ARDHI UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL: SCHOOL OF ARCTITECTURE COSTRUCTION
ECONOMICS AND MENAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT: QUANTITY SURVEYING AND CONSTRUCTION
ECONOMICS
QC331: MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICALS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS WORKS
GROUP ASSIGNMENT 2
GROUP NUMBER 17
S/N NAME REGISTRATION
NUMBER
ABDALLA ABDALLA ALI 28513/T.2022
1.
HENRY JELWA MAGIDA 28886/T.2022
2.
SAID MOHAMMED YAZID 29250/T.2022
3.
RAMADHANI NASSORO 28810/T.2022
4. ATHUMANI
NTUI FRANK THOMAS 28759/T.2022
5.
6. ALI KHADIJA SALEH 29106/T.2022
1
Data Transmission Installations refer to the systems and infrastructure put in place to
enable the transfer of data (digital information) between devices or locations. These
installations are essential in modern buildings, industries, data centers, and
communication networks, supporting services like internet access, telephone
communication, video conferencing, security systems, and automation.
1. Definition
Data transmission installations are structured networks or systems that facilitate the
movement of data from one point to another, using various mediums like copper cables,
fiber optics, or wireless signals.
2. Components of Data Transmission Installations
a) Transmission Media
These are the physical or wireless channels used to transmit data.
i. Wired Media
• Twisted Pair Cables (UTP/STP): Used in LANs (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a).
• Coaxial Cables: Used in TV and early internet connections.
• Fiber Optic Cables: High-speed, long-distance communication using light signals.
ii. Wireless Media
• Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11): Wireless Local Area Networks.
• Bluetooth, ZigBee: Short-range device communication.
• Cellular (3G/4G/5G): Long-range mobile networks.
• Microwave & Satellite: Used for long-distance, rural, or remote data links.
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b) Network Devices
✓ Devices that manage, transmit, and receive data within the network.
• Switches: Connect multiple devices in a LAN and manage data flow efficiently.
• Routers: Connect different networks (e.g., LAN to Internet).
• Modems: Convert digital signals to analog (and vice versa) for transmission over
telephone lines.
• Access Points: Provide wireless connectivity in a network.
• Patch Panels: Organize cable connections in a network cabinet.
c) Outlets and Connectors
RJ45 Sockets: Common Ethernet connectors.
Fiber Termination Boxes: Endpoints for fiber cables.
Faceplates & Wall Boxes: Provide user access points.
d) Network Cabinets/Racks
✓ Metal enclosures that house networking hardware like switches, patch panels, and
servers. They offer:
• Organization
• Ventilation
• Physical security
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3. Installation Process
1. Planning and Design
Assess user needs (e.g., data load, future scalability).
Determine network topology (star, bus, mesh, etc.).
Select media type (copper or fiber).
Choose appropriate standards (e.g., TIA/EIA, ISO/IEC).
2. Cabling Installation
• Route cables through conduits, ducts, or ceiling voids.
• Terminate cables at patch panels and user outlets.
• Label all cables and points for easy maintenance.
3. Device Installation
• Mount switches, routers, and other hardware in racks.
• Connect devices using patch cords.
• Configure software settings (IP addresses, SSIDs, etc.).
4. Testing and Commissioning
• Use tools like cable testers, certifiers, or OTDRs (for fiber).
• Check for signal loss, interference, and proper data speed.
• Document all test results.
5. Standards and Regulations
Installation must comply with international and local standards, such as:
TIA/EIA 568: For structured cabling in buildings.
ISO/IEC 11801: For general networking standards.
NEC/NFPA: For safe electrical installations.
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6. Types of Data Transmission
a) Analog vs. Digital
Modern systems mostly use digital data (0s and 1s).
b) Serial vs. Parallel
Serial: One bit at a time (common in long-distance).
Parallel: Multiple bits simultaneously (used inside computers).
c) Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full-Duplex
Simplex: One-way (e.g., keyboard input).
Half-Duplex: Two-way, but one direction at a time (e.g., walkie-talkie).
Full-Duplex: Two-way simultaneously (e.g., telephone).
7. Applications
• Offices: Structured cabling for workstations and VoIP phones.
• Data Centers: High-performance cabling and switching systems.
• Smart Homes: Wireless and wired systems for automation.
• Educational Institutions: Campus-wide Wi-Fi and wired networks.
• Industrial Plants: Communication between sensors, PLCs, and control systems.
8. Challenges and Considerations
• Interference (EMI/RFI): Must be minimized using shielding and correct routing.
• Distance Limitations: Especially for copper cables (typically ≤100m).
• Bandwidth Requirements: Plan for current and future usage.
• Security: Use firewalls, encryption, and access control.
• Redundancy: Ensure backup routes or systems for critical data.
