygen- evolving enhancer (OEE) complex, and Rubisco activase. Other proteins that change concentration during salt stress include ferredoxin NADPH reductase and the CP47 protein, protecting D1. During salinity, the enzymes involved in the manufacture of numerous hormones, including jasmonic acid, gibberellins, ethylene, and abscisic acid, rise (Raza et al., 2020). Salinity affects lipid metabolism as well. MITIGATION OF SALT STRESS 1. Selection of varieties of vegetable crops: Select salt tolerant or resistant varieties for planting in saline soil conditions. : Promising vegetable varieties for salt-affeeted soils: Brinjal-Black Beauty; Cabbage-Golden Acre; Musk melon-Pusa Madhura; Onion-Hisar-2 and Pusa Ratnar; Chilli-Jwala; Garlic-Hg 6; Okra- Pusa Sawani; Pea-New Perfection and Line Market Prize; Tomato-Marglobe and Hissar Arun; Kharif onion-Basant 2. Soil Reclamation: Salt must be removed from the root zone to combat salinity and sodicity (reclamation). This is possibly the most potent and long-lasting method of reducing or even eliminating the adverse effects of salt. However, leaching may not be enough to reclaim sodic soils; amendments to increase soil permeability and lower exchangeable sodium levels may be required. In addition, melodic soil reclamation requires applying considerable amounts of gypsum to replace sodium ions with calcium ions in the soil (CaSOs). 3, Fertilisation: Crop fertilisation is one of the causes of soil salinisation, To mitigate this detrimental impact, fertiliser application method, fertilisation schedules, fertiliser properties, irrigation water quality, and other factors must be considered, In addition, nutrient excesses should be avoided, and the use of high qu: free, low salinity fertiliser is recommended. Fertiliser application via irrigation water (fertigation) helps reduce soil salinisation and ameliorate salt stress effects because it enhances fertiliser efficiency, improves nutrient availability and timing of application, and fertiliser concentration is readily adjusted. 4. Maintenance Leaching: Maintenance leaching is required to enable long-term land use with irrigated vegetable crops. In addition to the quantity needed for standard irrigation, the volume of water applied with irrigation must include a water amount that drains down the root zone. This extra water is known as the leaching , chloride-s. Thus, an LF of 15 to Mechanism of Waterlogging Tolerance ___ Waterlogging isa serious problem in low-laying rainfed areas. Lack of oxygen supply forthe plant is the main reason of damage in waterlogging condition, which hampers nutrient and water uptake, as a reason the plant shows wilting. In oxygen-deprived condition plants shift its metabolism to anaerobic from aerobic mode, Plants which can withstand waterlogging condition have mechanisms such as increased availability of soluble sugar, aerenchyma formation, greater activity of glycolytic pathway and fermentation enzymes, and involvement of antioxidant defence mechanism to cope with the oxidative stress induced by waterlogging. Ethylene plays an important role in change of mechanisms of plants in deficiency of oxygen. It was also reported that ethylene induces the genes of enzymes associated with aerenchyma formation, glycolysis and fermentation pathway. Hypoxia and Anox! Roots of the plants are usually in contact with oxygen at a partial pressure which is equivalent t0 the gaseous atmosphere. Hypoxia, reduction of oxygen below optimum level, s the most common form of stress ‘which occurs during partial submergence of plant due to short-term flooding where the root goes under water sed shoots remain in the atmosphere. Anoxia, another kind of water stress where plant goes under water completely, hence complete absence of oxygen as a result of long-term flooding, Microbial flora of the soil may Chante by tong time waterlogging which works in favour of anaerobic microorganisms that use, as alternative, Tn such condition soil tends to accumulate nitrite as it tends to accumulate more electron acceptors to oxygen. : edused and phytotoxie forms of mineral ions (from nitrate) and Ferrous ions (from ferric) and very few numbers kind of soil aturally adapted to gt of plants are naturally TEC UaON pu to ctimate change, the ear’ tempeatre is eonstanty rising ss wel asthe risk of exe weather events like ' He ds and drought is also increasing, Vegetable crops are exposed to multiple bie Sse because Lea es asrvyee change. Drought, high temperatures, and salinity are major environmental factors that reduce cof ongoing Cli ad threaten global food safety. These consequences are particularly pronounced in vegetable crops, agricultural yields eto climate change than field or tree erops. Abiotic stresses lke drought, severe temperatures, which are more vulner s of yield and quality of vegetable crops Plant morphology and physiology ‘and molecular and salt lend to increased lone combination environmental stresses, Understanding the processes underlying these ine more tolerant genotypes inthe longum However, the severity ofthe station necessitates in er Puch as adopting e20-susanable arcultore practices tht can mitigate the detrimental donate allowing vegetable crops to adap to unfavourable climatic circumstances row in this processes alter responses may ai immediate short-term impacts of pollution w!