AMIHAN: AN ARDUINO-BASED WIND ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR

STREET LIGHTING

A Capstone Project

presented to the Faculty of the

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

Veritas College of Irosin

San Julian, Irosin, Sorsogon 4707

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

By

BEA ROSEANN BARCELONA

RICA MAE HAGOS

CHRISTIAN SALAZAR

CHERY LOU JUANERIO

APRIL 5, 2025

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 Chapter I
PROJECT BACKGROUND
This chapter outlines the project's context, purpose,
and description, detailing its overall and specific
objectives, scope and limitations, significance, and a
project dictionary that defines key terms conceptually,
technically, and operationally for better understanding.

Introduction
According to Bertrand (2021), Air pollution resulting
from the combustion of fossil fuels poses significant health
risks, contributing to conditions such as asthma, cancer,
heart disease, and premature mortality. The burning of
gasoline additives—like benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene—releases harmful ultra-fine particles and aromatic
hydrocarbons.
The revelation that air pollution from fossil fuels is
responsible for one in five deaths is certainly concerning.
However, as Vohra emphasizes, this is an issue we can
effectively address. Reducing these emissions can have a
significant impact. For instance, China managed to cut its
fossil fuel PM 2.5 emissions by approximately 44 percent
from 2012 to 2018, which has resulted in saving around 1.5
million lives annually (Chaisson, 2021).
Furthermore, the combustion of fossil fuels is the main
contributor to contemporary climate change, which disrupts
ecosystems and poses health risks to both humans and the
environment. Transitioning to alternative energy sources,
particularly renewable energy, can significantly reduce air
pollution and its associated health risks while also
addressing the pressing issue of climate change. Shifting to

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clean energy has the potential to save numerous lives and
create a healthier environment for future generations.
According to Myllyvirta, Thieriot, & Suarez (2023),
Exposure to ambient air pollutants has severe consequences
for human health. In the Philippines, air pollution ranks as
the third leading risk factor for death and disability from
non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and is the foremost
environmental health risk (IHME, 2020).
The increasing healthcare costs associated with
diseases linked to air pollution underscore the urgent need
for renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, which
harnesses the kinetic energy of wind to generate electricity
through wind turbines. This clean and inexhaustible energy
source produces no greenhouse gas emissions during
operation, making it an effective solution for combating
climate change and enhancing air quality.
As stated by Pica (2019), Transitioning to renewable
energy is not only necessary to fight the climate crisis, it
is also the only way we can quickly and effectively meet
rising energy demands. It is foolish to think, however, that
the fossil fuel industry will eagerly embrace this
transition. The populace must push governments to enact an
ambitious climate strategy that phases out all fossil fuels
and transitions to a sustainable economy.
As industrial growth and urbanization continue to rise,
energy demands are significantly increasing, particularly in
rural areas. This trend underscores the urgent need to
explore renewable energy sources to fulfill the energy
requirements of rural infrastructure, including street
lighting and other essential services. The growth of rural
communities has led to increased energy consumption,
especially for public utilities. Implementing wind energy

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harvesting systems can offer a sustainable solution to these
energy challenges while also helping to reduce air pollution
and enhance overall air quality.
Rural areas lacking street lighting are more
susceptible to accidents and crime, as poor visibility can
lead to vehicle collisions and create opportunities for
criminal activities. This absence of lighting also increases
the vulnerability of pedestrians and cyclists, making them
more prone to accidents and assaults.
According to Sollano (2014), The absence of street
lighting of some areas in Barangay Pajo, in Lapu-Lapu City
has been tagged as one of the reasons why incidents of
snatching and robbery are rampant in the area. Hoping to
address this concern, Pajo Barangay Captain Junard "Ahong"
Chan wrote a letter to Lapu-Lapu City engineer Alan Pedrigal
and informed him of the need to replace and put up lights in
some city streets, especially at the back of city hall near
Barangay Pajo.
Street lighting is crucial in rural areas, as it
significantly enhances safety and improves the overall
quality of life. Additionally, street lighting extends the
usability of public spaces into the evening, fostering
social interactions, recreational activities, and supporting
local businesses. In areas where trees obstruct sunlight,
solar energy may not be a viable option for powering street
lights, making wind energy a suitable renewable alternative.
Wind power stands as a well-established renewable
energy technology with the capability to address numerous
contemporary technological and societal challenges. Its
applications extend to providing a sustainable energy source
and mitigating air pollution. Various applications of wind
power cater to meeting the growing energy demand. These

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include onshore wind, offshore wind, and wind paired with
battery storage for grid optimization as stated by (Nikitas,
Bhattacharya, & Vimalan, 2020).
To address this challenge, the researchers propose
Amihan, an Arduino-based wind energy harvesting system
designed to operate effectively in such environments. This
system would feature a small wind turbine linked to an
Arduino microcontroller, which optimizes the conversion and
storage of energy. By harnessing the kinetic energy of the
wind, this solution provides a reliable and sustainable
power source for street lighting in shaded areas.
The development of the Amihan system is essential for
several reasons. First, it promotes energy independence and
resilience for communities by utilizing a renewable resource
that is both abundant and sustainable. This is particularly
important in rural areas, where access to reliable
electricity can be inconsistent. By leveraging local wind
resources, communities can reduce their reliance on fossil
fuels and enhance their energy security.
Additionally, the implementation of the Amihan system
can foster community engagement and awareness about
renewable energy. By involving residents in the installation
and maintenance of the system, the project encourages
participation in sustainable practices and initiatives. This
hands-on approach not only educates the community about the
benefits of renewable energy but also empowers them to take
an active role in shaping their energy future.
Moreover, the Amihan system enhances the quality of
life for residents by providing safe and well-lit public
spaces, which can reduce crime rates and improve overall
community safety. Well-lit areas encourage social

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interactions and recreational activities, contributing to a
vibrant community atmosphere.
This study aims to assess the feasibility and
effectiveness of the Amihan system as a sustainable energy
solution for street lighting in rural areas, particularly
those shaded by trees. By highlighting the potential of wind
energy harvesting, the research seeks to encourage the
adoption of renewable energy technologies, ultimately
leading to safer, more sustainable, and resilient
communities. Through this initiative, the researchers aspire
to demonstrate that innovative solutions like Amihan can
significantly address energy challenges while promoting
environmental stewardship and sustainability.

General Objectives
This study focused on the development of Amihan, an Arduino-
based wind energy harvesting system designed to provide
sustainable street lighting.

Specific Objectives
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. To design and develop an Arduino-based wind energy
harvesting system that contains:
1.1 a small wind turbine optimized for rural
environments to efficiently capture wind energy.
1.2 an Arduino microcontroller programmed to manage
energy conversion, storage, and system operations.
1.3 a battery management system that ensures efficient
energy storage, prolongs battery life, and provides power
to the street lighting system.
1.4 LED indicators to visually display system status,
including energy levels and operational alerts.

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 1.5 a photoswitch sensor for automatic control of
street lighting based on ambient light conditions.
1.6 An inverter is an electronic device that converts
direct current (DC) electricity from the batteries into
alternating current (AC) electricity.

2. To evaluate/validate the developed system in terms of:

2.1 functionality;
2.2 reliability;
2.3 usability;
2.4 efficiency/Speed;
2.5 maintability; and
2.6 portability

Scope and Delimitation

The Amihan system is an innovative solution designed to
enhance street lighting through several key features. It
harnesses wind energy using a small turbine to generate
sustainable electricity, complemented by energy-efficient
LED bulbs that provide bright illumination while minimizing
environmental impact.
The system includes an Arduino-based control unit that
monitors and optimizes energy harvesting, storage, and
usage. To improve efficiency, it features a photoswitch that
automatically turns the lights on and off based on ambient
light levels, along with a rechargeable battery that stores
excess energy for reliable power during periods of low wind
And Inverter for convert the electricity from (DC)Direct
Current to (AC)Alternating Current. Its compact, weather-
resistant design makes it suitable for rural environments.
Additionally, the Amihan system incorporates wind speed
and temperature sensors, indicator lights for easy status

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monitoring, and a battery management system (BMS) to extend
battery life.
The primary goal of the Amihan system is to provide
sustainable and reliable street lighting solutions for rural
communities, benefiting local residents by enhancing safety
and visibility at night. The lack of street lights in these
areas contributes to accidents and crime by creating dark
environments that reduce visibility for both drivers and
pedestrians, increasing the likelihood of collisions and
providing cover for criminal activities. By addressing these
issues, the Amihan system aims to promote safety, reduce
crime rates, and improve the overall quality of life for
residents.
This study will be delimited to specific aspects,
focusing on the development of a user-friendly interface for
monitoring energy generation and consumption. It will not
include the integration of a mobile application for remote
monitoring and control, nor will it feature a remote control
system for the Amihan system.
These delimitations ensure that the research remains
focused on the core functionalities and benefits of the
Amihan system, without exploring other renewable energy
solutions or street lighting technologies.

Significance of the Study

Residents. The Amihan system will enhance the quality
of life for residents by providing dependable street
lighting in rural areas that lack of street light. This
improvement will increase safety and security, helping to
lower accident and crime rates and fostering a stronger
sense of community.

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 Local Communities. The system will offer a sustainable
solution to the issue of inadequate street lighting,
contributing to a safer environment and encouraging greater
community involvement.
Environmental Advocates. This study will demonstrate
the potential of wind energy as a viable alternative to
fossil fuels, promoting further investment in sustainable
technologies.
Researchers. The findings will offer valuable insights
into the effectiveness of wind energy systems in rural
settings, inspiring future innovations in renewable energy.
Future Researchers. This study will provide a reference
for those exploring renewable energy solutions, guiding the
development of strategies for improved energy efficiency and
sustainability.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to design and develop Amihan, an
Arduino-based wind energy harvesting system for street
lighting specifically it seeks to answer the following:
1. What elements and features are incorporated into the
design of the Arduino-based wind energy harvesting system to
ensure effective wind energy capture and power management
for street lighting in rural areas?
2. What criteria will be used to assess the performance of
the Amihan system?

Project Dictionary
The following terms related to the research are defined
conceptually and operationally for better understanding for
the reader:

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 Amihan. (d)it’s a Filipino term of Northeast monsoon,
which is a cool and dry northeast wind coming from Siberia
and China and blows down to Southeast Asia (DiveScotty,
n.d).
(m)In this Study, Amihan refers to an innovative
Arduino-based wind energy harvesting system designed
specifically for street lighting applications.
Assaults. (d)a threat or attempt to inflict offensive
physical contact or bodily harm on a person that puts the
person in immediate danger of or in apprehension of such
harm or contact (Merriam-Webster, 2019).
Climate Change. (d)a long-term change in the average
weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local,
regional and global climates (NASA, 2024).
Combustion. (d)a chemical reaction between substances,
usually including oxygen and usually accompanied by the
generation of heat and light in the form of flame
(Kondratiev, 2018).
Collision. (d)the action or an act of colliding with or
crashing into something or someone (Oxford English
Dictionary, 2024).
Depletion. (d)the reduction of the value of the assets
of a company engaged in removing natural resources (as by
mining) because of the decrease over time of the natural
resources (as coal) available in or on the land being worked
(Merriam-Webster, 2025).
Ecosystem. (d)The complex of living organisms, their
physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a
particular unit of space.
Functionality. (d) the quality of being useful,
practical, and right for the purpose for which something was
made (Functionality, 2025)

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 Feasibility. (d)The possibility that something can be
made, done, or achieved, or is reasonable
(English4accounting, 2025).
Fossil fuels. (d) A generic term for non-renewable
energy sources such as coal, coal products, natural gas,
derived gas, crude oil, petroleum products and non-renewable
wastes. These fuels originate from plants and animals that
existed in the geological past (Eurostat, 2019).
Greenhouse Gas. (d)gases in Earth’s atmosphere that
trap heat. They let sunlight pass through the atmosphere,
but they prevent the heat that the sunlight brings from
leaving the atmosphere (NASA, 2019).
Harvesting.(d)the activity of picking and collecting cr
ops, or of collecting plants, animals, or fish as food
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2024).
(m)it refers to the process of capturing and converting
wind energy into usable electrical energy.
Kinetic Energy. (d)a form of energy that an object or a
particle has by reason of its motion (Britannica, n.d.).
Microcontroller. (d)a compact integrated circuit
designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded
system (ScienceDirect Topics, n.d.)
(m)In the Amihan system, a microcontroller is a small
integrated circuit that functions as the central control
unit for the wind energy harvesting system.
Portability. (d) The quality of being light and small
enough to be easily carried or moved (Portability, 2025)
Renewable Energy. (d)the energy from sources that are
naturally replenishing but flow-limited; renewable resources
are virtually inexhaustible, but they are limited by the
availability of the resources (U.S. Energy Information
Administration, 2023).

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 Stewardship. (d)the conducting, supervising, or
managing of something (Merriam-Webster, 2018).
Usability. (d) the fact of something being easy to use,
or the degree to which it is easy to use (Usability, 2025)
Wind turbines. (d)a device that converts the kinetic
energy of wind into electricity (Enel Green Power, 2023).
Wind Energy. (d)a form of renewable energy that
harnesses the power of the wind to generate electricity. It
involves using wind turbines to convert the turning motion
of blades, pushed by moving air into electrical energy
(Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, n.d.).
(m)In this system, wind energy is harnessed through a
small wind turbine that captures the kinetic energy of the
wind. This energy is converted into electrical power, which
will be used to operate street lighting in rural areas.

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 NOTES

Bertrand, S. (2021, December 17). Fact sheet | climate,

environmental, and health impacts of fossil fuels.
Environmental and Energy Study Institute.
[Link]
environmental-and-health-impacts-of-fossil-fuels-2021
Chaisson, C. (2021, February 19). Fossil Fuel Air Pollution
Kills One in Five People. NRDC.
[Link]
kills-one-five-people
Myllyvirta, L., Thieriot, H., & Suarez, I. (2023).
Estimating the health & economic cost of air pollution
in the Philippines.
[Link]
3/02/Philippines-Health-Economic-Cost-Report_v2023.pdf

The Editors of ProCon. (2000). Alternative Energy | Pros,

Cons, Debate, Arguments, Solar, Wind, Fossil Fuels,
Gas, Coal, Hydroelectricity, Biomass, & Nuclear.
Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica website:
[Link]
debate

Sollano, J. P. (2014, February 5). Petty crimes blamed on

absence of street lighting. [Link].
[Link]
/05/1286901/petty-crimes-blamed-absence-street-lighting

Nikitas, G., Bhattacharya, S., & Vimalan, N. (2020). Wind

Energy. Future Energy, 331–355.
[Link]

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Amihan Habagat Monsoon. (n.d.). DiveScotty.
[Link]
[Link]

Merriam-Webster. (2019). Definition of ASSAULT. Merriam-

[Link].
[Link]

NASA. (2024). What Is Climate Change? [Link];

NASA. [Link]
climate-change/

Kondratiev, V. (2018). Combustion | chemical reaction. In

Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from
[Link]

Cambridge Dictionary. (2024, May 22). harvesting. Retrieved

from @CambridgeWords website:
[Link]
harvesting

collision, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English

Dictionary. (2024). [Link].
[Link]

Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2025). [Link].

[Link]

Feasibility: ESL definition and example sentence.(2025).

[Link].
[Link]

Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). ecosystem | Definition,

Components, & Structure. In Encyclopædia Britannica.

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 Retrieved from
[Link]

Eurostat. (2019, September 9). Glossary:Fossil Fuel.

[Link]. [Link]
explained/[Link]?title=Glossary:Fossil_fuel

NASA. (2019). Meet the Greenhouse Gases! | NASA Climate

Kids. Retrieved from [Link] website:
[Link]

What is kinetic energy? | Britannica. (n.d.).

[Link].
[Link]
energy

Microcontroller - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

(n.d.). [Link].
[Link]
icrocontroller

U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2023, June 9).

Renewable energy explained - U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA). [Link]; U.S. Energy Information
Administration.
[Link]

Merriam-Webster. (2018). Definition of stewardship. Merriam-

[Link].
[Link]

Enel Green Power. (2023). Wind turbine.

[Link].
[Link]
energies/wind-energy/wind-turbine

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Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. (n.d.). What
Is Wind Power? [Link].
[Link]
portability. (2025).
[Link]
portability
functionality. (2025).
[Link]
functionality
usability. (2025).
[Link]
usability

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND SYSTEMS

This chapter reviews existing literature and systems

related to the installation and effectiveness of wind-
powered streetlights. It incorporates a range of sources,
including case studies, academic papers, and technical
reports, to provide a comprehensive understanding of this
innovative rural lighting solution. The chapter explores the
principles of wind energy generation, as well as the
installation and maintenance of wind-powered streetlights,
while also considering their sustainability and energy
efficiency implications. By examining these aspects, the
chapter aims to establish a contextual foundation for the
research, highlighting the potential benefits and challenges
of integrating wind energy into street lighting systems and
emphasizing the importance of promoting renewable energy
sources in rural areas.

Related Literatures
Presented in this section are both foreign and local
literatures that hold significance and relevance to the
current study on wind energy streetlights.

Foreign

As per (I Tsionas, 2024) the uptake of renewable energy

systems increases in cities, attention is drawn to urban
Small Urban Wind Turbine (SUWT) implementations. Their
installation in cities and replacement of current energy
sources can contribute to the mitigation of climate change
through reduced local emissions and fewer energy losses, and

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to resilience through energy independence. These benefits
can be directly linked to the UN Sustainability Goals.
However, the exploitation of the wind potential using SUWTs
in urban areas poses challenges given the variability in the
urban morphology and materiality, and their effect on wind
patterns. In addition, SUWTs may pose challenges in terms of
noise, aesthetics, or safety amongst others. The
understanding of the potential environmental effects of
urban wind energy harvesting is still limited. Therefore,
examining the environmental effect of SUWTs could contribute
to establishing necessary regulations and gaining social
acceptance, ultimately accelerating deployment. In this
paper, we review the recent literature in four databases to
identify the potential environmental effects of SUWTs. These
effects are classified across two scales: the macro-scale
for global effects, and the micro-scale for local effects.
The review of the literature shows that the effects are
strongly related to the technology of the turbines and the
installation location, among other factors.
The discussion of urban wind energy harvesting is
related to the Amihan system as both initiatives aim to
utilize wind energy for greater energy independence and
sustainability. While the Amihan system focuses on rural
applications, it shares the need for adapting wind turbines
to specific environments, similar to Small Urban Wind
Turbines (SUWTs). Both systems must consider local wind
characteristics and environmental factors to optimize
performance, emphasizing the importance of strategic
placement for efficiency and safety. Ultimately, both
approaches highlight the necessity of context-specific
design to maximize the benefits of wind energy.

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 Mentioned by (Vijay Prakash Sharma, 2022) Step by step
the energy request is broadening and in this way the
necessities for a manageable source that won't hurt the
climate are of prime significance. Several projections
express that by 2050 the energy requesting will basically
increase. In any case bigger part of the energy necessities
is fulfilled by oil subordinates yet by the utilization of
innocuous to the environment power designs could help in
giving the energy requests. As we in general understand that
feasible power is the energy which is either established by
the environment or straightforwardly from the sun or from
heat conveyed critical inside the earth. In this review
paper the renewable energy s power and warmth, which is
produced using sun based, wind, sea, hydropower, biomass,
geothermal assets, bio engages and hydrogen and these
resources are known as unlimited resources.
The increasing energy demand and the need for
sustainable sources are directly related to the Amihan
system, which focuses on harnessing wind energy as a
renewable resource. With projections indicating a
significant rise in energy needs by 2050, the Amihan system
demonstrates how eco-friendly power sources can meet these
demands without harming the environment. By promoting wind
energy, it aligns with the broader goal of transitioning
from fossil fuels to renewable resources like solar and
biomass. Ultimately, both the Amihan system and the emphasis
on renewable energy highlight the importance of developing
sustainable solutions to address future energy requirements
while protecting the environment.

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 As reported by (Sarah Truitt, 2022) as states and local
governments weigh how to spur economic growth, stimulate job
creation, and simultaneously adapt to meet climate goals,
modern energy codes, and energy demand, this report provides
a simple and transparent method to estimate the size of the
workforce needed to support modeled deployments for energy
efficiency in buildings, stationary battery energy storage
(BES), solar photovoltaics (PV), and land-based wind in 2025
and 2030.
The discussion on workforce estimation for renewable
energy technologies is connected to the Amihan system, as
both initiatives promote sustainable energy solutions and
aim to foster economic growth and job creation. The Amihan
system focuses on wind energy, aligning with the report's
emphasis on land-based wind as a key technology with
significant job growth potential. As states and local
governments strive to meet climate goals, the Amihan system
demonstrates how localized renewable projects can contribute
to these efforts. The report provides a framework for
estimating job creation in renewable sectors, supporting the
broader objectives of initiatives like Amihan. Ultimately,
both emphasize the need to integrate renewable energy
technologies into economic planning for sustainable
development.

According to (Mir, 2022) Wind energy is an intermittent

power source, which has been making significant penetration
into the electricity markets in various countries around the
world. (1) As a result, the accurate predictions of wind
speed and power generation become increasingly important.
The energy is a vital input for the social and economic

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development of any nation. With increasing agricultural and
industrial activities in the country, the demand for energy
is also increasing. Energy can be obtained mainly by two
resources Such as renewable and non renewable resources and
mostly in present we rely upon the non-renewable fossil
fuels, which include coal, oil and natural gas, play a
dominant role in global energy consumption and industrial
revolution. Currently fossil energy supplies to about 80% of
the total worlds’ energy. However, these carbon-rich
reserved fossil fuels are not only exhaustible in about next
ten decades, but also the primary source of air pollution,
carbon emission and greenhouse gas production, so the use of
these resources should be reduced in order to protect
environment. Renewable resources such as wind energy, solar
energy,hydro energy tidal energy etc, these resources are
environmental friendly and less costlier than non-renewable
[Link] energy is one of the best resources
contributed to solution of global warming because of it is
completely pollution free. The wind is the only natural
source of energy available everywhere and, therefore, it is
the most promising renewable energy source. Its contribution
to the world’s energy demand is going to be increased in the
future with the ending of the fossil fuel era. Due to
Uncertainty in Nature, the wind production, this mainly
depends on the wind speed, is frequently changing.
Therefore, it will be more beneficial for the producers to
forecast the renewable power production according to some
crucial parameters. It is important for the power industry
to have the capability to estimate this changing power. The
characteristics of wind power generation are studied and a
neural network is used to estimate it. There are a few
techniques available for wind speed prediction, which

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require a minimum number of input parameters. Four different
statistical techniques, viz., curve fitting, Auto Regressive
Integrated Moving Average Model (ARIMA), extrapolation with
periodic function and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are
employed to predict wind speed. These methods require wind
speeds of previous hours as input. It has been found that
wind speed can be predicted with a reasonable degree of
accuracy using two methods, viz., extrapolation using
periodic curve fitting and [Link] this article we mostly
focus on Ann(2). An ANN is based on a collection of
connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which
loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each
connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can
transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron
receives a signal then processes it and can signal neurons
connected to it. The “signal” at a connection is a real
number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some
non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The
connections are called edges. Neurons and edges typically
have a weight that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight
increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a
connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal
is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold.
Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers.
This study is pertinent to the Amihan system because it
highlights how crucial precise forecasts of wind speed and
power generation are to maximizing the production of wind
energy. Sustainable development depends on switching from
fossil fuels to renewable energy sources like wind power due
to the growing energy demands of industrial and agricultural
processes. In line with the objectives of the Amihan system,
the study emphasizes the environmental advantages of wind

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energy in lowering carbon emissions and halting global
warming. Effective energy management tactics are also
supported by the increased dependability of wind energy
generation brought about by the application of sophisticated
forecasting techniques like Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN). In line with the goals of the Amihan system, the
study highlights how better forecasting can make it easier
to incorporate renewable energy into the energy market.

As Said by (Zahraossadat Alav, 2024) A circular economy

involves managing and reducing the environmental and social
impacts of products and materials throughout their entire
lifecycle, from production to end of life, including clean
energy technologies. The remarkable growth of wind turbine
(WT) deployment in Australia, as a clean energy source, is
promising, with over 10 gigawatts (GW) installed by 2023.
Responsible management of wind turbines throughout the
entire supply chain, including their end of life, is crucial
to prevent potential environmental issues caused by
significant waste volumes and to identify opportunities for
resource recovery. This study offers a comprehensive
overview of current and future WT waste through material
flow analysis (MFA) under five national wind energy
deployment scenarios, considering various wind turbine
technologies. The results indicate that the projected
cumulative WT installation capacity will range from 13 to 38
GW by 2041. Consequently, the cumulative WT waste volume is
expected to range between 6.69 and 19.76 million tonnes in
2060, depending on the scenario, with the “slow change”
scenario producing the least waste and the “step change”
scenario generating the most. The estimated waste stream

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will see a rapid increase from about 2028, encompassing a
variety of materials, primarily concrete at 10.20 million
tonnes, followed by 3.21 million tonnes of steel and 35.41
kt of copper by 2060. Additionally, valuable materials such
as rare earth elements (REEs) and composites, despite their
smaller quantities, have significant environmental,
economic, and supply chain security implications. This
substantial waste material presents an opportunity for
resource recovery and underscores the importance of adopting
a circular economy approach for wind energy systems.
This study is relevant to the Amihan system as it
underscores the significance of a circular economy in
managing the lifecycle of wind turbines to minimize
environmental impacts and enhance resource recovery. By
applying these insights, the Amihan system can improve its
sustainability practices, optimizing energy generation while
responsibly using materials. Ultimately, the study provides
valuable guidance for the Amihan system in promoting
sustainability and resource efficiency, supporting a
circular approach to wind energy.

Local

According to (Gabriela Monica Gonzales, 2021) The

Philippines has adopted measures to increase its renewable
energy (RE) generation since the early 2000s, as it faced
issues on energy security and aimed to transition to a low
carbon economy. However, despite the country’s potential for
RE and the legislations and policies enacted to support
this, the RE sector has not yet fully developed, and the
country still largely depends on fossil fuels. This study
reviews the current state of the RE sector of the

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Philippines and evaluates the internal and external factors
that affect it through SWOT (strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats) analysis. Results reveal that
positive indicators include the country’s high potential for
RE generation, successful implementation of local and
international projects, and geographic suitability to
harness RE. Meanwhile, negative indicators include the
continued dominance of fossil fuels in the energy mix,
political instability, and lack of institutional support. To
create a robust framework for RE, energy leaders need to
monitor RE policies' implementation and effectiveness
strictly and extensively promote localized RE generation. A
participatory approach in energy planning and policy design
is also recommended.
This study is related to the Amihan system, which
harnesses wind energy for street lighting, as both
initiatives aim to improve renewable energy generation in
the Philippines and facilitate the transition to a low-
carbon economy. The study highlights the significance of a
participatory approach in energy planning, suggesting that
the Amihan system could benefit from engaging stakeholders
to promote localized solutions. Overall, the insights
provided by the study can enhance the Amihan system's
strategies within the broader context of renewable energy
development in the country.

Based on (Alec Venzo Abella, 2024) Offshore wind

development in the Philippines remains at a standstill owing
to the relatively high cost of the technology despite the
government’s ambitious goal to produce 19–50 GW by 2050.
Previous studies have shown that bottom-fixed turbines can

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be utilized to reach the lower end of the production target.
Still, most potential can be achieved in greater depths
where floating turbines are more appropriate. Therefore,
this study performs a techno-economic assessment for
floating offshore wind energy using global information
system (GIS) software to analyze the technical and economic
potential of floating offshore wind energy in the
Philippines. Data from the Global Wind Atlas was used to
obtain the technical potential of sites that may be used for
floating offshore wind turbines. Exclusion zones are set up
according to distance from shore, marine protected areas,
oil and petroleum sites, shipping lanes, and submarine
cables. Factors on distance to shore, port, and substation,
as well as natural hazards and bathymetry, are considered
according to a weighted analytic hierarchical process. The
net present value (NPV) of each potential site is then
calculated by considering the capital, operational, and
decommissioning cost of a site at a 6% interest rate and 25
years of operational life. Results show that there is a
total potential of 813 GW that can be produced from a total
of 20 non-contiguous sites. However, the current feed-in
tariff (FIT) rate of 8.53 Php/kW is insufficient to make any
sites profitable as all NPVs are negative. The breakeven
prices can guide the Philippines government to set an
appropriate rate at a minimum of 10.14 Php/kW.
This study is related to the Amihan system, which
focuses on using wind energy for street lighting in the
Philippines. While the Amihan system is localized, this
study explores offshore wind energy development,
particularly the potential of floating turbines. It
highlights challenges such as high costs and regulatory
barriers that affect offshore projects. The study uses

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techno-economic assessments and GIS software to evaluate
potential sites for floating wind energy, providing insights
that could inform the Amihan system's site selection and
resource optimization. It offers a comprehensive analysis of
offshore wind potential that can enhance strategies for wind
energy development in the Philippines.

As said by (Gerard Lorenz D. Maandal, 2021) The

technical and economic assessments for emerging renewable
energy technologies, specifically offshore wind energy, is
critical for their improvement and deployment. These
assessments serve as one of the main bases for the
construction of offshore wind farms, which would be
beneficial to the countries gearing toward a sustainable
future such as the Philippines. This study presents the
technical and economic viability of offshore wind farms in
the Philippines. The analysis was divided into four phases,
namely, application of exclusion criteria, technical
analysis, economic assessment, and sensitivity analysis. Arc
GIS 10.5 was used to spatially visualize the results of the
study. Exclusion criteria were applied to narrow down the
potential siting for offshore wind farms, namely, active
submerged cables, local ferry routes, marine protected
areas, reefs, oil and gas extraction areas, bathymetry,
distance to grid, typhoons, and earthquakes. In the
technical analysis, the turbines SWT-3.6-120 and 6.2 M126
Senvion were considered. The offshore wind speed data were
extrapolated from 80 m to 90 m and 95 m using power law. The
wind power density, wind power, and annual energy production
were calculated from the extrapolated wind speed. Areas in
the Philippines with a capacity factor greater than 30% and

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performance greater than 10% were considered technically
viable. The economic assessment considered the historical
data of constructed offshore wind farms from 2008 to 2018.
Multiple linear regression was done to model the cost
associated with the construction of offshore wind farms,
namely, turbine, foundation, electrical, and operation and
maintenance costs (i.e., investment cost). Finally, the
levelized cost of electricity and break-even selling price
were calculated to check the economic viability of the
offshore wind farms. Sensitivity analysis was done to
investigate how LCOE and price of electricity are sensitive
to the discount rate, capacity factor, investment cost,
useful life, mean wind speed, and shape parameter. Upon
application of exclusion criteria, several sites were
determined to be viable with the North of Cagayan having the
highest capacity factor. The calculated capacity factor
ranges from ~42% to ~50% for SWT-3.6-120 and ~38.56% to ~48%
for 6.2M126 turbines. The final regression model with
investment cost as the dependent variable included the
minimum sea depth and the plant capacity as the predictor
variables. The regression model had an adjusted R2 of
90.43%. The regression model was validated with existing
offshore wind farms with a mean absolute percentage error of
11.33%. The LCOE calculated for a 25.0372 km2 offshore area
ranges from USD 157.66/MWh and USD 154.1/MWh. The breakeven
electricity price for an offshore wind farm in the
Philippines ranges from PHP 8.028/kWh to PHP 8.306/kWh.
This study is related to the Amihan system, which
utilizes wind energy for street lighting, as both aim to
promote renewable energy solutions in the Philippines.
However, the Amihan system is localized for specific
applications, while this study explores the broader context

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of offshore wind energy development, focusing on the
technical and economic viability of offshore wind farms. The
study employs detailed assessments, such as exclusion
criteria and sensitivity analysis, to identify suitable
sites for offshore turbines, contrasting with the simpler
implementation of the Amihan system. Ultimately, both
initiatives support the country's renewable energy goals but
operate at different scales and complexities within the wind
energy sector.

On the word of (Jerome G. Gacu, 2024) Amid rising

energy demands in rural areas, thorough resource assessments
for initiatives such as wind power are crucial. This study
involves a land resource assessment for wind power
generation on the rustic Sibuyan Island in the Philippines,
which is currently experiencing an electricity shortage. A
comprehensive overview of the island's suitability for wind
energy projects is performed via evaluation and analysis
using geospatial data and multi-criteria decision making
(MCDM). The research results indicate that 50.44% (220.68 km
2) of the island's land area is categorized as 'poorly
suitable' since it considers protected areas where
developments are not allowed. Only 0.08% (0.35 km 2) of the
island can be classified as 'marginally suitable', while
9.15% (40.73 km 2), 36.64% (176.39 km 2), and 0.69% (3.05 km
2) are labeled as 'moderately suitable', 'suitable', and
'highly suitable', respectively. This confirms the potential
for wind energy exploration on the island. Delineating the
suitability levels provides a foundational framework for
stakeholders that enables them to identify optimal sites for
wind power, sustain the island's resources, and contribute
to the renewable energy landscape of this rural location.

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Overall, this study, underpinned by data analysis, offers
invaluable insights for decision making in wind power
development, with the presented framework adaptable to other
areas of interest.
The Amihan system is designed to serve rural areas by
providing localized wind energy applications, such as street
lighting, to improve energy access in these communities.
This study complements the Amihan initiative by exploring
the potential for larger-scale wind energy generation on
rural sites like Sibuyan Island. By assessing land
suitability for wind power projects, the study provides
valuable insights that could guide the implementation of
similar localized systems, like Amihan, in other rural
regions facing energy shortages. Ultimately, both
initiatives work towards the common goal of advancing
renewable energy solutions and enhancing energy access in
underserved rural communities.

As Stated by (Perez, 2021) Wind energy is a renewable

energy commonly used to generate electricity. This type of
energy is abundant on elevated topographies where wind
velocity and pressure is high enough to make turbine-
generator rotate and generate power. Philippines, due to its
varying topography and climate makes it one of the most
capable countries to harness wind energy. Department of
Energy and Renewable Energy Management Bureau approximates
the wind power potential of the country to 76 GWH which is
7x of the energy potential from hydropower. However,
According to the Philippine Power Statistics updated as of
April 2018, the total installed capacity of wind power
generators is only at 427MW which is 12% of total installed

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capacity of hydropower. Despite having large potential
energy that can be harvested, any effort to harvest the
energy from the wind reduces its speed and pressure which
makes the nearby wind turbines affected. On a large scale
wind farms can provide adequate base load on small off-grid
sites and peaking loads when connected to the grid which is
typically measured on MW scale. Small scale wind turbines
can be used for providing electricity on a household and
street lights, typically under KW scale.
This study explores the greater potential for wind
energy generation throughout the Philippines, using the
nation's plentiful wind resources, while the Amihan system
uses small-scale wind turbines to provide localized energy
solutions. This study could improve and expand the uses of
the Amihan system by determining the best locations for wind
power projects, offering a more substantial energy source
that would help rural populations. Both projects highlight
how important it is to use wind energy to alleviate energy
scarcity and improve living conditions in isolated places.
In the end, they complement each other by tackling different
energy needs at different scales, from small-scale street
lighting to large-scale energy production operations.

Related Systems
This section describes related systems that are similar
to the current study on wind energy streetlights. The
systems discussed above have been examined to give a
foundation for achieving the research goals.

Foreign

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 According to (Bassey B. Okon, 2025) This study
investigates the potential of harnessing wind resource for
generation of electricity in a University community to
improve power supply for research purposes and technological
innovations. The research method and materials include wind
data mining, design and development of prototype wind-power
system to harness wind resource for improved power system.
Wind velocities at different times and various heights in
the study area were captured using anemometer. Statistical
technique was deployed during this study for critical
analysis. Results show that useful electricity can be
generated from wind resource within the University
community. The study outcomes, further show that wind-power
generation improves with increase in height of the wind
turbine system. Findings indicate that on Day 1, wind
velocities of 1.2m/s in the morning and 3.8m/s in the
afternoon were obtained at the height of 2m. Whereas, at the
height of 10m, the wind velocities of 3.0m/s in the morning
and 4.0m/s in the afternoon were obtained. Natural
vegetations, tall buildings and some economic trees affect
smooth flow of air and reduces the wind velocity especially
at the lower turbine height. Based on the findings, a wind
turbine system should be sited in areas that are free from
natural vegetation and encumbrances. A minimum wind turbine
height of 10m is however, proposed for improved wind-power
generation in the study area. In general, wind velocity,
height and area of the turbine rotor blade play significant
role in the power generation performance.
This study is relevant to the Amihan system as it
investigates the harnessing of wind energy for electricity
generation, which is central to the Amihan's design. It
highlights the importance of optimizing wind turbine height

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and placement to maximize energy capture, showing that
higher turbine heights lead to better wind velocities and
increased electricity production. The study's use of wind
data analysis aligns with the Amihan system's goal of
effectively monitoring energy generation.

Pursant to (Jahangir Hossain, 2022) Every country is

subsidising millions of dollars for street lighting as those
are connected to the grid. Besides, the generation of
electricity comes from fossil fuels with emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2). Therefore, alternative generation of
electricity can be done by using a hybrid system. Solar
energy starts as the day begins, and the wind is accessible
on the streets with a to-and-fro motion of the car. It does
not rely on any factor. This hybrid system generates 12V DC,
whereas no AC converters are used, resulting in a reduction
the system's cost. The control system was constructed based
on IoT and included the most sophisticated battery charging
system to improve the battery's cells' life cycle. The
hardware system has been simulated using EasyEDA and
incorporated with the PCB design. The prototype is
constructed alongside collected data to compare with the
theoretical basis towards net-zero energy street lighting
(nZESL). The prototype was able to lead to nZESL and backup
stability of the system is 10 hours per day, along with the
validation of theoretical analyses and effectiveness of the
system. The system has the potential to make a significant
contribution to lowering CO2 emissions and government
subsidies for street lighting.
This system is significant to the researcher's study
since both systems aim to power street lighting using

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renewable energy, with Amihan using wind energy and the
other system using a combination of solar and wind energy.
But whereas the Amihan system concentrates just on wind
energy with a more straightforward monitoring strategy, the
related system integrates both energy sources and makes use
of cutting-edge technologies like IoT for monitoring and a
complex battery charging mechanism. Despite these
variations, both systems work toward net-zero energy
solutions and help reduce government subsidies for street
lighting, demonstrating a shared dedication to
environmentally beneficial energy production.

As per (Nadwan Majeed Ali, 2022) This is an

experimental study that investigates the performance of a
hybrid wind-solar street lighting system and its cost of
energy. The site local design conditions of solar
irradiation and wind velocity were employed in the design of
the system components. HOMER software was also used to
determine the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and energy
performance indices, which provides an assessment of the
system's economic feasibility. The hybrid power supply
system comprised of an integrated two photovoltaic (PV)
solar modules and a combined Banki-Darrieus wind turbines.
The second PV module was used to extend the battery storage
for longer runtime, and the Banki-Darrieus wind turbines
were used also to boost the battery charge for times when
there is wind but no sunshine, especially in winter and at
night. The results indicated that the hybrid system proved
to be operating successfully to supply power for a street
LED light of 30 watts. A wind power of 113 W was reached for
a maximum wind speed that was recorded in the year 2021 of

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12.10 m/s. The efficiency of the combined Banki-Darrieus
wind turbine is 56.64%. In addition, based on the HOMER
optimization analysis of three scenarios, of which, using
either a solar PV system or the combined wind turbines each
alone, or using the hybrid wind-solar system. The software
results showed that the hybrid wind-solar system is the most
economically feasible case.
The related system employs advanced technologies such
as HOMER software for assessing economic feasibility, which
may not be present in the Amihan system. Furthermore,
although the related system improves battery storage with
photovoltaic modules to guarantee power availability during
times without sunlight, the Amihan system can still generate
energy even in the absence of sunlight by utilizing wind
energy. This capability enables the Amihan system to
continue producing power when solar energy is not
accessible.

Based on (Jatupon Em-Udom, 2023) At present, public

lighting, which is mainly street lighting, accounts for 3%
of total electricity use of the world. In developing
countries, electricity depends mainly on non-renewable
thermal resources such as coal or gas. Once these resources
are used up, they cannot be replaced, which is a major
problem for humanity. Renewable energy sources such as solar
and wind power are clean, safe, and inexhaustible. However,
solar energy is dependent on sunlight and wind power is
unpredictable, so it's a good idea to combine them. This
study, we present the SDT streetlight design, and
implementation of a solar PV and wind turbine hybrid system
to obtain the electricity for streetlights. The HOMER

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software was used to determine the cost of energy and
performance, which provides investments of feasibility.
Compared with the streetlights using power from standard
electrical grid the proposed streetlights can save the
electricity consumption of 15,592,800 kWh/y and reduce the
CO2 emission of 6,704,904 kgCO2. In addition, the residual
electricity can be resold through the smart grid and make
the city smarter and more sustainable, reduce their carbon
emissions and reimagine their travel and businesses for a
net-zero world.
The significant reduction of electricity consumption
and carbon emissions achieved by both systems plays a
crucial role in the global movement toward net-zero energy
solutions and supports sustainable urban development. These
systems provide innovative methods for addressing the
challenges of public lighting while emphasizing
environmental responsibility. By utilizing renewable energy
sources, they contribute to creating a cleaner and more
sustainable future for urban environments.

In the opinion of (Amit Bhandari, 2023) This document

contains information about the highway streetlight powering
system and how to maintain it so that continuous power
supply can be provided to highways using renewable energy
sources. Renewable power sources are not only solar power,
which is currently used in the power system in such
applications. Instead of solar power, we are using wind as a
potential source to generate electricity for highways.
Highways in villages or roads in sub-urban areas are not
electrified yet, and those which are electrified use
electricity from the local power stations. Hence, no

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renewable power source is used in such applications. As a
result, a large portion of central and state government
revenue is wasted in powering such systems. Due to the
upcoming shortage of coal in India, it’s very important to
optimize every unit that could be transformed into renewable
power using an optimization unit. An IoT (Internet of
Things) system is used to detect and locate the nits which
are used to generate electricity using wind, and it can also
be used to monitor the output power, electrical loads,
faults and status of streetlights on highways.
Implementation of IoT in our unit can help us to detect the
output and working state of streetlights and hence help us
to electrify each and every road in our rural and sub-urban
areas.
The highway streetlight powering system is relevant to
the Amihan system, as both focus on utilizing wind energy as
a renewable power source. While the Amihan system is
designed to harness wind energy for various applications,
the highway system distinguishes itself by integrating IoT
technology for monitoring and optimizing energy use. This
allows for enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in
providing sustainable lighting solutions in rural and
suburban areas. Both systems address the challenge of
electrification in underserved regions and emphasize the
importance of renewable energy in reducing reliance on non-
renewable sources. However, the Amihan system primarily
features a monitoring design that tracks wind speed data,
whereas the highway system's IoT capabilities offer a more
comprehensive approach to energy management. Overall, both
systems contribute to promoting sustainable energy solutions
and minimizing environmental impact.

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Local

Based on (Pinto, 2022) Solar and wind energy are the

most cost-effective renewable energy sources. However, these
renewable energies are unreliable if used alone, owing to
the irregular nature of their occurrence. With this, the
researcher comprehensively study the Feasibility of an
Inverter-Free Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy-Sourced Streetlight
within Barangay San Felipe National Highway. The motivation
of this study is about the concern of the constituents of
putting up streetlights along the national highway of
Barangay San Felipe as a solution to vehicular accidents,
public safety, and other road issues happening. The
researcher analyzed the availability and compatibility of
solar and wind for placing streetlights in the stated area.
The theoretical solar and wind data were obtained from the
Department of Science and Technology - Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration (DOST-PAGASA). The pre-evaluation
considerations resulted in three optimal scenarios to be
compared among each other in terms of performance and output
power, namely, Solar-Wind hybrid energy system, Solar energy
system alone, and Wind turbine energy system alone. Also,
the output power of these different power system were also
evaluated in different weather conditions such as sunny,
cloudy and heavy rain days. Two different wind turbine
materials, metal and plastic, were compared as for the
output power of the wind turbine. However, none of the two
materials have large output power and gave a big
contribution in both wind-alone and hybrid system. In

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conclusion, the wind speed at the said location has low
contribution in the hybrid system and cannot suffice the
power needed by the load. However, a solar-alone
streetlighting system is possible by considering the
sunshine duration at the said location. Though solar-wind
with and without inverter configuration is costly, it only
require a small upfront investment. When lifetime utility
costs are taken into consideration, it will be competitive
in generation with traditional energy sources.
The study is relevant to the Amihan system as both aim
to provide sustainable lighting solutions and enhance public
safety. By examining the advantages of integrating renewable
energy sources, the findings can assist the Amihan system in
optimizing its use of wind energy and effectively addressing
community safety concerns. A key distinction between the two
is that the study focuses on a hybrid system that combines
solar and wind energy, while the Amihan system is dedicated
solely to wind energy. This difference highlights the Amihan
system's commitment to maximizing wind power generation
without the added stability that a hybrid model provides.
Furthermore, the literature points out the unreliability of
relying on either solar or wind energy alone due to their
intermittent nature; however, the Amihan system is capable
of effectively managing the challenges related to wind
variability through its specialized design and operational
strategies.

As stated by (Barandino, 2024) Road safety is a major

concern, particularly in areas where accident rates are
high, such as the bypass roads in Sta. Cruz Lubao, Pampanga.
Lack of lighting systems on these roads contribute

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significantly to the risks faced by drivers and pedestrians,
leading to an increasing need for innovative and sustainable
lighting solutions. This study addresses this need by
proposing the design and development of a hybrid prototype
street lighting system that harnesses wind and solar energy.
By integrating solar energy and wind as energy sources, this
system offers an even more reliable lighting solution,
regardless of weather conditions. The convergence of wind
and solar technologies helps uninterrupted illumination and
also enhances the efficiency and sustainability of the
lighting infrastructure. Key components of the proposed
solution include a wind turbine and solar panel, intended to
maximize energy capture and optimize performance. The main
purpose of this study is to implement this innovative street
lighting system along the bypass roads in Sta. Cruz Lubao,
with the aim of reducing accidents, enhancing road safety,
and improving overall community well-being. Through rigorous
testing and data collection, including analysis of wind
speeds, solar intensity, and system charging dynamics, this
study focused on validating the feasibility and
effectiveness of the hybrid prototype. Furthermore, this
study outlines the methodology for designing the prototype,
calculating appropriate illumination levels, and sizing of
the solar panel and wind turbine to meet the specific
requirements of the target location. This study confirms
that the hybrid use of solar and wind energy is an effective
solution for maximizing the potentials of current street
lighting systems.
The study addresses road safety concerns in high-
accident areas, such the Sta. bypass roads, making it
relevant to the Amihan system. Cruz Lubao, Pampanga, where
pedestrians and drivers are at greater risk due to

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inadequate lighting. It recommends a hybrid street lighting
system that makes use of both solar and wind power,
providing a reliable lighting option that works well in a
variety of weather circumstances. The lighting
infrastructure's sustainability and efficiency are enhanced
by this combination. The study's conclusions and strategies
can help the Amihan system use wind energy more effectively,
which will improve community welfare and road safety in the
long run.

According to (Deatras, 2025) Renewable energy sources

play a crucial role in addressing the global challenges of
climate change and energy sustainability. Solar, wind, and
micro-hydro are three promising renewable energy
technologies that are gaining traction worldwide. Combining
these three sources of renewable energy in a system can
offer numerous advantages. This study was conducted to
integrate the solar, wind, and micro-hydro systems for
streetlight illumination along the irrigation canal of
Barangay Sto. Niño, City of Koronadal, South Cotabato. The
researchers used one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni
correction to know if there is a significant difference in
solar, wind and micro-hydro renewable energy sources. The
researchers were able to integrate solar, wind, and micro-
hydro systems for streetlight illumination. The highest
average input reading of wattage, amperage, and voltage in
solar panel is 62.9 W, 4.65 A, and 13.53 V, respectively.
For the wind turbine, the highest average reading are 21.77
W, 8.75 A, and 11.35 V. For the micro-hydro, the highest
reading is 408.2 W, 26 A, and 15.7 V. Lastly, the hybrid
system has the highest average reading with 462.75 W, 35.3 A

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and 13.16 V compared to the three sources. There is
significant difference in wattage (0.00000104), amperage
(0.00000613), and voltage (0.00000295) in all groups based
on the One-way Analysis of Variance. The Hybrid system is
more efficient in harnessing amperage, voltage and wattage
compared to the solar panel, wind turbine and micro-hydro
turbine individually.
The findings indicate that the hybrid system
outperforms individual renewable energy sources in wattage,
amperage, and voltage, achieving an average output of 462.75
W, 35.3 A, and 13.16 V. This demonstrates the hybrid
system's effectiveness in providing a consistent and
reliable power supply for street lighting. Although the
Amihan system focuses solely on wind energy, the insights
from this study can help inform its strategies for
optimizing wind turbine design and placement. By
understanding the efficiency metrics of the hybrid system,
the Amihan system can enhance its wind energy capture and
develop more effective operational and maintenance practices
to ensure reliable lighting solutions.

According to (Edward B. Ang, 2025) Global climate

change has renewed interest in wind energy adoption and
integration for on-grid and off-grid applications. Savonius
wind turbines offer substantial advantages for small-scale
energy generation in low-wind speed conditions, like urban
environments, but suffer from low efficiency. This study
focused on the numerical characterization of a novel compact
three-blade Savonius rotor design with modified pointed
deflectors to promote better flow attachment and enhance
airflow guidance directionality. Computational Fluid

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Dynamics (CFD) was employed to identify the flow
characteristics and optimal tip speed ratios for maximum
power and torque coefficients under two different uniform
low-wind-speed conditions. A Finite Element Analysis-
Computational Fluid Dynamics (FEA-CFD) coupled analysis
method was also utilized to determine the aerodynamic and
structural characteristics of the design in ABS plastic.
Flow visualization and FEA-CFD coupled analysis highlighted
the novel tip deflectors’ exceptional performance in
directing wind flow and pressure toward the concave side of
the approaching blades, enhancing drag differential and
rotor efficiency. Modest power and low torque coefficients
and the optimal TSR values under different uniform low-wind-
speed conditions were also identified. The work provided
valuable insights on the turbine performance of the novel
design and guidance on potential future improvements.
This study is relevant to the Amihan system as it
addresses wind energy generation challenges in rural areas,
particularly under low-wind-speed conditions. It focuses on
a novel compact three-blade Savonius rotor design with
modified pointed deflectors to improve rotor efficiency,
which is crucial for maximizing energy output in rural
settings. Utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and
Finite Element Analysis (FEA-CFD), the research provides
insights into flow characteristics and optimal performance
metrics that can inform the design of wind turbines for
rural street lighting. The findings on airflow guidance and
optimal tip speed ratios can help the Amihan system enhance
turbine efficiency and reliability, ultimately promoting
effective and sustainable energy solutions for rural
communities.

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 Confirming to (Casper Boongaling Agaton, 2022) The
Philippines is exploring different alternative sources of
energy to make the country less dependent on imported fossil
fuels and to reduce significantly the country's
CO2 emissions. Given the abundance of renewable energy
potential in the country, green hydrogen from renewables is
a promising fuel because it can be utilized as an energy
carrier and can provide a source of clean and sustainable
energy with no emissions. This paper aims to review the
prospects and challenges for the potential use of green
hydrogen in several production and utilization pathways in
the Philippines. The study identified green hydrogen
production routes from available renewable energy sources in
the country, including geothermal, hydropower, wind, solar,
biomass, and ocean. Opportunities for several utilization
pathways include transportation, industry, utility, and
energy storage. From the analysis, this study proposes a
roadmap for a green hydrogen economy in the country by 2050,
divided into three phases: I–green hydrogen as
industrial feedstock, II–green hydrogen as fuel cell
technology, and III–commercialization of green hydrogen. On
the other hand, the analysis identified several challenges,
including technical, economic, and social aspects, as well
as the corresponding policy implications for the realization
of a green hydrogen economy that can be applied in the
Philippines and other developing countries.
The Amihan system and the green hydrogen study in the
Philippines differ mainly in their areas of focus and
technological strategies. The Amihan system is specifically
aimed at harnessing wind energy for rural street lighting,
while the green hydrogen study investigates a wider range of

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renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and
hydropower, with an emphasis on the production and use of
green hydrogen as an energy carrier. Additionally, the
Amihan system is focused on immediate applications of wind
energy, whereas the green hydrogen study provides a
comprehensive roadmap for establishing a green hydrogen
economy by 2050, outlining specific development phases. This
distinction highlights the Amihan system's short-term
emphasis on practical wind energy solutions, in contrast to
the broader, long-term vision of integrating multiple
renewable technologies presented in the green hydrogen
study.

Synthesis of the State of the Art

Recent studies emphasize the increasing adoption of

renewable energy solutions for street lighting, particularly
hybrid solar-wind systems, to reduce dependency on fossil
fuels and lower operational costs (Ali & Ammari, 2022;
Jatupon & Nattapon, 2023). Research highlights the
integration of smart technologies such as battery management
systems, automation sensors, and Internet of Things (IoT)
applications to enhance energy efficiency, reliability, and
real-time monitoring (Hossain et al., 2022; Bhandari et al.,
2023).
The development of inverter-free direct current (DC)
optimization has been explored to improve cost-effectiveness
and system performance (Edynette, 2022). Studies also
investigate the feasibility of renewable energy systems in

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various environments, including urban highways and rural
areas, focusing on optimizing energy storage and ensuring a
continuous power supply (Barandino et al., 2024; Gvcfi
Research et al., 2025).
Additionally, aerodynamic innovations in wind turbine
blade designs have contributed to increased efficiency in
harnessing wind energy (Ang & Honra, 2025). However, while
extensive research exists on hybrid solar-wind systems,
limited studies have explored standalone wind energy
solutions optimized specifically for rural environments
where solar power may be inconsistent (Okon et al., 2025).

Gap Bridged by the Study

Although existing research extensively explores hybrid

solar-wind energy solutions for street lighting, there
remains a significant gap in the study of standalone wind
energy systems, particularly for rural settings where solar
power may be unreliable (Agaton et al., 2022). Most studies
have emphasized the advantages of combining solar and wind
energy, yet limited research has examined the feasibility,
efficiency, and sustainability of wind-only street lighting
systems optimized for varying wind conditions in off-grid
areas (Hossain et al., 2022).
This study, "Amihan: An Arduino-based Wind Energy
Harvesting System for Street Lighting," addresses this gap
by developing a wind-powered street lighting system tailored

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to rural environments. Unlike previous studies focusing on
hybrid models, this research integrates an Arduino-based
microcontroller for precise energy conversion, a battery
management system to optimize storage and prolong battery
life, and a photo switch sensor for automated lighting
control based on ambient light conditions. By leveraging
these innovations, the study aims to create a cost-
effective, sustainable, and efficient lighting solution for
areas with limited access to conventional electricity.
Ultimately, this research contributes to the
advancement of renewable energy applications by providing a
focused approach to wind energy utilization for street
lighting. It bridges the gap between hybrid energy solutions
and the need for a reliable, standalone wind energy-based
lighting system, offering a viable alternative for rural and
off-grid communities.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of Amihan: An Arduino-based

Wind Energy Harvesting System for Street Lighting follows
the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model, ensuring a structured
approach to its development. The input consists of the
study’s objectives, which outline the project’s goals and
define the intended contributions of the system. These
objectives serve as the foundation for the research and
guide the system’s design and implementation.
The process follows the phases of the Rational Unified
Process (RUP), which include Inception (defining the project
scope), Elaboration (detailed system design and planning),
Construction (actual development and integration of

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 components), and Transition (testing, refinement, and
deployment). This systematic approach ensures a well-
organized and iterative development cycle.
The output is the final product, "Amihan: An Arduino-
based Wind Energy Harvesting System for Street Lighting,"
which provides a renewable and efficient energy solution for
street lighting in rural areas.

Specifically, the study aimed to:

1. To design and develop an Arduino-based
wind energy harvesting system that
contains:
1.1 a small wind turbine optimized for Input
rural environments to efficiently capture Process Output
wind energy. Rational
1.2 an Arduino microcontroller programmed
to manage energy conversion, storage, and
Unified
system operations. Process
1.3 a battery management system that
ensures efficient energy storage, prolongs 1. Phase 1:
battery life, and provides power to the Inception
street lighting system.
1.4 LED indicators to visually display
system status, including energy levels and 2. Phase 2:
operational alerts. Elaboration
1.5 a photo switch sensor for automatic
control of street lighting based on
ambient light conditions.
1.6 An inverter is an electronic device 3. Phase 3:
that converts direct current (DC)
electricity from the batteries into
Construction
alternating current (AC) electricity.
4. Phase 4:
2. To evaluate/validate the developed system Transition
in terms of:
2.1 functionality;
2.2 reliability;
2.3 usability;
2.4 efficiency/Speed;
2.5 maintability; and
2.6 portability

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 AMIHAN:
An Arduino
Based Wind
Energy
Harvesting
System for
Street
Lighting

FEEDBACK

Figure 2.1 - Conceptual Paradigm

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 Notes

Tsionas, M Llaguno-Munitxa, Stephan, A., Gambale, A.,

Sampath, & Mosca, G. (2024). Review of the
environmental effects of deploying small wind turbines
in cities. IOP Conference Series Earth and
Environmental Science, 1363(1), 012104–012104.
[Link] (Mir, 2022) (Mir, 2022)1755-
1315/1363/1/012104

Sharma, Vijay Prakash, et al. “A Literature Review on

Renewable Energy Resource and Optimization.” IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
vol. 1084, no. 1, 1 Oct. 2022, p. 012002,
[Link]

Truitt, S., Elsworth, J., Williams, J., Keyser, D., Moe, A.,
Sullivan, J., & Wu, K. (2022, April 5). State-Level
Employment Projections for Four Clean Energy
Technologies in 2025 and 2030. [Link].
[Link]

Mir, A. R. (2022, December 17). Literature review on wind

energy estimation by artificial neural networks (ANN).
Https://[Link]/Publication/366365549_Lite
rature_review_on_wind_energy_estimation_by_artificial_n
eural_networks_ANN.
[Link]

Alavi, Z., Khalilpour, K., & Florin, N. (2024). Forecasting

End-of-Life Wind Turbine Material Flows in Australia

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San Julian Irosin Sorsogon
 under Various Wind Energy Deployment Scenarios.
Energies, 17(4), 914.
[Link]

Gonzales, G., & Poletti, S. (2021). An Assessment of the

Renewable Energy Sector of the Philippines through SWOT
Analysis Philippine e-Journal for Applied Research and
Development. Philippine E-Journal for Applied Research
and Development, 11(2449-3694), 1–14.
[Link]

Abella, A. V., Pasaraba, J. M., & Encarnacion, J. I. (2024).

Techno-economic Assessment of Floating Offshore Wind
Energy in the Philippines. Journal of Ocean Engineering
and Technology, 38(6), 449–458.
[Link]

Maandal, G. L. D., Tamayao-Kieke, M.-A. M., & Danao, L. A.

M. (2021). Techno-Economic Assessment of Offshore Wind
Energy in the Philippines. Journal of Marine Science
and Engineering, 9(7), 758.
[Link]

Gacu, J. G., Garcia, J. D., Fetalvero, E. G., Catajay-Mani,

M. P., Monjardin, C. E. F., & Power, C. (2024). A
Comprehensive Resource Assessment for Wind Power
Generation on the Rural Island of Sibuyan, Philippines.
Energies, 17(9), 2055.
[Link]

VERITAS COLLEGE OF IROSIN

San Julian Irosin Sorsogon
Perez, T. J. T. (2021, March 12). Digital Archives @ UP
Diliman. [Link].
[Link]

Okon, B. B., Ukommi, U. S., & Nkan, I. E. (2025). Wind-Power

Development: A Critical Analysis of Sustainable Energy
System for Educational Community. EUROPEAN JOURNAL of
APPLIED SCIENCE, ENGINEERING and TECHNOLOGY (ISSN 2786-
9342) VOLUME 3, ISSUE 1 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2025)
[Link], 3(1), 135–149.
[Link]

Hossain, J., Algeelani, N. A., Al-Masoodi, A. H. H., &

Kadir, A. F. A. (2022). Solar-wind power generation
system for street lighting using internet of things.
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science, 26(2), 639.
[Link]

Ali, N. M., & Ammari, H. (2022). Design of a hybrid wind-

solar street lighting system to power LED lights on
highway poles. AIMS Energy, 10(2), 177–190.
[Link]

Jatupon Em-Udom, and Nattapon Jaisumroum. “SDT Smart Hybrid

Streetlight Pole Design Utilizing Renewable Energy for
a Smart City in Thailand.” Smart Grids and Sustainable
Energy, vol. 8, no. 3, 23 Oct. 2023,
[Link]

Bhandari, Amit, et al. “IoT Based Highway Light Powering

System Using Wind and Monitoring System.” International

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San Julian Irosin Sorsogon
 Journal of Microsystems and IoT, vol. 1, no. 2584-0495,
26 June 2023, pp. 35–40,
[Link]/Photo/IJMIT20230027_41R1.pdf,
[Link] Accessed 25
Mar. 2025.

Edynette, Princess. “The Feasibility of an Inverter-Free

Solar-Wind Hybrid Energy-Sourced Streetlight within
Barangay San Felipe National Highway.”
[Link], 1 July 2022,
[Link]/publication/385144794_The_Feasibil
ity_of_an_Inverter-Free_Solar-Wind_Hybrid_Energy-
Sourced_Streetlight_within_Barangay_San_Felipe_National
_Highway.

Barandino, C., Calma, J., Peña, D., Brylle, V., Marquez, A.,
Mark, B., Daniel, M., Tolentino, A., & Favorito, R.
(2024). DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A STREET LIGHTING
SYSTEM UTILIZING SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY SOURCES ON A
PUBLIC ROAD BYPASS. In International Research Journal
of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science
(pp. 2582–5208).
[Link]
ne_2024/59362/final/fin_irjmets1719991841.pdf

Deatras, J., Duran, N. J., Gañon, J. V., & Natimdim, J. M.

(2025). Integration of Solar, Wind, and Micro-hydro
Systems for Streetlight Illumination along the
Irrigation Canal. Zenodo.
[Link]

VERITAS COLLEGE OF IROSIN

San Julian Irosin Sorsogon
Ang, E. B., & Honra, J. P. (2025). Theoretical Aerodynamic
Performance and FEA Analysis of a Novel Three-Blade
Savonius Wind Turbine Blade with Pointed Deflectors.
Dynamics, 5(1), 8.
[Link]

Agaton, C. B., Batac, K. I. T., & Reyes Jr., E. M. (2022).

Prospects and challenges for green hydrogen production
and utilization in the Philippines. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(41).
[Link]

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VERITAS COLLEGE OF IROSIN
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 CHAPTER III
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the discussion on the methodology

used in developing the system, resources needed for the

project development including technical resources,

stakeholders, project constraints, and methodology.

A. Resources

Development Requirements
Table 3.1 – Hardware Requirement for System Development
Hardware Recommended Price
Processor(CPU) AMD A4-9125 RADEON R3, 4 3,456.00
COMPUTE CORES 2C+2G
2.30 GHz
RAM 4.00 GB (3.89 GB usable) 480.00
Storage(Hard 250 GB SSD 1,340.00
Drive)
Keyboard and Mouse Microsoft 500 v2.0 699.00
optical keyboard and
mouse
Development system (Laptop) Lenovo Idea pad 20,995.00
130-15AST 81H500SPH 20
Arduino Board Arduino UNO R3 SM 270.00
Development Board
BMS Daily BMS Lifepo4 4S 12v 1,697.00
100A
Battery Lithium battery 12v 100ah 5,000.00
Photoswitch sensor AS-20 Auto On Off 150.00
Photocell street Light

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 Switch DC AC 220V 50-60Hz
10A Photo Control
Photoswitch Sensor Switch

LED light Outdoor LED Street Light 3,450.00

Waterproof Street Lamp
COBRA TYPE 220V 150w
LED indicator 22mm AD16-22DS 6.3V 12V 100.00
24V 36V 48V 110V 220V
380V Indicator light
Signal light Pilot light
Turbine Wind Turbine Generator 3,865.00
Motor 500W 12V 3 Phase
Gearless Permanent Magnet
AC Alternator
Pole 8 metter steel pole 5,678.00
TOTAL: 47,180.00

Table 3.1 outlines the hardware system requirements

for AMIHAN: An Arduino-based wind energy harvesting system

for street ligting. This includes a specific model of

turbine with a defined power output and rotational speed, a

charge controller with specified voltage and current

capabilities, a lithium batteries with a total storage

capacity,an Arduino Uno and LED indicator and high-

efficientcy LED for streetlights with with a specified lumen

output and power [Link] table will detail the model

number, capacities and along with their individual cost, for

a precise overview of the AMIHAN projects hardware needs.

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 Table 3.2 – Software Requirement for System Development

Software Recommended Price

Operating System Windows 11 8,000.00
Programming and C++ and Arduino
Free
Uploading Code IDE
For simulation and
modeling of the
power system,
MPPT, and energy
MATLAB/Simulink Free
management
For developing
control algorithms
and MPPT
strategies
For circuit design Free
Proteus/Fritzing
and prototyping.
for wind resource
assessment and
WindPRO/OpenWind Free
turbine
performance
simulation.
Total: 8,000.00

TABLE 3.2 outline software details the use of

Windows 10 as the operating system, C++ for programming, and
Fritzing for electronic design automation. Further software
components may include the Arduino IDE, sensor processing
libraries, and data logging/monitoring software. This
outline detail the Amihan system, encompassing both hardware

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and software. The hardware outline includes an Arduino
microcontroller, energy harvesting components (solar panels
or piezoelectric generators), a battery system with BMS,
power management circuitry, LEDs, and sensors, all within a
weatherproof enclosure. This integrated hardware and
software outline ensures efficient and sustainable street
lighting.

[Link]

Stakeholders Description
Local Government Units The primary stakeholders,
(LGUs) responsible for street
lighting infrastructure and
community well-being. They
benefit from reduced energy
costs, improved safety, and
enhanced community image.
Citizens/Residents Direct beneficiaries
experiencing improved street
lighting, increased safety
at night, and a more
attractive community
environment.
Energy Providers May see a reduction in
energy demand and associated
revenue, but could also
become partners by providing
expertise or infrastructure.
Maintenance Personnel Responsible for ongoing
system maintenance and

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 repairs, ensuring long-term
functionality and
reliability.
Environmental Groups Interested in the system's
environmental benefits, such
as reduced carbon emissions
and reliance on non-
renewable energy sources.

TABLE 3.3 Illustrates the stakeholders of the Amihan

system are the Local Government Units (LGUs) who benefit
from reduced energy costs and improved public safety; the
citizens who experience enhanced nighttime visibility and
security, energy providers who may see changes in energy
demand, maintenance personnel ensuring the system's
continued operation, environmental groups focused on the
system's sustainability and material suppliers providing
necessary components. Each group holds a unique stake in the
project's success.

C .Constraints
There is no proposed system that has no perceived
weaknesses. During the analysis phase, the researcher has
identified some constraints which shall be considered during
the development of the said study.

Time
There is no proposed system that has no perceived
weaknesses. During the analysis phase, the researcher has
identified some constraints which shall be considered during
the development of the said study.

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 Financial
The development of Amihan is entirely self-funded by the group
members, as no external benefactor or sponsor is currently supporting
the project. Due to this limitation, the team must carefully manage
expenses and prioritize cost-effective solutions to ensure the
successful completion of the system.

ACTIVIT JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT
IES
WW W W W WW W W W WWWW W W WWW WW W W W WWWWWWWWWWWWWW W W
12 3 4 1 23 4 1 2 3412 3 4 123 41 2 3 4 12341234123312 3 4
PLANNIN
G
DATA
GATHERI
NG
a.
Intervi
ew
b.
Observa
tion
c.
Researc
h
Data
Analysi
s
Documen
tation
Designi
ng

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Programming
Testing

Table 3.3 Project Development Time Frame

The planning phase (January - February) focused on
defining the project scope, objectives, and methodology,
providing a strong foundation for subsequent phases. The
data gathering phase (February - April) encompassed
interviews, observations, and research, capturing
comprehensive and accurate information within the allocated
timeframe. During the data analysis phase (April - June),
rigorous examination of collected data enabled meaningful
insights and informed decision-making. The documentation and
design phase (June - August) involved drafting the research
paper, designing solutions, and refining project details.
The programming phase (August - September) concentrated on
implementing solutions based on prior analyses, while the
testing phase (September - October) ensured project
reliability and performance through meticulous validation.
The overlapping phases, as depicted in the Gantt chart,
facilitated parallel task management, optimizing
productivity and enabling the successful completion of the
project within the limited timeframe.

D. Project Development Methodology

The rational unified process (RUP) is one software

structure, and it can improve the flexibility and
reliability of code by requiring it to follow specific
building stages (Indeed Editorial Team, 2024).

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 Phase 1: Inception the project scope, goals, and
feasibility are defined, with key stakeholders identified
and initial requirements gathered. This phase includes
activities such as conducting interviews, developing a
project vision, and creating initial use case models,
culminating in deliverables like the Project Vision
Document, Risk Assessment, and Project Plan.

Phase 2: Elaboration the focus shifts to detailed

analysis and architectural design. Requirements are refined,
use cases expanded, and architectural models (UML diagrams)
are created to validate system design. Prototyping of
critical components and risk mitigation are prioritized,
resulting in deliverables such as the Software Architecture
Document (SAD), detailed use cases, and an architectural
prototype.

Phase 3: Construction Phase involves iterative

development and testing of the system’s components.
Functional requirements are incrementally implemented, with
unit and integration testing ensuring reliability. Core
features like energy monitoring and control are developed,
producing deliverables such as the functional prototype,
test reports, and a draft user manual.

Phase 4: Transition Phase ensures a smooth deployment

of the final product. System and acceptance testing are
conducted, and the system is deployed in the target
environment. User training and comprehensive documentation
are provided, along with feedback collection for
optimization. This phase delivers the final product, user
manual, training materials, and a project closure report,

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marking the successful completion of the Amihan Wind Energy
System.

Table 3.4 - Project Development Time Frame

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 Notes

Indeed Editorial Team. (2024). RUP: Definition, Phases,

Advantages and Best Practices. Indeed Career Guide.

[Link]

development/rup

[Link]. (2025)

[Link]

[Link]

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