Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................2
1.1 AIM..................................................................................................................2
1.2 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................3
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL.......................................................................3
1.4 SITE.................................................................................................................3
1.5 RECONNAISSANCE......................................................................................3
1.5.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE....................................................................4
1.5.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE......................................................................4
1.6 RECCE DIAGRA............................................................................................5
1.7 INSTRUMENT USED....................................................................................5
1.8 PERSONNEL...................................................................................................6
1.9 INSTRUMENT TEST.....................................................................................6
1.9.1 COLLIMATION TEST................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................9
1
2.0 METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................9
2.1 ANGULAR OBSERVATION.........................................................................9
2.2 LINEAR MEASUREMENT..........................................................................10
2.3 LEVELLING.................................................................................................10
2.4 TACHEOMETRY.........................................................................................11
2.5 SPOT HEIGHTING.......................................................................................12
2.6 DETAILING..................................................................................................15
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................16
DATA PROCESSING.........................................................................................16
3.1 COMPUTATION...........................................................................................16
3.2 DATA REDUCTION....................................................................................17
3.3 SLOPE CORRECTION TO DISTANCES....................................................17
3.4 COMPUTATION OF INITIAL BEARINGS...............................................18
3.6 FORWARD COMPUTATION......................................................................18
3.7 COMPUTATION OF LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE.............................19
3.8 COMPUTATION OF UNADJUSTED CO-ORDINATE.............................19
3.9COMPUTATION OF ADJUSTED CO-ORDINATES..................................20
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3.10 BACK COMPUTATION............................................................................20
3.11 AREA COMPUTATION.............................................................................21
3.12 LINEAR ACCURACY COMPUTATION..................................................21
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................24
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................24
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED..........................................................................24
RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................24
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................24
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The name Surveying and Geo-informatics portrays a discipline that deals with
acquisition, analysis, storage, distribution, management and application of
spatially-referenced data.
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of distinctive features on
the earth surface or beneath the earth surface, by means of measurements of
distances, directions and elevations. The branch of surveying which deals with the
measurements of relative heights of different points on the surface of the earth, is
known as leveling. (R. Agor).
Geo-informatics has been described as "the science and technology dealing with
the structure and character of spatial information, its capture, its classification and
qualification, its storage, processing, portrayal and dissemination, including the
infrastructure necessary to secure optimal use of this information.
Topographic survey: is a survey which determine the height, dept, size and
location of any manmade or artificial futures on a given parcel of land and as well
as the contours in elevation of the parcel. An estate survey is an accurate depiction
of a site (property, area of land, defined boundary) which is scaled and detailed
according to the spatial considerations and is the summary of the on-site data
capture processes.
4
Topographic survey This is the type of survey in which the nature of the earth is
portrayed. In topographical survey, the plan positions of both natural and man-
made features are shown as well as their vertical positions.
Topographic survey is been used by engineers to see the elevation of the land’s
surface and to determine if there is a need to bring in or remove dirt in order to
adjust the grade of the property. Architects might use the survey to create a 3D plot
of their design for a construction project.
1.1 AIM
The aim of the survey is borne out necessity and its aimed at carrying out the
topographic survey, levelling and tacheometry of part of Area Three Auchi
Polytechnic Auchi.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The following objectives were pursued for the achievement of the aim of
demarcation of the boundary of the land of this practical work:
Reconnaissance: - It involves planning and visiting the site in so as to have a
general view of the project site.
Traversing: - This is a sequence of connected straight lines whose directions and
distances have been precisely measured.
Perimeter Leveling: - This is the process of determining difference in height
between points on the earth’s surface.
5
Detailing: - This is an act of fixing details such as buildings, roads, electric poles
etc.
Spot heighting: - This is used to give heights, values of different points within the
project site.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL
The project covered delineation of boundaries, perimeter traverse, perimeter
leveling, detailing, spot heighting, computations and plan production as well as
report writing.
1.4 SITE
This practical was carried out in part of Area three Auchi polytechnic, Auchi.
1.5 RECONNAISSANCE
Reconnaissance is a pre-requisite of any survey project to be carried out. It is
the study of the subject matter as regard to a particular survey of an area of land.
During reconnaissance, the purpose, specification and required accuracy of the
survey will be closely examined as these will effects the choice of instruments and
method of survey to be employed. The reconnaissance carried out comprises of
office planning and field planning
1.5.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE
This involves the planning carried out before visiting the project site. It involves
acquiring various information related to area of interest ,i.e the longitude and
latitude of the place, the type of instrument required to yield the expected accuracy,
the acquisition of coordinate of available control for orientation and their height
6
information, consultation of previous executed project which covers the area of
interest, specification given and The purpose of the survey. This serves as the basis
for our planning.
STATIONS NORTHINGS (m) EASTINGS (m) HEIGHT
AME018A 780497.690 198108.440 203.486
AME019A 780525.900 197944.660 200.673
AME158 780497.690 198108.440 207.383
1.5.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
This involved a visit to the project site and to locate the controls to be used. The
members of the group took a walk to the site to take a visible picture of the project
site and the location of the exact route along which the work is to be done.
Necessary equipment like cutlass and tape were used in selecting the stations and
lines were cut thoroughly to permit intervisibility. Pegs were finally used to mark
the actual traverse points, clearing of direction between points and wooden pegs
are replace with cadastral beacon.
18cm
Nail (Centering Point)
8cm Cadastral survey beacon
70cm
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1.7 INSTRUMENT USED
1. Digital theodolite (SOKKIA DIGITAL ; serial no: J2-202LN)
2. Tripod
3. Staff
4. Ranging poles
5. Cutlass
6. Linear tape(50m)
7. Level
1.8 PERSONNEL GROUP 2
1. HARUNA ABDULRAZAQ ENV/123210031
2. ALIYU ABDUL JABBER ENV/123210034
3. EGHWUJOVWO OVIE SILAS ENV/123210007
4. AUGUSTINE LOVE UKURUMAH ENV/123210023
5. ZUBERU ABDUL WAKEEL ENV/123210036
6. SUNDAY ASIOSA OSADEBAMWEN ENV/123210035
7. OJO OLUWAGBENGA SAMSON ENV/123210038
8. DUMEJE WEALTH ENV/123200033
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1.9 INSTRUMENT TEST
1.9.1 COLLIMATION TEST
This is the test carried out to determine the horizontality of an instrument. For an
accurately level instrument, the difference between face left and faqce3 right ion
both forward and back sight is 1800. Where it is not, the deviation is known as the
collimation error. The procedures for carrying out the collimation test are as
follows:
i Set the instrument over a station (B) and carry out temporary adjustment.
ii Turn the instrument to station c, still on face left and observe the horizontal
circle reading
iii Back sight to station A on face left and observe horizontal circle reading
only.
iv Transit the telescope (i.e to face right) and also observe the horizontal circle
reading.
v Finally, turn the instrument back to station A, and observe the horizontal
circle reading.
Below is the collimation test carried out before we commenced with the
traverse
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AME019
Observations for Instrument Test (theodolite)
Station Sight Face H.C.R V.C.R Masure distance
AME158 L 306° 16’ 15”
AME
AME018 L 36° 38’ 39” 89° 17’ 05” 173.847m
AME018 R 216° 38’ 44” 270° 43’ 05”
AME158 R 126° 16’ 24”
COLLIMATION TEST
AME019 – AME158 FL- 306° 16’ 15”
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FR - 36° 38’ 39”
269° 37’ 36 ”
AME019 – AME018 FL- 216° 38’ 44”
FR-126° 16’ 24”
269° 37’ 40 ”
The collimation error is negligible; therefore the instrument is ok for the job.
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 METHODOLOGY
A traverse: A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and directions
are to be measured and the process of surveying to find such measurements is
known as traversing and there are two types of traverse. They are; closed traverse
and open traverse
Closed traverse: A closed traverse is a traverse that starts from a known control
station. Under the closed traverse, we have the link closed traverse and loop
traverse. A link closed traverse is that traverse that starts from a known control
station and ends in another known control station while a closed loop traverse is
the type that starts from a known control station and ends in that same control
station. In this practical exercise, loop traverse was adopted.
THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
This entails determining the bearing and distance of series of connected traverse
lines from known coordinated points to another known coordinated points so as to
obtain the coordinates of the newly established stations. The theodolite instrument
was used to obtain the angular and distance measurements respectively. This was
carried out by running the traverse from control to the boundary stations and
closing back on the same control. This involves the measurement of distance and
angles. Angular observations were taken between the instrument stations and our
boundary peg, i.e the instrument was set on AME019, back sight AME158A and
fore sight to PEG1. The angular measurement was observed and recorded at both
face left and face right after then the instrument was moved to the next station i.e
PEG (1), back sight to AME019 and fore sight to PEG 2 both face left and face
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right observation were taken and recorded. This procedure was made at every
station and closing back to AME019.
2.1 ANGULAR OBSERVATION
Angular observations are based on two types namely; the horizontal and the
vertical angular observations. In the telescope, the vertical and horizontal
graduation circle had been graduated from 000 00’ 00” to 3600 00’ 000, whereby
angular observations were taken on both faces (left and right), and the angles were
simply deduced and checked. To deduce the angles, observed horizontal circle
reading to the first station ‘A’ was subtracted from the observed readings from the
second station ‘B’; that is: LB-LA or RB-RA (where L and R indicated as horizontal
graduation circle readings on face left and face right respectively). Finally, the
deduced angles were meant to give the final angles measured. As for vertical angle
determinations, these were necessary to correct the measured linear distances for
slope error. The observations and readings were taken at the same time as the
horizontal angular observations were done. They were also deduced as explained
below.L2-900 or 900-L2 and 2700-R2 or R2-2700 (where L and R indicate angle on
face left and face right respectively).
2.2 LINEAR MEASUREMENT
As for this measurement, it could be carried out by various methods depending on
the accuracy expected and purpose of the job. These methods are:
1. Tachometric method
2. Direct linear measurement method (taping on ground or by catenary)
3. Use of Electronic Distance Measurement method.
All measurements were recorded directly into the field book in ink so as to avoid
any gross error in booking.
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2.3 LEVELLING
Level is the process by which variation in height between points on the surface of
the earth is determined.
Control pillar AME019A was chosen as the datum for the leveling exercise. The
operation started by taking back sight to AME 019A whose height was known and
fore sight to the first change point. Whenever the instrument was shifted, back
sight was taken to the last change point by turning the staff before fore sight would
be taken to the next point. This exercise continues until it was closed back on
control pillar AME019A. All readings were recorded directly into the field book at
the end the height of every station was determined which was later used for
tacheometry in determining the spot height of the carved out area.
2.4 TACHEOMETRY
Tacheometry is a branch of surveying in which difference height and distance
between ground points are determined optically. It operates on the geometry of an
isosceles triangle. It can also be defined as the swift optical distance measurement
process where theodolite and graduated staff were used for obtaining distance,
height and fixing of detail
Theodolite U
M
L
Earth’s surface
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Where U = upper
M = middle
L = lower
2.5 SPOT HEIGHTING
The theodolite was used in conjunction with the leveling staff to execute this
task
I. The theodolite was set up on point A with a known coordinate (x, y, z), all
the necessary temporary adjustmentwas made. The height of the instrument
was calculated using the back sight and the initial reduce level of the bench
mark.
II. The telescope was directed to the target and bisected on point B for
orientation.
III. The telescope was turned clockwise to the leveling staff which have been
placed at the various points on the terrain.
IV. The upper, middle, and lower cross hair readings as well as horizontal
vertical circle reading were taken and booked accordingly and perfectly.
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2.6 DETAILING
This stage involved fixing of the natural and artificial features that exist on ground
into record. Examples of such features include existing buildings, trees, well etc.
The detailing operation was executed by means of tacheometry method of
observation. The instrument was set up on a nearby station along the boundary
lines. The staff was set to bisect the staff at the edge of details, then the horizontal
and vertical readings were taken as well as upper, middle, and lower cross hair
reading at the edge of each detail were also taken and recorded.
Reference station Instrument station
B3
B2
B1
Where B1 = First point of building
B2 = Second point of building
B3 = Third point of building.
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CHAPTER THREE
DATA PROCESSING
This is the process of preparing data acquired from the field by the way of
reduction and adjustment, which yields the final numerical value of the boundary
point, direction, height, and spot height.
The result obtained are useful for the preparation of maps, plans (Topographical
plan) by means of plotting. The processing of field data was done under the
following
1. Angle deduction
2. Traverse computation
3. Area computation
4. Leveling computation
5. Tacheometry computation
6. Data presentation
3.1 COMPUTATION
Computation is any type of calculation that includes both arithmetical and non-
arithmetical steps and follows a well-defined model. The study of computation is
paramount to the discipline of computer science.
3.2 DATA REDUCTION
This was done in order to obtain the mean angles at each point of observation. In
doing this, the common formula (2-1, 3-4) was used. Thereafter, the results were
summed up and divided by 2, which gives the mean angle at that setup.
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3.3SLOPE CORRECTION TO DISTANCES
Slope corrections are applied to the field measured length to get true horizontal
length.
Below is the formula that was used
Lcos θ = True Horizontal Length
Where L = Measure Length
3.4 COMPUTATION OF INITIAL BEARINGS
This is done by using the corrected co-ordinates of our instrument station together
with the co-ordinates of our back stations to solve for partial co-ordinates or
Latitude and Departure.
Below is table showing the computation of the given co-ordinates.
STATIONS NORTHINGS (m) EASTINGS (m) HEIGHT
AME018A 780497.690 198108.440 203.486
AME019A 780525.900 197944.660 200.673
AME158 780497.690 198108.440 207.383
Where the bearing θ = tan-1 ΔE
ΔN
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AME019to AME158= tan-1 -26.427
-83.051
= tan-1 0.318202068
Forward bearing =170 39’ 04”
Northing and Easting are both negative (3rd quadrant); 1800+α
180+170 39’ 04”= 1970 39’ 04”
To obtain the back bearing (BB), 1800 00’ 00” was subtracted from the forward
bearing, giving; BB= 170 39’ 04”
AME019 to AME018 = tan-1 164.559 = tan-1 -3.073111974
- 53.548
= -710 58’ 29”
Northing is negative while Easting is positive (2nd quadrant); 1800-α
1800-710 58’ 29”= 1080 01’ 30”
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3.6 FORWARD COMPUTATION
All angular observations and linear measurements were deduced and slope
correction was applied to linear measurements respectively.
In carrying out slope correction, the measured distances on every traverse point is
computed thus; LCosɵ
Where L = measured slope distance
ɵ = deduced vertical circle reading
From the initial bearing obtained from coordinate of AME019 and AME018, the
forward computation commenced. To start with, 180º was added to the initial
bearing to get the back bearing, the back bearing was added to the corresponding
angle to get another forward bearing. At the end of computation, the first back
bearing was subtracted from the last forward bearing to obtain the angular
misclosure which was divided by the total number of station which was distributed
to all the station by adding to get the corrected bearing.
3.7 COMPUTATION OF LATITUDE AND DEPARTURE
Latitude and departure is also referred to as the partial co-ordinate and they are
also called the delta northing (N) and the delta easting (∆E). Hence they are
computed as follows;
∆N = Lcos θ
20
∆E = Lsin θ
Where L = horizontal distance
The latitude and departure is added or subtracted starting from the co-ordinate of
AME018 to get the unadjusted co-ordinate of the stations. The latitude and
departure can further be computed from the back computation of the adjusted co-
ordinates.
3.8 COMPUTATION OF UNADJUSTED CO-ORDINATE
The unadjusted co-ordinates were obtained by adding or subtracting the latitude
and departure to the northing and easting of AME018 and subsequently to the
proceeding stations until the last point. This reflects in the computation sheet.
3.9COMPUTATION OF ADJUSTED CO-ORDINATES
The process of unadjusted co-ordinates computation continued around the traverse
point by successively adding or subtracting departures and latitude until the co-
ordinates of the closing point AME018 was recalculated which was with some
discrepancies and was distributed using transit method to get the adjusted co-
ordinates.Using the transit rule, the arithmetic sum of the latitude anddeparture of
each line was computed. The formula below was used to reduce the correction of
each line.
For Northing/Easting
21
Errors misclosure∈ N∨E × Arit h metic ∑ of eac h line
=
Total arit h metic ∑ of departure∨latitude
3.10 BACK COMPUTATION
Back computation involves getting the bearings and distance of the traverse line
from their computed final co-ordinates. The bearings and distances were written on
the plan.
The formula below was used to compute for the bearing and distances of the
line.
Distance = √ ¿ ¿
−1 ∆N
Bearing = tan ∆ E
The back computation is attached.
Errors misclosure∈ N∨E × Arit h metic ∑ of eac h line
=
Total arit h metic ∑ of departure∨latitude
The back computation is attached.
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3.11 AREA COMPUTATION
It involves the determination of the total size of the plot. Back computation is
carried out on the co-ordinates of the main plot to get the partial co-ordinates of
Northing and Easting. The area of the plot was determined using double latitude
method.
3.12 LINEAR ACCURACY COMPUTATION
The linear accuracy, the angular misclosure of the traverse was computed from the
closing errors in Northing and Easting. For a third order job such as this one, the
linear accuracy should not be lesser than 1:3000.
The accuracy computation of total station and that of theodolite is attached to the
back of this technical report.
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CHAPTER FOUR
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATIONS AND
CONCLUSION
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
During the execution of the project, the problem encountered was disturbance from
vehicles and humans.
RECOMMENDATION
The department should make it possible that the level instruments should be well
calibrated and should be checked from time to time to be able to know the error
imbedded in it.
CONCLUSION
At the end of this work the topographical nature of the area covered was known
and a topo map was created for this area.
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