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MGP 2023 Cohort 5 Half-Length Test 10

The document outlines a half-length test for MGP 2023, consisting of 10 questions focused on various topics such as the role of the private sector in India's space industry, the importance of STEM in the knowledge economy, and the implications of robotics and biotechnology. Each question has a specified mark allocation and word limit, emphasizing the quality of answers over quantity. Additionally, it provides instructions for students on how to approach their answers and highlights the significance of understanding the topics thoroughly.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

40 views30 pages

MGP 2023 Cohort 5 Half-Length Test 10

Uploaded by

naman j

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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MGP 2023 | Cohort 5 | Half Length Test #10 (61314) | ………………

(10 Questions | 125 Marks | Duration 1.5 Hours)

Instructions: All questions are compulsory. The number of marks carried by a question/part is
indicated against it. Quality of the answer is more important than the length of the answer.

funsZ'k % lHkh ç'u vfuok;Z gSaA çR;sd ç'u }kjk /kkfjr vadksa dks mlds lkeus bafxr fd;k x;k gSA mÙkj dh [Link]Ùkk mÙkj
dh yackbZ dh rqyuk esa vf/kd [Link] gSA

Q.1) The role of private sector is indispensable in increasing India’s share in the global space industry.
Highlighting the challenges faced by the private sector, suggest measures for facilitating their greater
participation. (10 marks, 150 words)

oSfÜod varfj{k m|ksx esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus esa futh {ks= dh Hkwfedk vifjgk;Z gSA futh {ks= ds lkeus vkus okyh
pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, mudh vfèkd ls vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh dks lqxe cukus ds mik; lq>k,aA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.2) The STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) sector provides opportunities
for India to become a leader in knowledge economy; however, there is a need to democratise its
access in order to harness its complete potential. Analyse. (10 marks, 150 words)

STEM ¼foKku] çkS|ksfxdh] bathfu;fjax vkSj [Link]½ {ks= Hkkjr dks Kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa [Link] cuus ds volj çnku djrk
gS( gkykafd] bldh iwjh {kerk dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, bldh igqap dk yksdra=hdj.k djus dh vko';drk gSA fo'ys"k.k
djsaA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.3) Robots not only have the capability to perform conventional dirty, dull and dangerous tasks, their
possible future applications make the field of robotics both fascinating and frightening. Discuss.
(10 marks, 150 words)

jkscksV u dsoy ikjaifjd xans] uhjl vkSj [krjukd dk;ksZa dks djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa] muds laHkkfor Hkfo"; ds vuqç;ksx
jkscksfVDl ds {ks= dks vkd"kZd vkSj Hk;kog nksuksa cukrs gSaA ppkZ djsaA ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.4) Though most commonly associated with cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology has wide
ranging applications. Elucidate. (10 marks, 150 words)

gkykafd Cy‚dpsu rduhd, vkerkSj ij fØIVksdjsalh ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS ijarq bldk O;kid vuqç;ksx gSA Li"V djsaA
¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½

Q.5) In Vikram Sarabhai and Homi Jehangir Bhabha, India has produced two of the most erudite minds
in the fields of space engineering and nuclear science respectively. In context of the statement,
highlight major achievements of these two pioneers in their respective fields. (10 marks, 150 words)

foØe lkjkHkkbZ vkSj gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk esa] Hkkjr us Øe'k% varfj{k bathfu;fjax vkSj [Link] foKku ds {ks= esa nks lcls
vfèkd çfrHkkoku efLr"d iSnk fd, gSAa dFku ds lanHkZ esa bu nksuksa vxznrw ksa dh vius&vius {ks=ksa esa çeq[k miyfCèk;ksa ij
çdk'k Mkfy,A ¼10 vad] 150 'kCn½
Forum Learning Centre: Delhi - 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19 Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 | Patna - 2nd floor, AG Palace, E Boring Canal
Road, Patna, Bihar 800001 | Hyderabad - 1st & 2nd Floor, SM Plaza, RTC X Rd, Indira Park Road, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500020
9821711605 | [Link] | admissions@[Link] | helpdesk@[Link]
[Link]

MGP 2023 | Cohort 5 | Half Length Test #10 (61314) | ………………

(10 Questions | 125 Marks | Duration 1.5 Hours)

Q.6) What do you understand by nanotechnology? In what ways can nano-technology aid in socio-
economic growth of the country? (15 marks, 250 words)

uSuks VsDuksy‚th ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ uSuks&çkS|ksfxdh ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk dj
ldrh gS\ ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.7) Service delivery and project implementation, two of the biggest indicators of good governance,
can be significantly improved with the aid of transformative technologies. Discuss, with special
reference to Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI). (15 marks, 250 words)

lsok forj.k vkSj ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u] lq'kklu ds nks lcls cM+s ladsrdksa esa ifjorZudkjh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh lgk;rk ls
[Link] lqèkkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA fcx MsVk vkSj vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal (AI) ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa ppkZ djsaA
¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.8) Despite its potential to further agricultural productivity, application of biotechnology in

agriculture has met with both criticism and apprehension. Comment. (15 marks, 250 words)

—f"k mRikndrk esa o`f) djus dh bldh {kerk ds ckotwn] —f"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx dh vkykspuk vkSj vk'kadk
nksuksa gqbZ gSAa [Link] djsaA ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.9) How do the terms copyright, patents and trade secrets differ from each other? Examine the role
of India’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy in promoting and safeguarding innovations.
(15 marks, 250 words)

d‚ihjkbV] isVsaV vkSj O;kikj jgL; ,d nwljs ls dSls fHkUu gSa\ uokpkjksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh lqj{kk djus esa Hkkjr
dh ckSf)d laink vfèkdkj (IPR) uhfr dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djsaA ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Q.10) Though often presented as a panacea to the dichotomy between development and ecological
conservation, nuclear technology has multitude of other uses. Briefly explaining India’s three stage
nuclear program, throw light upon various applications and challenges associated with nuclear
technology in the country. (15 marks, 250 words)

gkykafd vDlj fodkl vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd laj{k.k ds chp f}Hkktu ds fy, [Link] çkS|ksfxdh dks jkeck.k ds :i esa çLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS ijarq blds dbZ vU; mi;ksx Hkh gSAa Hkkjr ds rhu [Link] okys [Link] dk;ZØe dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k djrs
gq,] ns'k esa [Link] çkS|ksfxdh ls tqM+s fofHkUu vuqç;ksxksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A ¼15 vad] 250 'kCn½

Forum Learning Centre: Delhi - 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19 Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 | Patna - 2nd floor, AG Palace, E Boring Canal
Road, Patna, Bihar 800001 | Hyderabad - 1st & 2nd Floor, SM Plaza, RTC X Rd, Indira Park Road, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500020
9821711605 | [Link] | admissions@[Link] | helpdesk@[Link]
[Link]

MGP 2023 (Cohort 5)

Half length Test #10 – Solution

Instruction to Students

Answers provided in this booklet exceed the word limit so as to also act as source of
good notes on the topic.

Candidates must focus on the keywords mentioned in the answers and build answers
around them. Elaborate answers are given with the purpose that candidates
understand the topic better.

We have also adopted a grey box approach to provide context wherever necessary,
which is not to be considered a part of the answer.

For any feedback, please write to us at helpdesk@[Link]

Approach: Introduce by briefly describing uniqueness of India’s space programme. Mention abysmal share in
global space sector and need for private sector participation. In the body, discuss the challenges in increasing
private sector’s participation in space sector. Next, suggest measures for improving private players’
participation in the space industry. Conclude by emphasizing importance of increasing India’s share in the
space sector.

India’s space programme is famed for its cost effectiveness and efficiency but India’s share in the global
space industry is an abysmal 2 percent. Role of private players is virtually indispensable in increasing India’s
share in the global space industry through greater pool of resources, improved risk appetite, competition
and incentives for technological advancements.

In this perspective, efforts are underway to restructure the country’s space sector with more participation
from private industries. But greater role for private sector in space industry is faced with following
challenges:
1. Space policy: India does not have an explicit space policy to guide private sector participation.
India also lacks sector-specific policies which undermine commercialization. E.g., on use of
satellite communications and remote sensing data.
2. Huge economic costs: Critics argue that space sector is reduced to a rhetorical priority due to
poor funding of space programmes. E.g., there has been no follow-up mission for Mars Orbitar
Mission which was launched in 2014 and was termed a success.
3. Data Risk: Danger of misuse or improper utilization of important launch data, capabilities and
leakage of technology to hostile elements.
4. Regulation: Regulation of private sector participation, and validation of their capabilities could be
time consuming. Unfair commercial practices like lobbying and corruption to get space projects
could creep in.
5. Total investment in the start-up ecosystem in India’s space sector is about 20 million USD. This
is less than 0.5 per cent of global investment.
6. Revenue loss: Private players’ participation will reduce revenue of ISRO from satellite launch
services.

Following measures can be taken to facilitate greater participation of private players in space sector:
1. Initial hand-holding by government agencies and ISRO such as use of test-beds and pooled
capabilities by NGPEs (non-government private entities) will reduce cost burden.
2. Soft credit for long gestation projects, assured revenue stream along with robust insurance
framework to ensure financially viable enterprise. E.g., space tourism.
3. Commercialization of space sector needs greater push. Initiatives like IN-SPACE and NSIL need
integration with initiatives like Atal Incubation Centers.
4. Global collaboration, including industry-academia linkages for better human resources and
global best practices in management of space enterprises from companies like SpaceX.

5. Inter-agency and inter-ministerial coordination is needed between Defense, Science and

Technology, Education, MSME etc.
Promote absorption of critical space technologies required for human space flight such as orbital
6.
module, crew escape system, re- entry and recovery systems etc.
Commercialization of space industry will help India to get benefit of the growing global space business.
Through a comprehensive space policy, we can achieve the vision of our present Prime Minister: “Space is
the space to be in!” (440 words)

Q.2) The STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) sector provides opportunities for
India to become a leader in knowledge economy; however, there is a need to democratize its access in
order to harness its complete potential. Analyse.

Approach: Start by describing knowledge economy and STEM sector. Mention importance of STEM. In the
body, discuss the opportunities provided by STEM for making India a knowledge economy. Next mention the
need for democratization of STEM, enlisting issues of inclusion, accessibility etc. Conclude by mentioning
the indispensability of democratizing STEM sector for long-term economic growth and development.

Knowledge economy is an economy in which knowledge and information are the main drivers of
economic growth. STEM sector is a term which groups together the academic disciplines of science,
technology, engineering, and mathematics. India produces one of the highest number of scientists and
engineers in the STEM sector, making it a critical sector of focus towards becoming a knowledge economy.

STEM sector provides following opportunities in making India a leader in knowledge economy:
1. With the advent of AI, many traditional competencies in the software sector are becoming
obsolete. The demand is for highly skilled professionals in STEM.
2. To tackle protectionism in western countries, India’s IT sector needs an overhaul based on
technological leadership instead of outsourced assistive roles.
3. Start-up culture in STEM can accelerate the growth of technology-based businesses through
greater private sector R&D. E.g., India is now a forerunner in the number of patents filed, while
also having more than 100 unicorn start-ups.
4. STEM sector can help turn India’s demographic potential into a productive workforce and an
enviable asset.
5. STEM focus can improve the higher education sector in India through exports of education
services. E.g., the Study-in-India scheme or the popularity of NPTEL in countries of global south.

However, there is need to democratize the STEM sector for harnessing its true potential due to following
issues:
1. Inclusion: Poor representation of castes and gender in STEM reflects wastage of demographic
potential.
2. Accessibility: Rural-Urban divide is evident due to regionally skewed distribution of colleges and
work opportunities. For learning as well as work, migration to Delhi-NCR, Bengaluru etc. seems
to be the only option.

3. Availability: There is a shortage of skilled professionals due to issues like poor quality of teaching
and research, outdated curricula and lack of industry-academia coordination.
4. Affordability: STEM as a stream in itself is cost-extensive especially in research activities of
fundamental sciences such as the large-hadron collider. On the other hand, Public as well as
private expenditure on research is very low in India (0.7% of GDP).
5. Poor grants and stipends for research activities reduce the attractiveness of research as a career
path. Unforeseen circumstances such as COVID-19 exposed the neglect faced by researchers as
many of the labs remained closed, suspending the research activities.
India is the fastest growing major economy in the world. But to prolong the period of economic growth,
development and prosperity, leadership in STEM is of immense importance. To this end, democratization
of the STEM sector is indispensable. Initiatives such as ISRO’s ‘catch-them-young' programme can help.
(424 words)

Approach: Introduce your answer by explaining the terms robots and robotics. In the first part of body,
discuss the conventional applications of robots under different subheadings of dull, dirty, and dangerous. In
the second part of body, discuss the future scope of robotics. In the last part of the body, discuss why misuse
of robots and robotics can be frightening/dangerous. Finally, conclude with a positive approach and
emphasize the need for effective regulation and diligence in the sector.

A robot is a programmable multifunctional machine which can carry out complicated functions
automatically, thereby substituting manpower. The branch of computer science and engineering that
deals with robot design, construction, application, and operation is called Robotics. Robots have the
potential to perform conventional dirty, dull and dangerous tasks of humans, as can be seen from:
1. Dull:
a) Robots can aid in effective management of accounts, land records, administrative files
(compilation, sorting) etc., reducing time and cost associated with these tasks.
b) Robotic Process Automation (RPA) has the potential to perform the task of big data
analysis in an efficient, time bound and error free manner.
c) Robots found ready application in industrial production, operating and managing
production lines.
d) Robots can safely substitute humans in fields related to monitoring and compliance. E.g.,
deployment of robots for monitoring social distancing protocols during covid-19
pandemic.
2. Dirty:
a) Robots can be deployed for cleaning sewage tanks, sceptic tanks etc., effectively checking
manual scavenging. E.g., bandicoot.
b) Robots can assist/substitute in domestic cleaning work. E.g., mopping, sweeping, dish
washing etc.
c) Robots will prove to be handy in waste collection/disposal.

3. Dangerous:
a) Robots are deployed for deactivating bombs, saving lives of citizens and reducing risks to
bomb squad personnel.
b) Robots can aid in supplying relief materials in disaster affected areas.
c) Robotic surgeries minimize human error and deepens health security.

The future applications of robotics are fascinating as:

1. Use of humanoid robots as personal companion/partner to ally depression and boredom. E.g.,
cobots.
2. Use of robots in future for carrying out space missions. E.g., kirobo robot of Japan; curiosity rover
in Mars.
3. Use of robots with snake like mobility to maneuver traffic and conduct door step delivery of
supplies.
4. Robot to robot interactions can have fascinating outcomes. E.g., self-driven cars etc.
5. Inducing robots with human intelligence can make them perform highly skilled and dangerous
tasks. E.g., military robot.

While the future of robotics is fascinating, several applications of robotics are frightening, such as:
1. Misuse of robots at the hands of terrorists and insurgents can inflict heavy toll on public life and
property.
2. Robots, drones etc., devices can easily be misused for inimical reconnaissance.
3. Lack of empathy and emotions in excessively powerful robotic devices can become hazardous to
humans.
4. Algorithmic bias in robotic programmers may lead to skewed socio-economic application and
outcome of robots.
Robotics is an exciting field of science and technology. It has the potential to revolutionize various
industrial and domestic processes, enhancing the standard and ease of living. However, due regulation
and diligence is warranted in their application. (438 words)

Q.4) Though most commonly associated with cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology has wide ranging
applications. Elucidate.

Approach: Introduce by describing blockchain technology. Mention reason for its use in cryptocurrencies. In
the body, first discuss various applications of blockchain apart from cryptocurrencies. Next, mention the
challenges faced by blockchain. Conclude with need for governments and businesses to prepare for a future
based on blockchain’s multi-sectoral applications.

Blockchain technology is a structure that stores transactional records, also known as the block, in several
databases known as the “chain”. Blockchain works as a distributed network connected through peer-to-
peer nodes. Due to its decentralized nature, systemic integrity and verifiability of transactions, blockchains
find a major application in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum etc. which are digital or virtual
currencies for financial transactions.

Blockchain technology has game-changing potential for the following wide range of applications that go
far beyond its roots in cryptocurrency.
1. Financial sector: The technology can be used for transactions in financial assets such as stocks,
bonds, etc. Lenders can use blockchain technology to execute collateralized loans through smart
contracts. It can be helpful in preventing financial frauds and scams.
2. Agriculture sector: Blockchain technology can improve productivity and profitability of
agriculture including through land record digitization, electronic trading and inventory
management. Ecological benefits can also accrue through tamper-proof soil health records.
3. Blockchain can improve delivery of government schemes. E.g., preventing leakages of subsidy,
eliminating exclusion-inclusion errors, improved public records etc.
4. Medical applications: Pharmaceutical companies and doctors can use blockchain to secure supply
chains of medicines, patients’ medical history, and trial data. E.g., a blockchain-based digital
health record.
5. Money transfer: Using blockchain technology for money transfer can be less expensive and faster.
E.g., international payments.
6. Blockchain can provide a fillip to the entertainment industry. E.g., through monetization of in-
game purchases or creative assets like videos through NFTs (non-fungible tokens).

Despite the wide-ranging applications of blockchain technology, it is also facing the following challenges:
1. Security and privacy of the data on the shared ledger is a concern for sensitive sectors like
defense.
2. Lack of regulatory control along with anonymity makes blockchain systems a hub of shadow
dealings. E.g., use of cryptocurrencies for trafficking in drugs and humans.
3. Costs: Complex algorithms and distributed networks require large processing power, energy
consumption and computing infrastructure. Integration of block-chain based solution in legacy
systems is a hurdle due to challenges of costs.
4. Unproved potential: The services promised by blockchain are already being provided by
alternative mediums. The speed of transactions on blockchain are also slow and scalability is low,
creating doubt about its path-breaking potential.
Blockchain is a promising technology with wide-ranging applications. The commercial usage of blockchain
is on the rise. Governments and businesses in India also need to prepare themselves for a future based on
cross-sectoral applications of blockchain. (407 words)

Q.5) In Vikram Sarabhai and Homi Jehangir Bhabha, India has produced two of the most erudite minds
in the fields of space engineering and nuclear science respectively. In context of the statement, highlight
major achievements of these two pioneers in their respective fields.

Approach: Introduce with brief description of Dr Bhabha and Dr Sarabhai’s lasting legacy as father of nuclear
and space programmes respectively. In the body, discuss the contributions of Dr Bhabha and Dr Sarabhai in
different sections. Conclude with the importance of their contribution in creating technological
independence.

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909-1966) is called as father of the India’s nuclear program whereas Vikram
Sarabhai is famously known as the Father of the Indian Space Program.
Major achievements of Homi Bhabha are as follows:
1. Fundamental Research:
a) He derived expression for the probability of scattering positrons by electrons, a process
now known as Bhabha scattering.
b) He developed the understanding of cosmic showers as an electromagnetic process.
2. Institution-builder: He founded the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), where initial
research for India’s nuclear program began. He founded the Cosmic Ray Research Institute at IISc,
Bangalore and a nuclear research centre at Trombay (later renamed the Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre or BARC).
3. Father of Nuclear Programme: He designed India’s three-stage nuclear program for country's
long-term energy security based on thorium reserves found in abundance on the Malabar coast.
4. Architect of India’s Nuclear Policy: He convinced PM Nehru to invest in nuclear energy. Thus,
Atomic Energy Act 1948 was passed which created the Indian Atomic Energy Commission.
Bhabha also presided over the first UN Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in 1955.
5. Nuclear capabilities: The pool-type reactor named APSARA (1956) was the only reactor of its time
in Asia, outside USSR. Today, India has indigenously developed nuclear energy capacity,
ownership of the complete fuel cycle, including reprocessing and waste management, much of
which is attributed to HJ Bhabha.

The achievements of Vikram Sarabhai are as follows:

1. He undertook research in cosmic rays under Nobel Prize winner, Sir CV Raman at the IISC,
Bangalore. He founded the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmadabad at the age of 28.
2. Sarabhai was instrumental in setting up the IIM Ahmadabad in 1962 for needs for professional
management education in India. He set up the Operations Research Group, the first market
research organization in the country.
3. Sarabhai established the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station. He founded the Indian
National Committee for Space Research in 1962 which eventually became ISRO (Indian Space
Research Organization).
4. He pioneered satellite-based remote sensing of natural resources and argued for use of remote
sensing for providing education in remote areas.
5. As the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India after physicist Homi Bhabha’s
untimely demise in 1966, Sarabhai carried on Bhabha's work in the field of promoting nuclear
research in India, development of India's nuclear power plants, and nuclear technology for
defence.
Today, India has completed its nuclear triad enhancing its military strength. Use of radiation for
advancements in crop technology, cyclotron for medical applications and much of other advanced
applications in technology can be linked to programmes for technological independence started by Dr
Bhabha and Dr Sarabhai. (449 words)

Q.6) What do you understand by nanotechnology? In what ways can nano-technology aid in socio-
economic growth of the country?

Approach: Introduce the answer by defining Nanotechnology. In the first part of the body, discuss how its
applications in various fields like health, agriculture, electronics, etc., can be a boost to the socio-economic
growth of the country. In the second part of the body, explain the challenges associated with the
application of Nanotechnology. Lastly, conclude by highlighting upon the importance of policy support,
research and development and financial aid for development of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology is a field of scientific research and innovation that deals with particle size ranging from
1 nanometre to 100 nanometres. It involves the conversion of any material in nanoscale resulting in
alteration of its physicochemical, biological, mechanical, optical, and electronic properties.
Nanotechnology plays a significant role in socio-economic development of the country through:
1. Health and medicine:
a) Application of nano-technology in medical science has led to development of efficient
drug delivery systems.
b) Nano-technology can aid in early detection of diseases. E.g., antibodies attached to
carbon nanotubes can aid in detection of cancer cells.
c) Gold nano-particles found ready use in elimination of disease-causing bacteria.
d) Injection of synthetic platelets can reduce internal bleeding in trauma patients.
2. Agriculture/food:
a) Quantum dots can be utilized for live imaging in plant root systems to verify and correct
physiological processes and stresses.
b) CNT nano sponges increase efficiency of soaking up pesticides, fertilisers, etc.,
increasing productivity.
c) Nano particles such as gold nanorods aid in regulation/monitoring of cell culture growth
of various plants/crops.
d) Nano-encapsulation can enhance protection of plants against toxins and also ensure
controlled/precision release of nutrients.
e) Nano-particles can tackle malnutrition through food fortification.
3. Electronics:
a) Nano-technology an aid in development of energy-efficient, cheaper and faster chips and
sensors.
b) Nanoscale transistors with substantially increased storage capacity can aid in processing
of big data for governance and economic purposes.
c) Nanophotonic technology can considerably increasing the internet speed.
4. Transport:
a) Nanoscale and nano porous membranes are being used for the production of biomass fuel.
b) Nanotechnology can aid in improving the efficiency of fuel production from raw
petroleum materials.
c) Nano-technology can aid in reducing GHG emissions by enabling reduced fuel
consumption in the vehicles.

5. Utility services:
a) Nanotechnology can aid in purification of water through nano sensors made of titanium
oxides.
b) Nanotechnology can improve the capacity and safety of lithium-ion batteries decisively,
aiding in building efficient models for energy storage.

Despite several advantages of Nanotechnology there are several challenges associated with their usage,
such as:
1. Health:
a) Large-scale production of nanoparticles can lead to nano-waste (nano pollution) which
may become a health challenge as these particles remain suspended in the air for a longer
duration.
b) Several nanoparticles widely used in consumer products have adverse effects on user’s
health. E.g., Titanium oxide nanoparticles used in cosmetics can lead to quicker ageing of
colon cells.
c) Inhaled carbon nano tubes are known to suppress immune system by affecting the
functioning of T-cells.
2. In absence of effective regulation/monitoring it is hard to track the use pattern and effects of
nanoparticles. E.g., products do not have labelling for nanoparticles.
3. Lack of acceptance and awareness regarding nanoparticles/technology makes their scalability in
a profitable way a challenge.
4. Supporting infrastructure for nanotechnology like reproducibility, intellectual rights protection,
quality control, characterization etc., are lacking.
5. Research and development in the field of nano-technology is limited due to lack of human
resource, infrastructure, funds etc. Also, high cost associated with nanotechnology may create a
nano-divide across society and businesses alike.
6. Excessive use of nanoparticles may lead to phytotoxic, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects in plants.
Nanotechnology holds several benefits for the socio-economic growth of the country. However, there is
a need to provide a complimentary policy, research and financial support. (550 words)

Q.7) Service delivery and project implementation, two of the biggest indicators of good governance, can
be significantly improved with the aid of transformative technologies. Discuss, with special reference
to Big Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Approach: Introduce answer with definition of good governance and its significance in service delivery and
project implementation. Then discuss how transformative technologies like big data and Artificial
Intelligence have improved good governance. Lastly, discuss limitations of technology in improving
governance. Conclude with need for combining technological advancements with measures for ethical
governance.

Good governance is participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, equitable,

effective and efficient. Transformative technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Big data analytics
have the potential to improve governance through efficient service delivery and effective project
implementation.

Transformative technologies can improve service delivery in following ways:

1. Social welfare schemes: AI-powered systems can, however, increase the reach of social welfare
programs and schemes. For example, In Mid-day meal scheme, machine learning and supply chain
management could predict the inventory and process automation technology can ensure food
reaches the beneficiaries on time.
2. Tax Reforms: Technologies like biometric authentication, blockchain etc. can improve tax
reforms and help improve resource mobilisation for welfare schemes. E.g., Aadhar seeding of PAN
cards.
3. Criminal justice system: Data mining techniques can discover serious economic frauds. Crime-
and-criminal tracking system can improve tracking of crimes and criminals across the country.
The under-implementation Inter-operable Criminal Justice system aims to combine use of AI,
blockchain, analytical tools, fingerprint and DNA databank for predictive policing.
4. Technologies improve the ease of doing business due to effective and convenient methods for
obtaining licence, filing taxes, getting online approvals.
5. Better healthcare services: Better healthcare services are possible through digitization of public
health records and big-data-analytics. E.g., in predicting epidemics, vaccination, detecting rare
genetic diseases, virtual assistance, medical imaging analysis, mental health etc.

Role of transformative technologies in improving project implementation is as follows:

1. Improved project tracking mechanisms can be designed on tamper-proof systems based on
blockchain.
2. Projects for improving transport and urban management can benefit from use of technological
inputs like geo-spatial data and data analytics. E.g., property tax assessments or projections of
peak traffic.
3. Health Missions: AI, blockchain etc. can be useful in directed public health interventions to
improve effectiveness of programmes like Tb elimination, AIDS control etc. E.g., improved
credibility of data on covid-like pandemic due to decentralised nature of blockchain.
4. Structural Reforms: Big data analytics can overhaul dispute resolution process including
insolvency resolution and banking sector reforms through cleaning up of banks’ balance sheets
and improving lending behaviour.
5. Predicting natural calamities: Technology can help us in disaster preparedness, risk reduction
and averting disasters. AI-powered systems can map the dryness of forests, predict wildfires,
analyze the magnitude and patterns of earthquakes, record rainfall and flood simulations to
predict flooding.

Transformative technologies can overhaul governance but technology also faces certain limitations, such
as:
1. Political influence and criminalisation of the politics affects effective formulation of public
policies including on technology. E.g., threat of creating an authoritarian police state.
2. Poor digital infrastructure and dismal rural connectivity is major challenge in use of
transformative technologies.
3. Culture of secrecy pervades most public organizations and government offices. E.g., lack of
framework for sharing data, ineffective social audit system etc.
4. For effective utilisation of technology, finding qualified data scientists is a challenge.

Technologies like Big Data and AI have immense potential to overhaul governance through improvements
in service delivery and project implementation. But there are still some challenges to overcome like the
need to standardise open data, creating enabling infrastructure etc. Technological interventions should
also be combined with focus on developing probity in governance, which will make the governance more
ethical. (533 words)

Q.8) Despite its potential to further agricultural productivity, application of biotechnology in agriculture
has met with both criticism and apprehension. Comment.

Approach: -Introduce the answer by explaining the meaning of biotechnology. In the first part of the
body, describe the role of biotechnology in agriculture and its potential benefits. In the second part of
the body, mention why application of biotechnology has met with apprehension and criticism. In the
last part, discuss ways to enhance the application of biotechnology. Conclude by highlighting the need
to develop biotechnology with due regard for human and environment safety.

Biotechnology involves the use of living processes, organisms or systems to manufacture products or
technology that intends to improve the quality of human life. Biotechnology has the potential to boost
agricultural productivity, as:
1. Biotechnology has made it possible to increase crop productivity by introducing such qualities as
disease resistance and increased drought tolerance to the crops. E.g., Bt. Cotton.
2. Biotechnology can aid in developing pest-resistant crops, reducing dependence on chemical
pesticides. Consequently, biotechnologically enhanced food crops can be healthier/pesticide
free.
3. It has enhanced the nutritional value of food by altering genes, studying and cloning various crops.
E.g., Golden rice is genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, which is not normally present
in rice.
4. Genetically modified plants have an increased use efficiency vis-a-vis soil mineral. This increases
crop productivity and prevents early exhaustion of soil fertility.
5. Biotechnology can be effectively employed to aid and increase industrial production. E.g., tailor-
made plants to supply alternative resources to industry, in the form of starches, 4th generation
biofuel and pharmaceuticals.
6. Biotechnology techniques such as embryo transfer, cloning etc., can aid in animal breeding and
disease and management.

Despite various applications of biotechnology in agriculture, its usage has met with criticism and
apprehension because:
1. With the adoption of Genetically Modified crops there is a possibility of monopolization of seed
production and distribution. E.g., use of terminal seed technology producing sterile seeds.
2. The harmful effect of Genetically Modified food on humans is a major cause of concern. E.g.,
adverse hepatic, pancreatic, renal or reproductive effects of GM crops on humans.
3. Negative impacts on non-target organisms and on the environment (soil, water etc.). E.g.,
expansion of GM herbicide tolerant corn and soy has destroyed much of the habitat of monarch
butterfly.

4. Genetic homogeneity may lead to higher susceptibility of plants to many pests, disease and other
negative environmental effects, in the long run. Also, it will be a threat to genetic diversity of
crops.
5. Genes modified from crops in a GM crop trial can transfer into some local wild plants creating
super weeds. Superweeds are herbicide resistant plants which are a nuisance to both farmers as
well as the environment.

The application of biotechnology in agriculture can be boosted through:

1. In order to ally apprehensions, there is a need to conduct adequate research into GM crops to
assess their impact upon neighboring plants, human health, and environment at large.
2. To enhance the potential of biotechnology in the country, there is need to build capacity in terms
of skilled human resources and infrastructure, especially in tier-1 and tier-2 cities.
3. Forging strategic partnership with the best talent available nationally and internationally in
order to leverage the benefits of latest developments in the field of biotechnology.
4. Both the union and state governments should strive to build a robust innovative ecosystem and
conducive regulatory environment. E.g., National Biotechnology Development Strategy 2021-25
is a step in the right direction.
5. Hand holding is required for the small and medium farmers in order to adopt new
biotechnological interventions.
Application of biotechnology in agriculture has the potential to address challenges arising from increasing
population, climate change, diminishing per-capita arable land etc. However, there is a need to ensure
its growth in a conducive manner with due regard to human and environmental safety. (548 words)

Q.9) How do the terms copyright, patents and trade secrets differ from each other? Examine the role of
India’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy in promoting and safeguarding innovations.

Approach: Introduce by highlighting the meaning of intellectual property and intellectual property rights. In
the body of the answer, discuss in detail the difference between Copyrights, Patents and trade secrets. In the
second part of the body, examine the role of India’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy in promoting
and safeguarding innovations. In the last part, suggest some ways to strengthen the innovation/IPR
protection paradigm in the country. Conclude by emphasizing the role of IPR policy in making India a leader
in global knowledge economy.

IP refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; etc. used in
commerce. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are the protections granted to the creators of Intellectual
property.

The difference between various IPRs can be analyzed as:

Copyright Patents Trade Secret
1. Copyright is given for 1. A patent is a right, granted by 1. Trade secrets can be
creative and artistic works the government, to exclude defined as any
and gives the copyright others from making, using, or confidential information
holder the exclusive right to selling products or with commercial value,
control reproduction or processes, based on patented which is not available in
adaptation of such works. invention without prior public domain and the
2. They do not protect the permission. patent protects disclosure of which may
process through which a the idea itself. cause financial harm to the
particular work was created. 2. Unlike copyright, patents owner.
3. Copyrights occur protect "ideas", and not just 2. They include
automatically, there is no "expressions of those ideas" . manufacturing or
need to get it registered 3. Unlike copyrights, patents are industrial secrets and
with the government required to be registered. commercial secrets. E.g.,
authority. 4. Patents are covered under Coca-Cola formula.
4. They are protected through 3. Contrary to patents, they
"Indian Patents Act 1970".
the "Copyright Act 1957". are protected without
5. The term is generally for 20
5. The term is generally 60 registration just like
years from the date of filing of
copyrights.
years from the beginning of the application.
4. It can be protected for an
the calendar year.
unlimited period of time.

The role of India’s IPR policy in promoting and safeguarding innovations can be analyzed below:
1. The IPR policy aims to generate public awareness about the economic, social and cultural benefits
of IPRs.
2. The IPR policy calls for a base line survey/IP-audit to undertake assessment and evaluation of
potential in specific sectors.
3. The IPR policy of the country ensures that the IP framework works in a way which is compliant
to global IP regimes. E.g., IPR policy is TRIPS compliant.
4. The policy provides a public platform and acts as an interface between creators/innovators on
one hand and users/industry on the other hand, aiding commercialization.
5. The policy aims to broaden the enforcement and adjudication of IPR laws through training of
judges, ADR mechanisms, strengthening of IPR cells etc.

However, the IPR policy can be made more effective by incorporating following suggestions:
1. There is a need for extending access to knowledge by making government funded research papers
available to scholars.
2. Privatization/monetization of traditional knowledge should bear adequate safeguards for the
community as a whole. E.g., creation of Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, proper
implementation of GIs, Biological Diversity Act etc.
3. There is a need to boost the ecosystem for innovation parallelly. E.g., Atal Incubation Centers are
a step in right direction.

4. Overzealous intellectual property protection should not hamper the larger social good.
Accordingly, the policy should make a balance.
The IPR Policy reiterates India’s commitment to the Doha Development Agenda and the TRIPS agreement.
The IPR policy removes hurdles in creation and monetization of Intellectual property. It has a seminal
role in making India a leader in the global knowledge economy paradigm. (550 Words)

Q.10) Though often presented as a panacea to the dichotomy between development and ecological
conservation, nuclear technology has a multitude of other uses. Briefly explaining the India’s three stage
nuclear program, throw light upon various applications and challenges associated with nuclear
technology in the country.

Approach: Start your answer by explaining India’s three-stage nuclear programme. In the first part of the
body, discuss briefly the three-stage nuclear programme of India. In the next part of the body, discuss the
various applications of nuclear technology. In the last part, discuss the challenges associated with nuclear
technology. Conclude the answer by highlighting the importance of nuclear technology for India’s INDC and
energy security.

India's three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated by Homi Bhabha, in the 1950s to secure
the country's long-term energy independence. It is consistent with our unique resource position of limited
uranium and large thorium reserves. The three-stage nuclear programme can be understood as:
1. STAGE I – Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs): It uses natural uranium (0.7% U-235 +
99.3% U-238) as a fuel while plutonium-239 is generated as a by-product.
2. STAGE II – Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs): FBRs are designed to “breed” more fuel than they
consume. Once the inventory of plutonium-239 is built up, thorium can be introduced as a blanket
material in the reactor and transmuted to uranium-233 for use in the third stage.
3. STAGE III – Thorium Based Reactors (TBRs): Stage three involves a self-sustaining series of
thorium-232-uranium 233 fueled reactors.

Though Nuclear energy is an effective alternative to fossil fuels in order to ensure sustainable
development, it has a myriad of other applications, such as:
1. Health: Nuclear technology finds applications in several domains of the medical field such as
oncology, cardiology, neurology, pneumology etc. Also, nuclear technology is seminal for making
precise and timely diagnostics.
2. Food/Agriculture: Radiation technology is applied to obtain the desired crop varieties reducing
the long process of natural mutation. Direct irradiation of food crops eliminates microorganisms
and insects, reducing losses after harvest and improving the quality of food.
3. Industry/Manufacturing: Radiotechnology aids in standardization of various industrial
processes, finding ready use in measurement, automatization and quality control etc. E.g.,
Nuclear technology is employed for obtaining X-rays of the internal structure without
damaging/altering the material’s composition.
4. Environmental applications:
a) Isotope hydrology can aid in research of subterraneous fresh water sources and
determine their origin, risk to saltwater contamination etc.

b) Neutron probes provide an accurate measure of soil moisture content, enabling resource
efficiency/productivity.
c) Gama and electron beam radiation are used for converting plastic into fuel and feedstock
through radiolysis.
5. Space Navigation: Nuclear technology is making the pursuit of space exploration both easy and
efficient. E.g., robotic equipment aided by plutonium-238 isotope can engage in unmanned space
trips for centuries.
6. Archeology: Carbon dating is an important application of nuclear technology for determining the
age of rocks and other materials by analyzing the relative abundance of naturally-occurring
isotopes.

Despite several applications the use of nuclear technology is mar due to following challenges:
1. Due to apprehensions of locals related to safety/integrity of nuclear plants, nuclear waste disposal
etc., land acquisition becomes cumbersome/time consuming: E.g., Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu.
2. Poor availability of fissile material in the country, capital intensive nature of nuclear plants,
competition from cheap renewables etc., make nuclear energy an expensive proposition.
3. Nuclear meltdowns, resulting in melting of the reactor’s core due to severe overheating, can lead
to incidents like Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima etc.
4. Despite civil nuclear energy agreements with many countries, seamless supply of nuclear
materials remains a daunting challenge.
5. As India is not a signatory to Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), access to reprocessing and
enrichment technology is restricted.
Adoption of nuclear technology not only will compliment India’s Intended nationally Determined
Contributions (INDCs), it will also deepen the country’s energy security. Global engagements to develop
new technologies such as the ITER Tokomak, based on nuclear fusion should be encouraged to promote
a decarbonized growth pattern. (550 words)

MGP 2023 (Cohort 5)

Half length Test #10 – Solution

छात्रों को निर्दे श

इस पस्ु तिका में दिए गए उत्तर शब्ि सीमा से अधिक हैं िाकक विषय पर अच्छे नोट्स के स्रोि के रूप
में भी कायय कर सके।

उम्मीििारों को उत्तर में उस्लिखिि महत्िपूर्य शब्िों पर ध्यान केंदिि करना चादहए और उनके चारों
ओर उत्तर की रचना करनी चादहए। वितिि
ृ उत्तर इस उद्िे श्य से दिए गए हैं कक उम्मीििार विषय को
बेहिर ढं ग से समझ सकें।

जहां आिश्यक है िहां हमने संिभय प्रिान करने के लिए एक ग्रे बॉक्स दृस्टिकोर् भी अपनाया है , स्जसे
उत्तर का दहतसा नह ं माना जाना चादहए।

ककसी भी प्रतिकिया के लिए, कृपया हमें helpdesk@[Link] पर अिगि कराएँ।

Q.1) The role of private sector is indispensable in increasing India’s share in the global space
industry. Highlighting the challenges faced by the private sector, suggest measures for facilitating
their greater participation.

–f"Vdks.k % Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;ZØe dh fof'k"Vrk dk la{ksi esa [Link] djrs gq, ifjp; nsaA oSfÜod varfj{k {ks= esa de
fgLlsnkjh vkSj futh {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk dk mYys[k djsaA eq[;Hkkx esa] varfj{k {ks= esa futh {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh
c<+kus dh pqukSfr;ksa ij ppkZ djsaA blds ckn] varfj{k m|ksx esa futh f[kykfM+;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh esa lqèkkj ds mik; lq>k,aA
varfj{k {ks= esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus ds egRo ij cy nsrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

Hkkjr dk varfj{k dk;ZØe viuh ykxr çHkko'khyrk vkSj n{krk ds fy, çfl) gS ysfdu oSfÜod varfj{k m|ksx esa Hkkjr
dh fgLlsnkjh 2 çfr'kr ls Hkh de gSA lalkèkuksa ds vfèkd iwy] csgrj tksf[ke ysus dh {kerk] çfrLièkkZ vkSj rduhdh çxfr
ds fy, çksRlkgu ds ekè;e ls oSfÜod varfj{k m|ksx esa Hkkjr dh fgLlsnkjh c<+kus esa futh f[kykfM+;ksa dh Hkwfedk oLrqr%
vifjgk;Z gSA
bl ifjçs{; esa] futh m|ksxksa dh vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk ns'k ds varfj{k {ks= ds iquxZBu ds ç;kl py jgs gSAa ysfdu
varfj{k m|ksx esa futh {ks= dh cM+h Hkwfedk fuEufyf[kr pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgh gS %
1. varfj{k uhfr % Hkkjr esa futh {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh dks funZsf'kr djus ds fy, Li"V varfj{k uhfr ugha gSA Hkkjr esa
{ks=&fof'k"V uhfr;ksa dk Hkh vHkko gS tks O;kolk;hdj.k dks detksj djrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] mixzg lapkj
vkSj fjeksV lsaflax MsVk ds mi;ksx ijA
2. Hkkjh vkfFkZd ykxr % vkykspdksa dk rdZ gS fd varfj{k dk;ZØeksa dh [kjkc QafMax ds dkj.k varfj{k {ks= dks
çkFkfedrk izkIr {ks= ls gVk x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] eklZ v‚fcZVj fe'ku ds fy, dksbZ vuqorÊ fe'ku ugha gS
ftls 2014 esa y‚Up fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj bls lQy djkj fn;k x;k FkkA
3. MsVk tksf[ke % [Link] y‚Up MsVk] {kerkvksa vkSj 'k=[Link] rRoksa ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh ds fjlko ds nq#i;ksx ;k
vuqfpr mi;ksx dk [krjkA
4. fofu;eu % futh {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh dk fofu;eu vkSj mudh {kerkvksa dk lR;kiu le; ysus okyk gks ldrk gSA
varfj{k ifj;kstukvksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, y‚fcax vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj tSlh vuqfpr O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa esa deh vk
ldrh gSA
5. Hkkjr ds varfj{k {ks= esa LVkVZ&vi ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa dqy fuos'k yxHkx 20 fefy;u vejhdh Mkyj gSA ;g
oSfÜod fuos'k dk 0-5 Qhlnh ls Hkh de gSA
6. jktLo gkfu % futh f[kykfM+;ksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls mixzg ç{ksi.k lsokvksa ls bljks ds jktLo esa deh vk,xhA

varfj{k {ks= esa futh daifu;ksa dh vfèkd Hkkxhnkjh dks lqxe cukus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; fd, tk ldrs gSa %
1. ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa vkSj bljks }kjk çkjafHkd gSaM&gksfYMax tSls ,uthihbZ ¼xSj&ljdkjh futh laLFkkvksa½ }kjk VsLV&csM
vkSj iwy {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx ykxr ds cks> dks de djsxkA
2. yach vofèk dh ifj;kstukvksa ds fy, l‚¶V ØsfMV] foÙkh; :i ls O;ogk;Z m|e lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, etcwr
chek <kaps ds lkFk lqfuf'pr jktLo çokgA tSls] varfj{k i;ZVuA
3. varfj{k {ks= ds O;kolk;hdj.k dks vkSj vfèkd c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gSA IN-SPACE vkSj NSIL tSlh igyksa
dks vVy buD;wcs'ku lsaVj tSlh igy ds lkFk ,dhdj.k dh vko';drk gSA
4. Lisl,Dl tSlh daifu;ksa ls varfj{k m|eksa ds çcaèku esa csgrj ekuo lalkèku vkSj oSfÜod lokZsÙke çFkkvksa ds fy,
m|ksx&vdknfed lacaèkksa lfgr oSfÜod lg;ksxA
5. j{kk] foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh] f'k{kk] ,e,l,ebZ vkfn ds chp varj&,tsalh vkSj varj&ea=ky;h leUo; dh
vko';drk gSA
6. ekuo varfj{k mM+ku ds fy, vko';d [Link] varfj{k çkS|ksfxfd;ksa tSls d{kh; e‚Mîwy] pkyd ny ds cpus
dh ç.kkyh] iqu% ços'k vkSj iquçkZfIr ç.kkyh vkfn ds vo'kks"k.k dks c<+kok nsukA

varfj{k m|ksx ds O;kolk;hdj.k ls Hkkjr dks c<+rs oSfÜod varfj{k O;olk; dk ykHk çkIr djus esa enn feysxhA ,d
O;kid varfj{k uhfr ds ekè;e ls] ge vius orZeku çèkkuea=h ds –f"Vdks.k dks çkIr dj ldrs gSa& ßvarfj{k jgus dk
LFkku gS!Þ

–f"Vdks.k % Kku vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj ,lVhbZ,e {ks= dk [Link] djds çkjaHk djsaA ,lVhbZ,e ds egRo dk mYys[k dhft,A
eq[;Hkkx esa] Hkkjr dks ,d Kku vFkZO;oLFkk cukus ds fy, ,lVhbZ,e }kjk çnku fd, x, voljksa ij ppkZ djsaA blds
ckn ,lVhbZ,e ds lekos'k] igqap vkfn ds eqíksa dks lwphc) djrs gq, blds yksdra=hdj.k dh vko';drk dk mYys[k djsaA
nh?kZdkfyd vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ,lVhbZ,e {ks= dks yksdrkaf=d cukus dh vfuok;Zrk dk mYys[k djrs gq, fu"d"kZ
fudkysaA

Kku vFkZO;oLFkk ,d ,slh vFkZO;oLFkk gS ftlesa Kku vkSj lwpuk vkfFkZd fodkl ds eq[; pkyd gSaA STEM {ks= ,d ,slk
'kCn gS tks foKku] çkS|ksfxdh] bathfu;fjax vkSj [Link] ds vdknfed fo"k;ksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+rk gSA Hkkjr ,lVhbZ,e {ks=
esa lcls vfèkd la[;k esa oSKkfudksa vkSj bathfu;jksa esa ls ,d dk mRiknu djrk gS] ftlls ;g Kku vFkZO;oLFkk cuus dh
fn'kk esa ,d [Link] {ks= cu x;k gSA

STEM {ks= Hkkjr dks Kku vFkZO;oLFkk esa [Link] cukus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr volj çnku djrk gS %
1. AI ds vkxeu ds lkFk] l‚¶Vos;j {ks= esa dbZ ikjaifjd n{krk,a vçpfyr gks jgh gSA a ,lVhbZ,e esa vR;fèkd
dq'ky is'ksojksa dh ekax gSA
2. if'peh ns'kksa esa laj{[Link] ls fuiVus ds fy,] Hkkjr ds vkbZVh {ks= dks vkmVlkslZ lgk;d Hkwfedkvksa ds ctk;
rduhdh usr`Ro ds vkèkkj ij iqu;ksZftr djus dh vko';drk gSA
3. STEM esa LVkVZ&vi laL—fr vfèkd futh {ks= ds vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl ds ekè;e ls çkS|ksfxdh&vkèkkfjr O;olk;ksa
ds fodkl esa rsth yk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr vc nk;j isVsaV dh la[;k esa lcls vkxs gS] tcfd 100
ls vfèkd ;wfud‚uZ LVkVZ&vi Hkh gSaA
4. STEM {ks= Hkkjr dh tulkaf[;dh; {kerk dks ,d mRiknd dk;Zcy vkSj ,d [Link] laifÙk esa cnyus esa enn
dj ldrk gSA
5. STEM Qksdl f'k{kk lsokvksa ds fu;kZr ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kk {ks= esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] LVMh&bu&bafM;k ;kstuk ;k oSfÜod nf{k.k ds ns'kksa esa NPTEL dh yksdfç;rkA

gkykafd] fuEufyf[kr eqíksa ds dkj.k STEM {ks= dh okLrfod {kerk dk nksgu djus ds fy, bldk yksdra=hdj.k djus
dh vko';drk gS %
1. lekos'ku % ,lVhbZ,e esa tkfr;ksa vkSj vlarqfyr ySafxd çfrfufèkRo tulkaf[;dh; {kerk ds viO;; dks n'kkZrk
gSA
2. lqxE;rk % d‚ystksa vkSj dke ds voljksa ds {ks=h; :i ls fo"ke forj.k ds dkj.k xzkeh.k&'kgjh foHkktu Li"V
gSA i<+kbZ ds lkFk&lkFk dke ds fy, fnYyh&,ulhvkj] csaxyq# vkfn esa iyk;u gh ,dek= fodYi yxrk gSA
3. miyCèkrk % f'k{k.k vkSj vuqlaèkku dh [kjkc [Link]Ùkk] iqjkus ikBîØe vkSj m|ksx&vdknfed leUo; dh deh
tSls eqíksa ds dkj.k dq'ky is'ksojksa dh deh gSA
4. oguh;rk % ,d èkkjk ds :i esa STEM fo'ks"k :i ls yktZ&gSMªksu dksykbMj tSls ekSfyd foKku dh vuqlaèkku
xfrfofèk;ksa esa ykxr T;knk gSA nwljh vksj] Hkkjr esa vuqlaèkku ij lkoZtfud vkSj futh [kpZ cgqr de gS ¼thMhih
dk 0-7 izfr'kr½A
5. vuqlaèkku xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, de vuqnku vkSj othQk ,d dSfj;j iFk ds :i esa vuqlaèkku ds vkd"kZ.k dks de
djrs gSaA COVID&19 tSlh vçR;kf'kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa us 'kksèkdrkZvksa }kjk lkeuk dh xbZ mis{kk dks mtkxj fd;k
D;ksafd dbZ ç;ksx'kkyk,a can jgha] vuqlaèkku xfrfofèk;ksa dks fuyafcr dj fn;k x;kA

Hkkjr nqfu;k dh lcls rsth ls c<+us okyh çeq[k vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ysfdu vkfFkZd fodkl] fodkl vkSj le`f) dh vofèk dks
nh/kZdkfyd djus ds fy,] ,lVhbZ,e esa usr`Ro dk vR;fèkd egRo gSA blds fy,] ,lVhbZ,e {ks= dk yksdra=hdj.k vifjgk;Z
gSA bljks ds ^dSp&n&;ax* dk;ZØe tSlh igy ls enn fey ldrh gSA

Q.3) Robots not only have the capability to perform conventional dirty, dull and dangerous tasks,
their possible future applications make the field of robotics both fascinating and frightening.
Discuss.

jkscksV u dsoy ikjaifjd xans] uhjl vkSj [krjukd dk;ksZa dks djus dh {kerk j[krs gSa] muds laHkkfor Hkfo"; ds vuqç;ksx
jkscksfVDl ds {ks= dks vkd"kZd vkSj Hk;kog nksuksa cukrs gSaA ppkZ djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % jkscksV vkSj jkscksfVDl 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k djrs gq, vius mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA eq[; Hkkx ds igys fgLls esa] uhjl
vkSj [krjukd ds fofHkUu mi'kh"kZdksa ds rgr jkscksV ds ikjaifjd vuqç;ksxksa ij ppkZ djsaA eq[; Hkkx nwljs fgLls esa]
jkscksfVDl ds Hkfo"; ds nk;js ij ppkZ djsaA eq[; Hkkx ds vafre fgLls esa ppkZ djsa fd jkscksV vkSj jkscksfVDl dk nq#i;ksx
Hk;kog@[krjukd D;ksa gks ldrk gSA var esa] ,d ldkjkRed –f"Vdks.k ds lkFk lekIr djsa vkSj bl {ks= esa çHkkoh
fofu;eu vkSj ifjJe dh vko';drk ij tksj nsaA

jkscksV ,d çksxzke djus ;ksX; eYVhQaD'kuy e'khu gS tks tfVy dk;ksZa dks Lopkfyr :i ls dj ldrh gS] ftlls tu'kfä
dks çfrLFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA daI;wVj foKku vkSj bathfu;fjax dh og 'kk[kk tks jkscksV ds fMtkbu] fuekZ.k] vuqç;ksx
vkSj lapkyu ls lacafèkr gS] jkscksfVDl dgykrh gSA jkscksV esa euq";ksa ds ikjaifjd efyu] uhjl vkSj [krjukd dk;ksZa dks
djus dh {kerk gS] tSlk fd fuEu ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS %
1. uhjl dk;Z %
a. jkscksV [kkrksa] Hkwfe vfHkys[kksa] ç'kklfud Qkbyksa ¼ladyu] N¡VkbZ½ vkfn ds çHkkoh çcaèku esa lgk;rk dj
ldrs gSa] bu dk;ksZa ls tqM+s le; vkSj ykxr dks de dj ldrs gSaA
b. jkscksfVd çkslsl v‚Vkses'ku ¼vkjih,½ esa cM+s MsVk fo'ys"k.k ds dk;Z dks dq'ky] le;c) vkSj =qfV eqä
rjhds ls djus dh {kerk gSA
c. vkS|ksfxd mRiknu] lapkyu vkSj mRiknu ykbuksa ds çcaèku esa jkscksVksa dks rS;kj vuqç;ksx feykA
d. fuxjkuh vkSj vuqikyu ls lacafèkr {ks=ksa esa jkscksV euq";ksa dks lqjf{kr :i ls LFkkukiUu dj ldrs gSaA
tSls] dksfoM&19 egkekjh ds nkSjku lks'ky fMLVsaflax çksVksd‚y dh fuxjkuh ds fy, jkscksV dh rSukrhA

2. xanxh dh lQkbZ
a. lhost VSadksa] lSfIVd VSadksa vkfn dh lQkbZ ds fy, jkscksVksa dks rSukr fd;k tk ldrk gS] çHkkoh :i ls
gkFk ls eSyk <ksus dh tk¡p dh tk ldrh gSA mnk-] cSafMdwVA
b. ?kjsyw lQkbZ dk;Z esa jkscksV lgk;rk@çfrLFkkiu dj ldrs gSAa tSls] iksNk yxkuk] >kMw yxkuk] crZu
èkksuk vkfnA
c. dpjk laxzg.k@fuiVku esa jkscksV ennxkj lkfcr gksaxsA

3. [krjukd dk;Z %
a. ceksa dks fuf"Ø; djus] ukxfjdksa dh tku cpkus vkSj ce nLrs ds dfeZ;ksa dks tksf[ke de djus ds fy,
jkscksV rSukr fd, x, gSAa
b. vkink çHkkfor {ks=ksa esa jkgr lkexzh dh vkiwfrZ esa jkscksV lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA
c. jkscksfVd ltZjh ekuoh; =qfV dks de djrh gS vkSj LokLF; lqj{kk dks etcwr djrh gSA

jkscksfVDl ds Hkfo"; ds vuqç;ksx vkd"kZd gSa %

1. fMçs'ku vkSj cksfj;r dks nwj djus ds fy, áweu‚bM jkscksV dk futh lkFkh@lkFkh ds :i esa bLrsekyA tSls]
dkscksV~lA
2. Hkfo"; esa varfj{k vfHk;kuksa dks vatke nsus ds fy, jkscksV dk bLrsekyA tSls] tkiku dk fdjkscks jkscksV( eaxy xzg
esa fdmjksflVh jksojA
3. ;krk;kr dks lapkfyr djus vkSj vkiwfrZ dh Mksj LVsi fMyhojh djus ds fy, lkai tSlh xfr'khyrk okys jkscksV
dk mi;ksxA
4. jkscksV ls jkscksV dh ckrphr ds vkd"kZd [Link] gks ldrs gSaA tSls] Lo&pkfyr dkjsa vkfnA
5. ekuo cqf) ds lkFk jkscksV dks çsfjr djus ls os vR;fèkd dq'ky vkSj [krjukd dk;Z dj ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds
fy,] lSU; jkscksVA

tcfd jkscksfVDl dk Hkfo"; vkd"kZd gS] jkscksfVDl ds dbZ vuqç;ksx Hk;kog gSa] tSls %
1. vkradokfn;ksa vkSj foæksfg;ksa ds gkFkksa jkscksVksa dk nq#i;ksx lkoZtfud thou vkSj laifÙk dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqapk
ldrk gSA
2. jkscksV] Mªksu vkfn] [Link] dk vklkuh ls 'k=[Link] Vksgh ds fy, nq#i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
3. vR;fèkd 'kfä'kkyh jkscksfVd [Link] esa lgkuqHkwfr vkSj Hkkoukvksa dh deh balkuksa ds fy, [krjukd gks ldrh
gSA
4. jkscksV çksxzkelZ esa ,YxksfjFke iwokZxzg ls fo"ke lkekftd&vkfFkZd vuqç;ksx vkSj [krjukd [Link] gks ldrs gSaA
jkscksfVDl foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh dk ,d jksekapd {ks= gSA blesa fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd vkSj ?kjsyw çfØ;kvksa esa Økafr ykus dh
{kerk gS] ftlls ekud vkSj thou;kiu esa vklkuh gksrh gSA gkykafd] muds vuqç;ksx esa mfpr fofu;eu vkSj ifjJe
t:jh gSA

Q.4) Though most commonly associated with cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology has wide
ranging applications. Elucidate.

gkykafd Cy‚dpsu rduhd, vkerkSj ij fØIVksdjsalh ds lkFk tqM+k gqvk gS ijarq bldk O;kid vuqç;ksx gSA Li"V djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % Cy‚dpsu rduhd dk [Link] djrs gq, ifjp; nsaA fØIVksdjsalh esa blds mi;ksx dk dkj.k crkb,A eq[; Hkkx
esa] igys fØIVksdjsalh ds vykok Cy‚dpsu ds fofHkUu vuqç;ksxksa ij ppkZ djsaA blds ckn] Cy‚dpsu ds lkeus vkus okyh
pqukSfr;ksa dk mYys[k djsaA Cy‚dpsu ds cgq&{ks=h; vuqç;ksxksa ds vkèkkj ij Hkfo"; dh rS;kjh ds fy, ljdkjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa
dh vko';drk ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

Cy‚dpsu rduhd ,d lajpuk gS tks Ük`a[kyk ds :i esa tkus tkus okys dbZ MsVkcsl esa ysunsu lacaèkh fjd‚MZ] ftls Cy‚d
ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] laxzghr djrk gSA Cy‚dpsu ih;j&Vw&ih;j uksM~l ds ekè;e ls tqM+s ,d forfjr usVodZ ds
:i esa dke djrk gSA bldh fodsUæh—r ç—fr] ç.kkyhxr bZekunkjh vkSj ysunsu dh lR;kiu {kerk ds dkj.k] Cy‚dpsu
fcVd‚bu] ,Fksfj;e vkfn tSlh fØIVksdjsalh esa ,d çeq[k vuqç;ksx <wa<rs gSa tks foÙkh; ysunsu ds fy, fMftVy ;k vkHkklh
eqæk,a gSaA

Cy‚dpsu VsDuksy‚th esa fuEufyf[kr foLr`r Ük`a[kyk ds vuqç;ksxksa ds fy, xse&psaftax {kerk gS tks fØIVksdjsalh esa viuh
tM+ksa ls cgqr vkxs tkrh gSA
1. foÙkh; {ks= % çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa tSls LV‚d] c‚UM vkfn esa ysunsu ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk
gSA _.knkrk LekVZ vuqcaèkksa ds ekè;e ls laikfÜoZd _.k fu"ikfnr djus ds fy, Cy‚dpsu rduhd dk mi;ksx
dj ldrs gSaA ;g foÙkh; èkks[kkèkM+h vkSj ?kksVkyksa dks jksdus esa ennxkj gks ldrk gSA
2. —f"k {ks= % Cy‚dpsu çkS|ksfxdh Hkwfe fjd‚MZ fMftVyhdj.k] bysDVª‚fud O;kikj vkSj lwph çcaèku lfgr —f"k dh
mRikndrk vkSj ykHkçnrk esa lqèkkj dj ldrh gSA VSEij&çwQ e`nk LokLF; fjd‚MZ ds ekè;e ls ikfjfLFkfrd ykHk
Hkh çkIr gks ldrs gSaA
3. Cy‚dpsu ljdkjh ;kstukvksa ds forj.k esa lqèkkj dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lfClMh ds fjlko dks jksduk]
cfg"dj.k&lekos'ku =qfV;ksa dks nwj djuk] lkoZtfud fjd‚MZ esa lqèkkj djuk vkfnA
4. fpfdRlk vuqç;ksx % nok daifu;ka vkSj nokvksa dh vkiwfrZ J`a[kyk] jksfx;ksa ds fpfdRlk bfrgkl vkSj ijh{k.k MsVk
dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, Cy‚dpsu dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d Cy‚dpsu&vkèkkfjr fMftVy
LokLF; fjd‚MZA
5. euh VªkalQj % euh VªkalQj ds fy, Cy‚dpsu rduhd dk bLrseky de [kpÊyk vkSj rst gks ldrk gSA tSls]
varjjk"Vªh; HkqxrkuA
6. Cy‚dpSu euksjatu m|ksx dks çksRlkgu çnku dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] NFTs ¼[Link]; Vksdu½ ds ekè;e
ls bu&xse [kjhnkjh ;k ohfM;ks tSlh jpukRed laifÙk;ksa ds eqæhdj.k ds ekè;e lsA

Cy‚dpsu çkS|ksfxdh ds O;kid vuqç;ksxksa ds ckotwn] bls fuEufyf[kr pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS %
1. lk>k cgh[kkrk ij MsVk dh lqj{kk vkSj xksiuh;rk j{kk tSls laosnu'khy {ks=ksa ds fy, ,d fpark dk fo"k; gSA
2. xqeukeh ds lkFk fu;ked fu;a=.k dh deh Cy‚dpsu flLVe dks Nk;k ysunsu dk dsaæ cukrh gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] u'khyh nokvksa vkSj euq";ksa dh rLdjh ds fy, fØIVksdjsalh dk mi;ksxA

3. ykxr % tfVy ,Yxksfjne vkSj forfjr usVodZ ds fy, cM+h çlaLdj.k 'kfä] ÅtkZ [kir vkSj daI;wfVax cqfu;knh
<kaps dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ykxr dh pqukSfr;ksa ds dkj.k fojklrh ç.kkfy;ksa esa Cy‚d&J`a[kyk vkèkkfjr lekèkku
dk ,dhdj.k ,d ckèkk gSA
4. vç[Link] {kerk % Cy‚dpsu }kjk oknk dh xbZ lsok,a igys ls gh oSdfYid ekè;eksa }kjk çnku dh tk jgh gSaA
Cy‚dpsu ij ysunsu dh xfr Hkh èkheh gS vkSj ekiuh;rk de gS] ftlls bldh iFk&çn'kZd {kerk ds ckjs esa lansg
iSnk gksrk gSA
Cy‚dpsu O;kid vuqç;ksxksa ds lkFk ,d vk'kktud rduhd gSA Cy‚dpsu dk O;kolkf;d mi;ksx c<+ jgk gSA Hkkjr esa
ljdkjksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dks Hkh Cy‚dpsu ds Ø‚l&lsDVjy vuqç;ksxksa ds vkèkkj ij Hkfo"; ds fy, [kqn dks rS;kj djus dh
vko';drk gSA

Q.5) In Vikram Sarabhai and Homi Jehangir Bhabha, India has produced two of the most erudite
minds in the fields of space engineering and nuclear science respectively. In context of the
statement, highlight major achievements of these two pioneers in their respective fields.

foØe lkjkHkkbZ vkSj gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk esa] Hkkjr us Øe'k% varfj{k bathfu;fjax vkSj [Link] foKku ds {ks= esa nks lcls
vfèkd çfrHkkoku efLr"d iSnk fd, gSaA dFku ds lanHkZ esa bu nksuksa vxznwrksa dh vius&vius {ks=ksa esa çeq[k miyfCèk;ksa ij
çdk'k Mkfy,A

–f"Vdks.k % M‚- HkkHkk vkSj M‚- lkjkHkkbZ dh tud ds :i esa [Link] vkSj varfj{k dk;ZØeksa ds LFkk;h fojklr ds laf{kIr
fooj.k ds lkFk ifjp; nsaA eq[;Hkkx esa] fofHkUu oxksZa esa M‚ HkkHkk vkSj M‚ lkjkHkkbZ ds ;ksxnku ij ppkZ djsaA rduhdh
Lora=rk ds fuekZ.k esa muds ;ksxnku ds egRo ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

M‚- gkseh tgkaxhj HkkHkk ¼1909&1966½ dks Hkkjr ds [Link] dk;ZØe dk tud dgk tkrk gS tcfd foØe lkjkHkkbZ dks
Hkkjrh; varfj{k dk;ZØe ds tud ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

gkseh HkkHkk dh çeq[k miyfCèk;ka bl çdkj gSa %

1. ekSfyd vuqlaèkku %
a. mUgksaus bysDVª‚uksa }kjk i‚ft+Vª‚u ds fc[kjus dh laHkkouk ds fy, vfHkO;fä dh [kkst dh tks ,d çfØ;k
gS] ftls vc HkkHkk ç[Link] ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
b. mUgksaus ,d fo|qr pqEcdh; çfØ;k ds :i esa czãkaMh; o"kkZ dh le> fodflr dhA
2. baLVhVîw'ku&fcYMj % mUgksaus VkVk baLVhVîwV v‚Q QaMkesaVy fjlpZ (TIFR) dh LFkkiuk dh] tgka Hkkjr ds [Link]
dk;ZØe ds fy, çkjafHkd 'kksèk 'kq: gqvkA mUgksaus IISc] cSaxyksj esa d‚fLed js fjlpZ baLVhVîwV vkSj Vª‚Ecs esa ,d
[Link] vuqlaèkku dsaæ dh LFkkiuk dh ¼ckn esa bldk uke cnydj HkkHkk [Link] vuqlaèkku dsaæ ;k BARC dj
fn;k x;k½A
3. [Link] dk;ZØe ds tud % mUgksaus ekykckj rV ij çpqj ek=k esa ik, tkus okys Fkksfj;e HkaMkj ds vkèkkj ij ns'k
dh nh?kZdkfyd ÅtkZ lqj{kk ds fy, Hkkjr ds rhu [Link] okys [Link] dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk rS;kj dhA
4. Hkkjr dh [Link] uhfr ds okLrqdkj % mUgksaus ih,e usg: dks [Link] ÅtkZ esa fuos'k djus ds fy, jkth fd;kA
bl çdkj] [Link] ÅtkZ vfèkfu;e 1948 ikfjr fd;k x;k ftlus Hkkjrh; [Link] ÅtkZ vk;ksx dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
HkkHkk us 1955 esa [Link] ÅtkZ ds '[Link] mi;ksx ij la;qä jk"Vª ds igys lEesyu dh Hkh vè;{krk dhA
5. [Link] {kerk,a % vIljk ¼1956½ uked fj,DVj ;w,l,lvkj ds ckgj ,f'k;k esa vius le; dk ,dek= fj,DVj
FkkA vkt] Hkkjr us Lons'kh :i ls fodflr [Link] ÅtkZ {kerk] iquçZlaLdj.k vkSj vif'k"V çcaèku lfgr [Link]
bZaèku pØ dk LokfeRo çkIr dj fy;k gS] ftlesa ls vfèkdka'k dk Js; ,pts HkkHkk dks fn;k tkrk gSA

foØe lkjkHkkbZ dh miyfCèk;ka bl çdkj gSa %

1. mUgksaus vkbZvkbZ,llh] cSaxyksj esa ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk lj lhoh jeu ds rgr czãkaMh; [Link] esa 'kksèk fd;kA
mUgksaus 28 lky dh mez esa vgenkckn esa HkkSfrd vuqlaèkku ç;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk dhA
2. lkjkHkkbZ us Hkkjr esa O;kolkf;d çcaèku f'k{kk dh t:jrksa ds fy, 1962 esa vkbZvkbZ,e vgenkckn dh LFkkiuk esa
[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA mUgksaus v‚ijs'ku fjlpZ xzqi dh LFkkiuk dh] tks ns'k dk igyk cktkj vuqlaèkku
laxBu gSA

3. lkjkHkkbZ us FkqEck bDosVksfj;y j‚dsV y‚fUpax LVs'ku dh LFkkiuk dhA mUgksaus 1962 esa varfj{k vuqlaèkku ds fy,
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; lfefr dh LFkkiuk dh tks varr% bljks ¼Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku laxBu½ cu xbZA
4. mUgksaus çk—frd lalkèkuksa ds mixzg vkèkkfjr fjeksV lsaflax dk chM+k mBk;k vkSj nwjnjkt ds {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk çnku
djus ds fy, fjeksV lsaflax ds mi;ksx ds fy, rdZ fn;kA
5. 1966 esa HkkSfrd foKkuh gkseh HkkHkk ds vlkef;d fuèku ds ckn Hkkjr ds [Link] ÅtkZ vk;ksx ds vè;{k ds :i
esa] lkjkHkkbZ us Hkkjr esa [Link] vuqlaèkku dks c<+kok nsus] Hkkjr ds [Link] ÅtkZ la;a=ksa ds fodkl vkSj j{kk ds
fy, [Link] çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa HkkHkk ds dk;Z dks vkxs c<+k;kA

vkt Hkkjr us viuh lSU; 'kfä dks c<+krs gq, viuk [Link] Vªk;M iwjk dj fy;k gSA Qly çkS|ksfxdh esa çxfr ds fy,
fofdj.k dk mi;ksx] fpfdRlk vuqç;ksxksa ds fy, lkbDyksVª‚u vkSj çkS|ksfxdh esa vU; mUur vuqç;ksxksa dks M‚ HkkHkk vkSj
M‚ lkjkHkkbZ }kjk 'kq: fd, x, rduhdh Lora=rk ds dk;ZØeksa ls tksMk+ tk ldrk gSA

Q.6) What do you understand by nanotechnology? In what ways can nano-technology aid in socio-
economic growth of the country?

uSuks VsDuksy‚th ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ uSuks&çkS|ksfxdh ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa fdl çdkj lgk;rk dj
ldrh gS\

n`f"Vdks.k % uSuks çkS|ksfxdh dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA eq[; Hkkx ds igys fgLls esa] ppkZ djsa fd LokLF;]
—f"k] bysDVª‚fuDl vkfn tSls fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa blds vuqç;ksx ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dks dSls c<+kok ns ldrs
gSaA eq[; Hkkx ds nwljs fgLls esa uSuks çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx ls tqMh+ pqukSfr;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A var esa] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh
ds fodkl ds fy, uhfrxr leFkZu] vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, lekIr djsaA

uSuksVsDuksy‚th oSKkfud vuqlaèkku vkSj uokpkj dk ,d {ks= gS tks 1 uSuksehVj ls 100 uSuksehVj rd ds [Link] ds vkdkj
ls lacafèkr gSA blesa uSuksLdsy esa fdlh Hkh lkexzh dk :ikarj.k 'kkfey gS ftlds [Link]:i blds HkkSfrd jklk;fud]
tSfod] ;kaf=d] v‚fIVdy vkSj bysDVª‚fud [Link] esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA uSuks VsDuksy‚th ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl esa
[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS %
1. LokLF; vkSj fpfdRlk %
a. fpfdRlk foKku esa uSuks&çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx ls dq'ky nok forj.k ç.kkyh dk fodkl gqvk gSA
b. uSuks rduhd ls chekfj;ksa dk tYn irk yxkus esa enn fey ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkcZu uSuksVîwc
ls tqM+s ,aVhc‚Mh dSl
a j dksf'kdkvksa dk irk yxkus esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA
c. lksus ds uSuks&d.k jksx iSnk djus okys [Link] ds mUewyu esa mi;ksxh ik, x,A
d. —f=e IysVysV~l dk batsD'ku vk?kkr ds jksfx;ksa esa vkarfjd jälzko dks de dj ldrk gSA

2. —f"k@[kk| %
a. DokaVe M‚V~l dk mi;ksx 'kkjhfjd çfØ;kvksa vkSj rukoksa dks lR;kfir djus vkSj lgh djus ds fy,
IykaV :V flLVe esa ykbo besftax ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
b. CNT uSuks Li‚Ut dhVuk'kdksa] moZjdksa vkfn dks lks[kus dh {kerk dks c<+krs gS]a ftlls mRikndrk c<+rh
gSA
c. lksus ds uSuksjksM~l tSls uSuks d.k fofHkUu ikSèkksa@Qlyksa dh dksf'kdk laoèkZu o`f) ds fu;eu@fuxjkuh
esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
d. uSuks&,udSIlqys'ku fo"kkä inkFkksZa ds f[kykQ ikSèkksa dh lqj{kk dks c<+k ldrk gS vkSj iks"kd rRoksa dh
fu;af=r @ lVhd :i ls eqä gksus dks Hkh lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gSA
e. QwM QksfVZfQds'ku ds tfj, uSuks&d.k dqiks"k.k ls fuiV ldrs gSaA

3. bysDVª‚fuDl %
a. uSuks&çkS|ksfxdh ÅtkZ&dq'ky] lLrs vkSj rst fpIl vkSj lsalj ds fodkl esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
b. i;kZIr :i ls c<+h gqbZ HkaMkj.k {kerk okys uSuksLdsy VªkaftLVj 'kklu vkSj vkfFkZd mís';ksa ds fy, fcx
MsVk ds çlaLdj.k esa lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA

c. uSuksQksVksfud rduhd baVjusV dh xfr dks dkQh c<+k ldrh gSA

4. ifjogu %
a. ck;ksekl bZaèku ds mRiknu ds fy, uSuksLdsy vkSj uSuks f>Yyh dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA
b. uSuks rduhd dPps isVªksfy;e inkFkksZa ls bZaèku mRiknu dh n{krk esa lqèkkj djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh
gSA
c. uSuks&çkS|ksfxdh okguksa esa bZaèku dh de [kir dks l{ke djds GHG mRltZu dks de djus esa lgk;rk
dj ldrh gSA

5. mi;ksfxrk lsok,a %
a. uSuks rduhd VkbVsfu;e v‚DlkbM ls cus uSuks lsalj ds ekè;e ls ikuh ds 'kqf)dj.k esa enn dj
ldrh gSA
b. uSuksVsDuksy‚th fyfFk;e&vk;u cSVjh dh {kerk vkSj lqj{kk esa [Link];d :i ls lqèkkj dj ldrh gS]
ftlls ÅtkZ HkaMkj.k ds fy, dq'ky e‚My cukus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA

uSuksVsDuksy‚th ds dbZ ykHkksa ds ckotwn muds mi;ksx ls tqM+h dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ gS]a tSls&
1. LokLF;
a. [Link] ds cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu ls uSuks&vif'k"V ¼uSuks çnw"k.k½ gks ldrk gS tks ,d LokLF; pqukSrh
cu ldrk gS D;ksafd ;s d.k yach vofèk ds fy, gok esa fuyafcr jgrs gSaA
b. miHkksäk mRiknksa esa O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkus okys dbZ [Link] dk mi;ksxdrkZ ds LokLF; ij
çfrdwy çHkko iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkSan;Z çlkèkuksa esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys VkbVsfu;e v‚DlkbM
uSuksikfVZdYl dksyu dksf'kdkvksa dh rsth ls mez c<+us dk dkj.k cu ldrs gSaA
c. bugsYM dkcZu uSuks Vîwc Vh&dksf'kdkvksa ds dkedkt dks çHkkfor djds çfrj{kk ç.kkyh dks nckus ds
fy, tkus tkrs gSAa
2. çHkkoh fofu;eu@fuxjkuh ds vHkko esa [Link] ds mi;ksx iSVuZ vkSj çHkkoksa dks VªSd djuk dfBu gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] mRiknksa esa [Link] ds fy, yscfyax ugha gksrh gSA
3. [Link]@çkS|ksfxdh ds ckjs esa Loh—fr vkSj tkx:drk dh deh mudh ekiuh;rk dks ykHknk;d rjhds ls ,d
pqukSrh cuk nsrh gSA
4. uSuksVsDuksy‚th ds fy, lgk;d cqfu;knh <kaps tSls iqu#Riknu] ckSf)d vfèkdkj laj{k.k] [Link]Ùkk fu;a=.k] y{k.k
[Link] vkfn dh deh gSA
5. uSuks&çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa vuqlaèkku vkSj fodkl ekuo lalkèku] cqfu;knh <kaps] èku vkfn dh deh ds dkj.k
lhfer gSA lkFk gh] uSuks rduhd ls tqM+h mPp ykxr lekt vkSj O;olk;ksa esa leku :i ls ,d uSuks&foHkktu
iSnk dj ldrh gSA
6. [Link] ds vR;fèkd mi;ksx ls ikSèkksa esa QkbVksV‚fDld] thuksV‚fDld vkSj lkbVksVksfDld çHkko gks ldrs gSaA
uSuksVsDuksy‚th ns'k ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, dbZ ykHk j[krh gSA gkykafd] ,d ekukFkZ uhfr] vuqlaèkku vkSj
foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djus dh vko';drk gSA

–f"Vdks.k % lq'kklu dh ifjHkk"kk vkSj lsok forj.k vkSj ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u esa blds egRo ds lkFk mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA
fQj ppkZ djsa fd dSls fcx MsVk vkSj vkfVZfQf'k;y baVsfytsal tSlh ifjorZudkjh rduhdksa us lq'kklu esa lqèkkj fd;k gSA
var esa] 'kklu esa lqèkkj ds fy, çkS|ksfxdh dh lhekvksa ij ppkZ djsaA uSfrd 'kklu ds mik;ksa ds lkFk rduhdh çxfr ds
la;kstu dh vko';drk ds lkFk fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

lq'kklu lgHkkxh] loZlEefr&mUeq[k] tokcnsg] ikjn'kÊ] mÙkjnk;h] U;k;laxr] çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky 'kklu gSA vkfVZfQf'k;y
baVsfytsal vkSj fcx MsVk ,ukfyfVDl tSlh ifjorZudkjh rduhdksa esa dq'ky lsok forj.k vkSj çHkkoh ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u
ds ekè;e ls 'kklu esa lqèkkj djus dh {kerk gSA

ifjorZudkjh çkS|ksfxfd;ka fuEufyf[kr rjhdksa ls lsok forj.k esa lqèkkj dj ldrh gSa %
1. lkekftd dY;k.k ;kstuk,a % ,vkbZ&lapkfyr ç.kkfy;ka] gkykafd] lkekftd dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa vkSj ;kstukvksa dh
igqap c<+k ldrh gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] eè;kà Hkkstu ;kstuk esa] e'khu yfuZx a vkSj vkiwfrZ J`[a kyk çcaèku lwph dh
Hkfo";[Link] dj ldrk gS vkSj çfØ;k Lopkyu rduhd ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrh gS fd Hkkstu le; ij ykHkkfFkZ;ksa
rd igqapsA
2. dj lqèkkj % ck;ksesfVªd ç[Link].k] Cy‚dpsu vkfn tSlh çkS|ksfxfd;ka dj lqèkkjksa esa lqèkkj dj ldrh gSa vkSj
dY;[Link] ;kstukvksa ds fy, lalkèku tqVkus esa enn dj ldrh gSAa tSls] iSu dkMZ dh vkèkkj lhfMaxA
3. vkijkfèkd U;k; ç.kkyh % MsVk ekbfuax rduhd xaHkhj vkfFkZd èkks[kkèkM+h dk irk yxk ldrh gSA vijkèk vkSj
vkijkfèkd VªSfdax ç.kkyh ns'k Hkj esa vijkèkksa vkSj vijkfèk;ksa dh VªSfdax esa lqèkkj dj ldrh gSA vaMj&dk;kZUo;u
baVj&v‚ijscy fØfeuy tfLVl flLVe dk mís'; Hkkoh iqfyflax ds fy, ,vkbZ] Cy‚dpkSu] fo'ys"[Link] midj.k]
fQaxjfçaV vkSj Mh,u, MsVkcSad ds mi;ksx dks la;ksftr djuk gSA
4. ykblsal çkIr djus] dj nkf[ky djus] v‚uykbu vuqeksnu çkIr djus ds çHkkoh vkSj lqfoèkktud rjhdksa ds
dkj.k çkS|ksfxfd;ka O;kikj dh lqxerk esa lqèkkj djrh gSaA
5. csgrj LokLF; lsok,a % lkoZtfud LokLF; fjd‚MZ vkSj fcx&MsVk&,ukfyfVDl ds fMftVyhdj.k ds ekè;e ls
csgrj LokLF; lsok,a laHko gSAa tSls] egkekjh dh Hkfo";[Link] djuk] Vhdkdj.k] nqyZHk vkuqoaf'kd jksxksa dk irk
yxkuk] vkHkklh lgk;rk] fpfdRlk besftax fo'ys"k.k] ekufld LokLF; vkfnA

ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u esa lqèkkj ykus esa ifjorZudkjh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dh Hkwfedk bl çdkj gS %
1. csgrj ifj;kstuk VªSfdax ra= dks Cy‚dpsu ij vkèkkfjr VSEij&çwQ flLVe ij fMtkbu fd;k tk ldrk gSA
2. ifjogu vkSj 'kgjh çcaèku esa lqèkkj ds fy, ifj;kstukvksa dks Hkw&LFkkfud MsVk vkSj MsVk fo'ys"k.k tSls rduhdh
buiqV ds mi;ksx ls ykHk gks ldrk gSA mnk-] laifÙk dj vkdyu ;k pje ;krk;kr ds vuqekuA
3. LokLF; fe'ku % AI] Cy‚dpsu vkfn Vhch mUewyu] ,M~l fu;a=.k vkfn tSls dk;ZØeksa dh çHkko'khyrk esa lqèkkj ds
fy, funZsf'kr lkoZtfud LokLF; gLr{ksiksa esa mi;ksxh gks ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] Cy‚dpsu dh fodsaæh—r
ç—fr ds dkj.k dksfoM tSlh egkekjh ij MsVk dh foÜoluh;rk esa lqèkkjA
4. lajpukRed lqèkkj % fcx MsVk ,ukfyfVDl cSadksa dh cSysal 'khV dks Dyhu djds vkSj mèkkj nsus ds O;ogkj esa
lqèkkj ds ekè;e ls fnokyk lekèkku vkSj cSafdax {ks= ds lqèkkjksa lfgr fookn lekèkku çfØ;k dks iqul±;ksft dj
ldrs gSaA
5. çk—frd vkinkvksa dh Hkfo";[Link] djuk % çkS|ksfxdh vkink dh rS;kjh] tksf[ke esa deh vkSj vkinkvksa dks Vkyus
esa gekjh enn dj ldrh gSA ,vkbZ&ikoMZ flLVe taxyksa ds lw[kkiu dk uD'kk cuk ldrs gS]a taxy dh vkx
dh Hkfo";[Link] dj ldrs gSa] Hkwdia dh Hk;kogrk vkSj iSVuZ dk fo'ys"k.k dj ldrs gSa] ck<+ dh Hkfo";[Link] djus
ds fy, o"kkZ dk fjd‚MZ vkSj ck<+ vkadM+ksa dk la;kstu dj ldrs gSaA

ifjorZudkjh çkS|ksfxfd;ka 'kklu dks cny ldrh gSa ysfdu çkS|ksfxdh dks dqN lhekvksa dk Hkh lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] tSls%
1. jktuhfrd çHkko vkSj jktuhfr dk vijkèkhdj.k çkS|ksfxdh lfgr lkoZtfud uhfr;ksa ds çHkkoh fuekZ.k dks çHkkfor
djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d lÙkkoknh iqfyl jkT; cukus dk [krjkA
2. [kjkc fMftVy volajpuk vkSj fujk'kktud xzkeh.k laidZ ifjorZudkjh çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds mi;ksx esa cM+h pqukSrh
gSA
3. xksiuh;rk dh laL—fr vfèkdka'k lkoZtfud laxBuksa vkSj ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa esa O;kIr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] MsVk
lk>k djus ds fy, <kaps dh deh] vçHkkoh lkekftd ys[kk ijh{kk ç.kkyh vkfnA
4. çkS|ksfxdh ds çHkkoh mi;ksx ds fy, ;ksX; MsVk oSKkfudksa dks [kkstuk ,d pqukSrh gSA

fcx MsVk vkSj AI tSlh rduhdksa esa lsok forj.k vkSj ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u esa lqèkkj ds ekè;e ls 'kklu esa lqèkkj djus
dh vikj laHkkouk,a gSAa ysfdu vHkh Hkh dqN pqukSfr;ksa dks nwj djuk gS tSls fd vksiu MsVk dks ekudh—r djus dh
vko';drk] l{ke cqfu;knh <k¡pk cukuk vkfnA rduhdh gLr{ksi dks Hkh 'kklu esa bZekunkjh fodflr djus ij è;ku nsus
ds lkFk tksMk+ tkuk pkfg,] tks 'kklu dks vfèkd uSfrd cuk nsxkA

Q.8) Despite its potential to further agricultural productivity, application of biotechnology in

agriculture has met with both criticism and apprehension. Comment.

—f"k mRikndrk esa o`f) djus dh bldh {kerk ds ckotwn] —f"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx dh vkykspuk vkSj vk'kadk
nksuksa gqbZ gSaA [Link] djsaA

–f"Vdks.k & tSo çkS|ksfxdh dk vFkZ le>krs gq, mÙkj dk ifjp; nsaA eq[; Hkkx ds igys fgLls esa —f"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh
dh Hkwfedk vkSj blds laHkkfor ykHkksa dk [Link] djsaA eq[; Hkkx ds nwljs Hkkx esa] mYys[k djsa fd tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx
dks vk'kadk vkSj vkykspuk dk lkeuk D;ksa djuk iM+k gSA vafre Hkkx esa] tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx dks c<+kus ds rjhdksa
ij ppkZ djsaA ekuo vkSj i;kZoj.k lqj{kk ds fy, mfpr lEeku ds lkFk tSo çkS|ksfxdh fodflr djus dh vko';drk ij
çdk'k Mkyrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

tSo çkS|ksfxdh esa mRiknksa ;k çkS|ksfxdh ds fuekZ.k ds fy, thfor çfØ;kvksa] thoksa ;k ç.kkfy;ksa dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gS tks
ekuo thou dh [Link]Ùkk esa lqèkkj djus dk bjknk j[krk gSA tSo çkS|ksfxdh esa —f"k mRikndrk dks c<+kok nsus dh {kerk
gS] tSls&
1. tSo çkS|ksfxdh us Qlyksa ds fy, jksx çfrjksèkd {kerk vkSj lw[ks dh lgu'khyrk esa o`f) tSls [Link] dks is'k djds
Qly mRikndrk esa o`f) djuk laHko cuk fn;k gSA mnk-] ch-Vh- diklA
2. tSo çkS|ksfxdh dhV çfrjksèkh Qlyksa dks fodflr djus] jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa ij fuHkZjrk dks de djus esa
lgk;rk dj ldrh gSA urhtru] tSo&rduhdh :i ls laofèkZr [kk| Qlysa LokLF;oèkZd@dhVuk'kd eqä gks
ldrh gSaA
3. blus fofHkUu Qlyksa ds thu esa ifjorZu] vè;;u vkSj Dyksfuax djds Hkkstu ds iks"k.k ewY; dks c<+k;k gSA mnkgj.k
ds fy,] xksYMu jkbl vkuqoaf'kd :i ls chVk&dSjksVhu mRiUu djus ds fy, la'kksfèkr fd;k tkrk gS] tks vkerkSj
ij pkoy esa ekStwn ugha gksrk gSA
4. vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr ikSèkksa esa feêh ds [kfut dh rqyuk esa vfèkd mi;ksx {kerk gksrh gSA ;g Qly dh
mRikndrk dks c<+krk gS vkSj feêh dh moZjrk dks tYnh [kRe gksus ls jksdrk gSA
5. vkS|ksfxd mRiknu esa lgk;rk vkSj o`f) ds fy, tSo çkS|ksfxdh dks çHkkoh <ax ls fu;ksftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] LVkpZ] pkSFkh ih<+h ds tSo bZaèku vkSj QkekZL;wfVdYl ds :i esa m|ksx dks oSdfYid lalkèkuksa
dh vkiwfrZ ds rnuqdwy la;a=A
6. tSo çkS|ksfxdh rduhd tSls Hkzw.k LFkkukarj.k] Dyksfuax vkfn] i'kq çtuu vkSj jksx vkSj çcaèku esa lgk;rk dj
ldrs gSaA
—f"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds fofHkUu vuqç;ksxksa ds ckotwn] blds mi;ksx dks vkykspuk vkSj vk'kadk dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gS
D;ksafd %
1. vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr Qlyksa dks viukus ls cht mRiknu vkSj forj.k ij ,dkfèkdkj gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ck¡> chtksa dk mRiknu djus okyh VfeZuy cht çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksxA
2. vkuqoaf'kd :i ls la'kksfèkr Hkkstu dk euq";ksa ij gkfudkjd çHkko fpark dk ,d çeq[k dkj.k gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy,] euq";ksa ds;—r] vXuk'k;] o`Dd ;k çtuu ij th,e Qlyksa ds çfrdwy çHkkoA
3. xSj&yf{kr thoksa vkSj i;kZoj.k ¼feêh] ikuh vkfn½ ij udkjkRed çHkkoA mnkgj.k ds fy,] th,e 'kkduk'kh lfg".kq
eDdk vkSj lks;k ds foLrkj us eksukdZ frryh ds vfèkdka'k okl LFkku dks u"V dj fn;k gSA
4. vkuqoaf'kd le:irk yacs le; esa dbZ dhVksa] chekfj;ksa vkSj vU; udkjkRed i;[Link]; çHkkoksa ds fy, ikSèkksa dh
mPp laosnu'khyrk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA lkFk gh] ;g Qlyksa dh vkuqoaf'kd fofoèkrk ds fy, Hkh [krjk gksxkA
5. th,e Qly ijh{k.k esa Qlyksa ls la'kksfèkr thu lqijohM cukus okys dqN LFkkuh; taxyh ikSèkksa esa LFkkukarfjr gks
ldrs gSaA lqijohM 'kkduk'kh çfrjksèkh ikSèks gSa tks fdlkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk i;kZoj.k ds fy, Hkh gkfudkjd gSaA
—f"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx dks fuEu ds ekè;e ls c<+k;k tk ldrk gS %
1. vk'kadkvksa dks nwj djus ds fy,] th,e Qlyksa esa iM+kslh ikSèkksa] ekuo LokLF; vkSj cM+s iSekus ij i;kZoj.k ij
muds çHkko dk vkdyu djus ds fy, i;kZIr 'kksèk djus dh vko';drk gSA
2. ns'k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh dh {kerk dks c<+kus ds fy,] fo'ks"k :i ls fV;j &1 vkSj fV;j &2 'kgjksa esa dq'ky ekuo
lalkèku vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps ds ekeys esa {kerk fuekZ.k dh vko';drk gSA
3. tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa uohure fodkl ds ykHkksa dk ykHk mBkus ds fy, jk"Vªh; vkSj varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij
miyCèk lokZsÙke çfrHkk ds lkFk [Link] lk>snkjh cukukA
Forum Learning Centre: Delhi - 2nd Floor, IAPL House, 19 Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi - 110005 | Patna - 2nd floor, AG Palace, E Boring Canal
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4. dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa nksuksa dks ,d etcwr uoksUes"kh ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= vkSj vuqdwy fu;ked okrkoj.k cukus
dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] jk"Vªh; tSo çkS|ksfxdh fodkl [Link] 2021&25 lgh fn'kk esa ,d
dne gSA
5. u, tSo&çkS|ksfxdh; gLr{ksiksa dks viukus ds fy, NksVs vkSj eè;e fdlkuksa ds fy, gkFk idM+uk vko';d gSA

—f"k esa tSo çkS|ksfxdh ds vuqç;ksx esa c<+rh tula[;k] tyok;q ifjorZu] ?kVrh çfr O;fä —f"k ;ksX; Hkwfe vkfn ls mRiUu
pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus dh {kerk gSA gkykafd] ekuo vkSj i;[Link]; lqj{kk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, vuqdyw rjhds ls
bldh o`f) lqfuf'pr djus dh vko';drk gSA

Q.9) How do the terms copyright, patents and trade secrets differ from each other? Examine the
role of India’s Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy in promoting and safeguarding innovations.

d‚ihjkbV] isVsaV vkSj O;kikj jgL; ,d nwljs ls dSls fHkUu gSa\ uokpkjksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh lqj{kk djus esa Hkkjr
dh ckSf)d laink vfèkdkj (IPR) uhfr dh Hkwfedk dk ijh{k.k djsaA

–f"Vdks.k % ckSf)d laink vkSj ckSf)d laink vfèkdkjksa ds vFkZ ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, ifjp; nsaA mÙkj ds eq[; Hkkx esa]
d‚ihjkbV] isVsaV vkSj VªsM lhØsV ds chp varj ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaA eq[; Hkkx ds nwljs fgLls esa] uokpkjksa dks
c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh lqj{kk djus esa Hkkjr dh ckSf)d laink vfèkdkj ¼vkbZihvkj½ uhfr dh Hkwfedk dh tkap djsaA vafre
Hkkx esa] ns'k esa uokpkj@vkbZihvkj lqj{kk çfreku dks etcwr djus ds fy, dqN mik; lq>k,aA Hkkjr dks oSfÜod Kku
vFkZO;oLFkk esa [Link] cukus esa vkbZihvkj uhfr dh Hkwfedk ij cy nsrs gq, fu"d"kZ fudkysaA

ckSf)d laink fnekx dh jpukvksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] tSls vkfo"dkj( lkfgfR;d vkSj dykRed dk;Z( fMtkbu( vkfn
ftldk [Link]; esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ckSf)d laink vfèkdkj ¼vkbZihvkj½ ckSf)d laink ds jpukdkjksa dks nh xbZ lqj{kk
gSA
fofHkUu vkbZihvkj ds chp varj dk fo'ys"k.k bl çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS %

dkWihjkbV isVsaV~l VªsM lhØsV

1. d‚ihjkbV jpukRed vkSj 1. ,d isVsaV ljdkj }kjk fn;k x;k 1. O;kikj jgL;ksa dks [Link];d
dykRed dk;ksZa ds fy, fn;k vfèkdkj gS] tks fcuk iwoZ vuqefr ds ewY; ds lkFk fdlh Hkh
tkrk gS vkSj d‚ihjkbV èkkjd isVsaV fd, x, vkfo"dkj ds vkèkkj xksiuh; tkudkjh ds :i esa
dks ,sls dk;ksZa ds iqu#Riknu ij mRiknksa ;k çfØ;kvksa dks cukus] ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
;k vuqdwyu dks fu;af=r djus mi;ksx djus ;k cspus ls nwljksa dks tks lkoZtfud Mksesu esa
dk fo'ks"k vfèkdkj nsrk gSA ckgj djus dk vfèkdkj gSA isVsaV miyCèk ugha gS vkSj ftlds
2. os ml çfØ;k dh j{kk ugha Lo;a fopkj dh j{kk djrk gSA çdVhdj.k ls ekfyd dks
djrs gSa ftlds ekè;e ls ,d 2. d‚ihjkbV ds foijhr] isVsaV ^fopkjksa* foÙkh; uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
fo'ks"k dk;Z dks cuk;k x;k FkkA dh j{kk djrs gS]a u fd dsoy ^mu 2. muesa fofuekZ.k ;k vkS|ksfxd
3. d‚ihjkbV vius vki gks tkrs fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fä* dhA jgL; vkSj [Link];d jgL;
gS]a bls ljdkjh çkfèkdj.k esa 3. d‚ihjkbV ds foijhr] isVsaV dk 'kkfey gSaA tSls]
iath—r djkus dh dksbZ iathÑr gksuk vko';d gSA dksdk&dksyk Q‚eZwykA
vko';drk ugha gSA 4. isVsaV ^Hkkjrh; isVsaV vfèkfu;e 1970* 3. isVsaV ds foijhr] os
4. os ^d‚ihjkbV vfèkfu;e 1957* ds varxZr vkrs gSaA d‚ihjkbV dh rjg gh fcuk
ds ekè;e ls lqjf{kr gSaA 5. ;g vofèk vke rkSj ij vkosnu iathdj.k ds lqjf{kr gSaA
5. vkerkSj ij ;g vofèk dSysaMj nkf[ky djus dh rkjh[k ls 20 lky 4. bls vlhfer vofèk ds fy,
o"kZ dh 'kq#vkr ls 60 o"kZ dh ds fy, gksrh Gsa lajf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gksrh gSA

uokpkjksa dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mudh lqj{kk esa Hkkjr dh vkbZihvkj uhfr dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k uhps fd;k tk ldrk gS %
1. IPR uhfr dk mís'; vkbZihvkj ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd ykHkksa ds ckjs esa tu tkx:drk iSnk djuk
gSA

2. IPR uhfr fof'k"V {ks=ksa esa {kerk dk vkadyu vkSj ewY;kadu djus ds fy, ,d vkèkkj js[kk loZs{k.k@vkbZih&ys[kk
ijh{kk dh ekax djrh gSA
3. ns'k dh vkbZihvkj uhfr ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd vkbZih <kapk bl rjg ls dke djs tks oSfÜod vkbZih
O;oLFkkvksa ds vuq:i gksA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkbZihvkj uhfr fVªIl ds vuq:i gSA
4. uhfr ,d lkoZtfud eap çnku djrh gS vkSj ,d rjQ jpukdkjksa@uoçorZdksa vkSj nwljh vksj
mi;ksxdrkZvksa@m|ksx ds chp ,d baVjQsl ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gS] ftlls O;kolk;hdj.k esa lgk;rk feyrh
gSA
5. uhfr dk mís'; U;k;kèkh'kksa ds çf'k{k.k] ,Mhvkj ra=] vkbZihvkj çdks"Bksa ds lq–<+hdj.k vkfn ds ekè;e ls vkbZihvkj
dkuwuksa ds çorZu vkSj U;k;[Link];u dks O;kid cukuk gSA

gkykafd] fuEufyf[kr lq>koksa dks 'kkfey djds vkbZihvkj uhfr dks vkSj vfèkd çHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gS %
1. fo}kuksa ds fy, ljdkjh foÙk iksf"kr 'kksèk i= miyCèk djkdj Kku rd igqap c<+kus dh vko';drk gSA
2. ikjaifjd Kku ds futhdj.k@eqæhdj.k esa lexz :i ls leqnk; ds fy, i;kZIr lqj{kk mik; gksus pkfg,A tSls]
ikjaifjd Kku fMftVy ykbczsjh dk fuekZ.k] thvkbZ dk mfpr dk;kZUo;u] tSfod fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e vkfnA
3. lekukarj :i ls uokpkj ds fy, ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks c<+kok nsus dh vko';drk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vVy
buD;wcs'ku lsaVj lgh fn'kk esa ,d dne gSA
4. vfr mRlkgh ckSf)d laink laj{k.k ls O;kid lkekftd dY;k.k esa ckèkk ugha vkuh pkfg,A rnuqlkj] uhfr dks
,d larqyu cukuk pkfg,A
vkbZihvkj uhfr nksgk fodkl ,tsaMk vkSj fVªIl le>kSrs ds çfr Hkkjr dh çfrc)rk dks nksgjkrh gSA vkbZihvkj uhfr ckSf)d
laink ds fuekZ.k vkSj eqæhdj.k esa vkus okyh ckèkkvksa dks nwj djrh gSA Hkkjr dks oSfÜod Kku vFkZO;oLFkk ds çfreku esa
[Link] cukus esa bldh [Link] Hkwfedk gSA

Q.10) Though often presented as a panacea to the dichotomy between development and ecological
conservation, nuclear technology has multitude of other uses. Briefly explaining the India’s three
stage nuclear program, throw light upon various applications and challenges associated with
nuclear technology in the country.

gkykafd vDlj fodkl vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd laj{k.k ds chp f}Hkktu ds fy, [Link] çkS|ksfxdh dks jkeck.k ds :i esa çLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS ijarq blds dbZ vU; mi;ksx Hkh gSaA Hkkjr ds rhu [Link] okys [Link] dk;ZØe dh la{ksi esa O;k[;k djrs
gq,] ns'k esa [Link] çkS|ksfxdh ls tqM+s fofHkUu vuqç;ksxksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa ij çdk'k Mkfy,A

–f"Vdks.k % vius mÙkj dh 'kq#vkr Hkkjr ds rhu [Link] okys [Link] dk;ZØe dh O;k[;k ls djsaA eq[; Hkkx ds igys
fgLls esa] Hkkjr ds rhu [Link] okys [Link] dk;ZØe ij la{ksi esa ppkZ djsaA eq[; Hkkx ds vxys fgLls esa] [Link] çkS|ksfxdh
ds fofHkUu vuqç;ksxksa ij ppkZ djsaA vafre Hkkx esa] [Link] çkS|ksfxdh ls tqM+h pqukSfr;ksa ij ppkZ djsaA Hkkjr ds vkbZ,uMhlh
vkSj ÅtkZ lqj{kk ds fy, [Link] çkS|ksfxdh ds egRo ij çdk'k Mkyrs gq, mÙkj dks lekIr djsaA

Hkkjr dk rhu pj.k dk [Link] ÅtkZ dk;ZØe 1950 ds n'kd esa gkseh HkkHkk }kjk ns'k dh nh?kZdkfyd ÅtkZ Lora=rk dks
lqjf{kr djus ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA ;g lhfer ;wjsfu;e vkSj cM+s Fkksfj;e HkaMkj dh gekjh vuwBh lalkèku fLFkfr
ds vuq:i gSA rhu [Link] okys [Link] dk;ZØe dks bl çdkj le>k tk ldrk gS %
1. pj.k I & ncko;qä Hkkjh ty fj,DVj (PHWRs) % ;g çk—frd ;wjsfu;e ¼0-7 izfr'kr U&235 $ 99-3 izfr'kr
U &238½ dks bZèa ku ds :i esa
2. pj.k II & QkLV czhMj fj,DVj (FBRs) % ,Qchvkj dks [kir ls vfèkd bZaèku ^czhM*/ mRikfnr djus ds fy,
fMt+kbu fd;k x;k gSA ,d ckj IywVksfu;e &239 dh lwph rS;kj gks tkus ds ckn] Fkksfj;e dks fj,DVj esa ,d
lkexzh ds :i esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj rhljs pj.k esa mi;ksx ds fy, ;wjsfu;e &233 esa ifjofrZr fd;k
tk ldrk gSA
3. pj.k III & Fkksfj;e vkèkkfjr fj,DVj (TBRs) % pj.k rhu esa Fkksfj;e&232&;wjsfu;e 233 bZaèku okys fj,DVjksa
dh ,d vkRefuHkZj J`[a kyk 'kkfey gSA

;|fi lrr fodkl lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, [Link] ÅtkZ thok'e bZaèku dk ,d çHkkoh fodYi gS] ysfdu blds dbZ vU;
vuqç;ksx gSa] tSls %
1. LokLF; % [Link] çkS|ksfxdh fpfdRlk {ks= ds dbZ {ks=ksa tSls v‚Udksy‚th] dkfMZ;ksy‚th] U;wjksy‚th] U;weksy‚th vkfn
esa vuqç;ksxksa dk irk yxkrh gSA lkFk gh] lVhd vkSj le; ij funku djus ds fy, [Link] rduhd [Link]
gSA
2. [kk|@—f"k % çk—frd mRifjorZu dh yach çfØ;k dks de djus ds fy, okafNr Qly fdLeksa dks çkIr djus ds
fy, fofdj.k çkS|ksfxdh ykxw dh tkrh gSA [kk| Qlyksa dk çR;{k fofdj.k lw{ethoksa vkSj dhM+ksa dks lekIr djrk
gS] Qly ds ckn uqdlku dks de djrk gS vkSj Hkkstu dh [Link]Ùkk esa lqèkkj djrk gSA
3. m|ksx@fofuekZ.k % jsfM;ks çkS|ksfxdh fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd çfØ;kvksa ds ekudhdj.k] eki esa rS;kj mi;ksx [kkstus]
Lopkfyrdj.k vkSj [Link]Ùkk fu;a=.k vkfn esa lgk;rk djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkexzh dh lajpuk dks uqdlku
igqapk,@cnys fcuk vkarfjd lajpuk ds ,Dl&js çkIr djus ds fy, [Link] çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA
4. i;kZoj.k vuqç;ksx %
a. leLFkkfud ty foKku Hkwfexr rkts ty lzksrksa ds vuqlaèkku esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gS vkSj mudh
mRifÙk] [kkjs ikuh ds lanw"k.k ds tksf[ke vkfn dk fuèkkZj.k dj ldrk gSA
b. U;wVª‚u tkap lalkèku n{krk@mRikndrk dks l{ke djrs gq,] feêh dh ueh dh ek=k dk ,d lVhd eki
çnku djrh gSA
c. xkek vkSj bysDVª‚u che fofdj.k dk mi;ksx IykfLVd dks bZaèku vkSj QhMLV‚d esa jsfM;ksfyfll ds
ekè;e ls ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5. varfj{k usfoxs'ku % [Link] çkS|ksfxdh varfj{k vUos"k.k dks vklku vkSj dq'ky nksuksa cuk jgh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
IywVksfu;e &238 vkblksVksi }kjk lgk;rk çkIr jkscksfVd midj.k ekuo jfgr varfj{k ;k=kvksa esa layXu gks ldrs
gSAa
6. iqjkrRo % dkcZu MsfVax çk—frd :i ls ik, tkus okys leLFkkfudksa dh lkis{k cgqrk;r dk fo'ys"k.k djds pêkuksa
vkSj vU; lkefxz;ksa dh vk;q fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, [Link] çkS|ksfxdh dk ,d [Link] vuqç;ksx gSA

dbZ vuqç;ksxksa ds ckotwn [Link] çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr pqukSfr;ksa ds dkj.k [Link] gS %
1. [Link] la;a=ksa dh lqj{kk@v[kaMrk] [Link] vif'k"V fuiVku vkfn ls lacafèkr LFkkuh; yksxksa dh vk'kadkvksa ds
dkj.k] Hkwfe vfèkxzg.k cksf>y@le; ysus okyk gks tkrk gS % tSls] rfeyukMq esa dqMudqyeA
2. ns'k esa fo[kaMuh; lkexzh dh de miyCèkrk] [Link] la;a=ksa dh iwt a h xgu ç—fr] lLrs [Link]; ÅtkZ ls
çfrLièkkZ vkfn] [Link] ÅtkZ dks ,d egaxk çLrko cukrs gSaA
3. ukfHkdh; esYVMkmu] ftlds [Link]:i vR;fèkd xeZ gksus ds dkj.k fj,DVj dk dksj fi?ky tkrk gS] ftlls
psjuksfcy] Fkzh ekby vkbySaM vkSj Qqdqf'kek tSlh vkfn ?kVuk,a gks ldrh gSaA
4. dbZ ns'kksa ds lkFk vlSU; [Link] ÅtkZ le>kSrksa ds ckotwn] [Link] lkexzh dh fuckZèk vkiwfrZ ,d dfBu pqukSrh
cuh gqbZ gSA
5. pwfa d Hkkjr vçlkj lafèk ¼,uihVh½ dk gLrk{kjdrkZ ugha gS] blfy, iquçZlaLdj.k vkSj laoèkZu çkS|ksfxdh rd igqap
çfrcafèkr gSA

[Link] çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus ls u dsoy Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; Lrj ij fuèkkZfjr ;ksxnku ¼vkbZ,uMhlh½ dh ç'kalk gksxh] cfYd
;g ns'k dh ÅtkZ lqj{kk dks Hkh xgjk djsxkA [Link] lay;u ij vkèkkfjr ITER Vksdksekd tSlh ubZ çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks
fodflr djus ds fy, oSfÜod tqM+ko dks MhdkckZsukbTM fodkl iSVuZ dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

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MGP 2023 Cohort 5 Half-Length Test 10

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MGP 2023 Cohort 5 Half-Length Test 10

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MGP 2023 | Cohort 5 | Half Length Test #10 (61314) | ………………

MGP 2023 | Cohort 5 | Half Length Test #10 (61314) | ………………

Q.8) Despite its potential to further agricultural productivity, application of biotechnology in

MGP 2023 (Cohort 5)

For any feedback, please write to us at helpdesk@[Link]

5. Inter-agency and inter-ministerial coordination is needed between Defense, Science and

The future applications of robotics are fascinating as:

The achievements of Vikram Sarabhai are as follows:

Good governance is participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, equitable,

Transformative technologies can improve service delivery in following ways:

Role of transformative technologies in improving project implementation is as follows:

The application of biotechnology in agriculture can be boosted through:

The difference between various IPRs can be analyzed as:

MGP 2023 (Cohort 5)

ककसी भी प्रतिकिया के लिए, कृपया हमें helpdesk@[Link] पर अिगि कराएँ।

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