ECE 2205 Lab4
Operational Amplifier Circuits
Non-inverting Amplifier.
The circuit is constructed as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1
The voltage gain is obtained from the simulation in LTspice and the values obtained from the
calculation and measurement is given in the below table.
Table 1: Measurement with the original circuit 1
Theoretical value of gain Measured value of gain
11 10.99
Theoretical Calculation
𝑣" 𝑅$ 10𝑘
𝐴! = =1+ =1+ = 11
𝑣# 𝑅% 1𝑘
Measure the Voltage Gain. (Values are in R.M.S)
Measured value of 𝑉! = 7.76𝑉.
Measured value of 𝑉" = 706.17𝑚𝑉.
#! $.$&#
Measured value of voltage gain 𝐺 = #"
= $'&.($)# = 10.99
When 𝑉" = 1𝑉*+, = 1.414𝑉, the saturation of opamp is observed as compared to the previous
simulation when 𝑉" = 1.414𝑉
Inverting Amplifier
The circuit is constructed as shown in figure 2.
Figure 2
The voltage gain is obtained from the simulation in LTspice and the values obtained from the
calculation and measurement is given in the below table.
Table 2: Measurement with the original circuit 2
Theoretical value of gain Measured value of gain
-15 -15
Theoretical Calculation
𝑣" 𝑅$ 33𝑘
𝐴! = =− =− = −15
𝑣# 𝑅% 2.2𝑘
Measure the Voltage Gain. (Values are in R.M.S)
Measured value of 𝑉! = 2.65𝑉.
Measured value of 𝑉" = 176.56𝑚𝑉.
#! ..&/#
Measured value of voltage gain 𝐺 = = − ($&./&)# = −15
#"
Summing Amplifier
The circuit is constructed as shown in figure 3.
Figure 3
The voltage gain is obtained from the simulation in LTspice and the values obtained from the
calculation and measurement is given in the below table.
Table 3: Measurement with the original circuit 3
Theoretical value of gain Measured value of gain
-10 -9.99
Theoretical Calculation
𝑉01 − 0 𝑉31 − 0 0 − 𝑉!
+ =
𝑅2( 𝑅2. 𝑅4
𝑉01 − 0 𝑉31 − 0 0 − 𝑉!
+ =
1𝑘 10𝑘 10𝑘
When 𝑉01 = 0.5𝑉 and 𝑉31 = 0𝑉
#
Gain, 𝐺 = # ! = −10
#$
Measure the Voltage Gain.
a) When 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 3𝑉.
b) When 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 1𝑉.
c) When 𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 0𝑉.
Measured value of 𝑉𝑜 = 3.53𝑉.
# 3.53
Measured value of gain is 𝐺 = # ! = − 353.21𝑚𝑉 = −9.99
#$
Negative sign is placed as in R.M.S value calculation squaring happens.
Difference Amplifier
The circuit is constructed as shown in figure 4.
Figure 4
The voltage gain is obtained from the simulation in LTspice and the values obtained from the
calculation and measurement is given in the below table.
Table 4: Measurement with the original circuit 4
Theoretical value of Theoretical value Measured value of Measured value of
gain (𝑉- = 0) of gain (𝑉. = 0) gain (𝑉- = 0) gain (𝑉. = 0)
10 -10 9.99 -9.99
Theoretical Calculation
The difference amplifier gain is given as:
𝑅. 10𝑘
𝐴8 = ∗ (𝑉9 − 𝑉: ) = ∗ (𝑉9 − 𝑉: ) = 10 ∗ (𝑉9 − 𝑉: )
𝑅( 1𝑘
a) When 𝑉𝑏 = 0.
Measured value of 𝑉𝑜 = 3.53𝑉.
# 3.53𝑉
Measured value of gain is #! = 353.09𝑚𝑉 = 9.99
%
b) When 𝑉𝑎 = 0.
Measured value of 𝑉𝑜 = 3.53𝑉.
# 3.53
Measured value of gain is #! = − 353.25𝑚𝑉 = −9.99
%
Negative sign is placed as in R.M.S value calculation squaring happens.
c) When 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑏 .
Measured value of 𝑉𝑜 = 10.755𝑚𝑉.
Value of gain when (𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉𝑎 ) is 0 as effect of both the inputs cancel each other so, the gain is
zero.
Cascaded Amplifier
The circuit is constructed as shown in figure 5.
Figure 5
The voltage gain is obtained from the simulation in LTspice and the values obtained from the
calculation and measurement is given in the below table.
Table 5: Measurement with the original circuit 5
Theoretical value of gain Measured value of gain
-38.76 -38.71
Theoretical Calculation
𝑉! 𝑅. 𝑅= 4.7𝑘 68𝑘
𝐺= = 𝐺( ∗ 𝐺. = 71 + 8 ∗ 7− 8 = 71 + 8 ∗ 7− 8 = −38.76
𝑉" 𝑅( 𝑅> 1𝑘 10𝑘
Measured 𝑉" = 176.54𝑚𝑉
Measured 1st stage 𝑉!( = 1.005𝑉
Measured 2nd stage 𝑉!. = −6.834𝑉
Negative sign is placed as in R.M.S value calculation squaring happens.
#!& (.''/
Gain determined from measurement for stage 1: 𝐺( = #"
= ($&./=)# = 5.69
# ?&.@>=#
Gain determined from measurement for stage 2: 𝐺. = #!' = (.''/
= −6.8
(&
#! ?&.@>=#
Gain determined from measurement: 𝐺 = #"
= ($&./=)# = −38.71
