1 Prof.

Ali Rizwan |0313 CHAPTER – 1Group of Colleges, Sialkot

– 7976398| Superior
Mohsin Academy, Sialkot | Rana Academy of Science, Sialkot
Online Chemistry by Prof. Ali Rizwan
 Chapter 2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
EXERCISE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Tick (✔) the correct answer.

1. How many electrons can be accommodated at the most in the third shell of the elements?

(a) 8 ✔ (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 32

2. What information was obtained from discharge tube experiments?

(a) Structure of atom was discovered (b) Neutrons and protons were discovered

✔ (c) Electrons and protons were discovered (d) Presence of nucleus in an atom was discovered

3. Why have isotopes not been shown in the periodic table?

(a) Periodic table cannot accommodate a large number of isotopes of different elements.

(b) Some of the isotopes are unstable and they give rise to different elements.

✔ (c) All the isotopes have same atomic number, so there is no need to give them separate places.

(d) Isotopes do not show periodic behavior

4. Which particle is present in different number in the isotopes?

(a) Electron ✔(b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Both neutron and electron

5. In which isotope of oxygen there are the equal number of protons, electrons and neutrons?

(a) 17O ✔ (b) 16O (c) 18O (d) None of these

14
6. What will be the relative atomic of nitrogen given the abundances of its two isotopes N and
15
N are 99.64 and 0.35 mass, respectively.

(a) 14.0210 ✔ (b)14.0021 (c) 14.2100 (d) 14.1200

7. How is radio carbon dating useful for archeologists?

✔ (a) It helps determine the age of organic matter.

(b) It helps determine the composition of matter

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(c) It helps determine the usefulness of matter.

(d) It helps determine whether the matter is radioactive or not.

8. What does keep the particles present in the nucleus intact?

✔ (a) Particles are held together by strong nuclear force.

(b) Particles are held together by week nuclear force.

(c) Particles are held together by electrostatic force.

(d) Particles are held together by dipolar force.

9. How do electrons keep themselves away from the oppositely charged nucleus?

✔ (a) By keeping themselves stationary (b) By revolving around the nucleus

(c) Due to their wave-like nature (d) A magnetic field around the nucleus keeps them away

10. Rubidium consists of two isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb. The percent abundance of the light isotope
is 72.2%. What is the percent abundance of the heavier isotope? Its atomic mass is 85.47.

(a) 15% ✔ (b) 27.8% (c) 37% (d) 72%

ADDITIONAL MCQ'S

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
11. M shell has sub-shells:

(a) 1s, 2s (b) 2s, 2p ✔ (c) 3s, 3p, 3d (d) 1s, 2s, 3s

12. A sub-shell that can accommodate 6 electrons is:

(a) s (b) b ✔ (c) p (d) f

13. John Dalton put forward his atomic theory:

(a) 1800 (b) 1805 (c) 1903 ✔ (d) 1803

14. Rutherford used a gold foil in his experiment, which had a thickness of:

(a) 0.002cm ✔ (b) 0.00004cm (c) 0.0001cm (d) 0.001cm

15. Who performed first experiment to split atom?

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(a) Soddy ✔ (b) Rutherford (c) Bohr (d) Newton

16. According to Rutherford's atomic theory, atom should produce:

(a) Line spectrum ✔ (b) Continuous spectrum (c) Both a & b (d) None of these

17. Quantum means:

(a) Variable energy ✔ (b) Fixed energy (c) High energy (d) Minimum energy

18. The relative atomic mass of proton is:

✔(a) 1.673 × 10 – 27 kg (b) 1.6749 × 10 – 27 kg (c) 9.11 × 10 – 31 kg (d) None of these

19. The relative atomic mass of neutron is:

(a) 1.6726 × 10 – 27 kg ✔ (b) 1.675 × 10 – 27 kg (c) 9.11× 10 – 31 kg (d) None of these

20. The relative atomic mass of electron is:

(a) 1.6726 × 10 – 27 kg (b) 1.6749 × 10 – 27 kg ✔ (c) 9.109 × 10 – 31 kg (d) None of these

21. Protons are deflected toward plate:

(a) Positive ✔ (b) Negative (c) both a and b (d) None of these

22. The nucleus of an atom is composed of:

(a) Electrons (b) Electrons and protons (c) Electrons and neutrons ✔ (d) Protons and neutrons

23. How many electrons can be accommodated in s subshell?

✔ (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 14

24. Number of electrons that can be accommodated in f-subshell:

(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 10 ✔ (d) 14

25. Which subshells are present in L shell?

✔ (a) s & p (b) Only s-subshell (c) Only p-subshell (d) Subshell

26. How many subshells are there in M shell?

(a) 2 ✔ (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

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27. N-shell contains number of subshells:

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 ✔ (d) 4

28. An element has 5 electrons in M shell. Its atomic number is:

(a) 5 (b)10 ✔ (c) 15 (d) 20

29. d-subshell can accommodate maximum electrons:

(a) 2 (b) 6 ✔ (c) 10 (d) 14

30. The removal of electron from a neutral atom gives rise to:

(a) Molecular anion (b) Molecular cation (c) Anion ✔ (d) Cation

31. How many electrons can be accommodated at the most in the third shell of the elements?

(a) 8 ✔ (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 32

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

32. Number of neutrons in M are:

(a) 13 ✔ (b) 14 (c) 27 (d) 15

33. Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called:

(a) Mass number ✔ (b) Atomic number (c) Electron number (d) Mass Unit

34. Atom is electrically:

(a) Positive particle (b) Negative particle ✔ (c) Neutral particle (d) None of these

35. Atomic number is represented by:

✔ (a) Z (b) A (c) P (d) At

36. U has number of neutrons:

(a) 92 (b) 238 ✔ (c) 146 (d) 330

37. Mass number is represented by:

✔ (a) A (b) Z (c) M (d) NA

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 ISOTOPES AND THEIR MASSES
38. Which of the following statement is not correct about isotopes?

(a) they have same atomic number (b) they have same number of protons

(c) they have same chemical properties ✔ (d) they have same physical properties

39. Which isotope is used in nuclear reactors?

(a) U-234 (b) U-238 ✔ (c) U-235 (d) all of these

40. Chlorine has two isotopes, both of which have:

(a) same mass number (b) same number of neutrons

(c) different number of protons ✔ (d) same number of electrons

41. Which isotope is commonly used to irradiate cancer cells?

(a) iodine-23 (b) Carbon-14 ✔ (c) Cobalt-60 (d) iodine-131

42. Number of isotopes of hydrogen is:

(a) 2 ✔ (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

43. Symbol for Deuterium is:

(a) H ✔ (b) H (c) H (d) H

44. 13C and 14C are both present in nature:

(a) 0.1% (b) 0.9% ✔ (c) 1.1% (d) 1.5%

45. The percentage of U is found in nature:

(a) 97% (b) 98% ✔ (c) 0.72% (d) 0.62%

46. Which isotope is used for diagnosis of goiter?

✔ (a) Iodine-131 (b) Cobalt-60 (c) P-32 (d) Sr-90

47. Carbon-14 is used for the:

✔ (a) Age determination of old objects (b) Growth of bones

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(c) Diagnosis of goiter (d) All of these

48. Mass of Proton in amu is:

✔ (a) 1.0073 (b) 1.0087 (c) 1.672 ×1024 (d) None of these

49. Predict the boiling point of heavy water (D2O).

✔ (a) 101.4 °C (b) 98.2 °C (c) 100 °C (d) 105.4 °C

50. What will be the relative atomic mass of hydrogen given the abundances of its two isotopes,
99.9844% and 0.0156%?

✔ (a) 1.0078 (b) 1.0784 (c) 1.0800 (d) 1.0700

EXERCISE SHORT QUESTIONS

Q: Why elements are different from one another in their properties? Give examples.

Ans: Causes of difference: The difference in the properties of elements is due to the difference in the
properties of their constituent (related) atoms.

Examples:

i. Sulphur looks very different from gold (Au) which, in turn, is very different from bromine.
ii. Iron (Fe) is a heavy metal while aluminium (Al) and zinc (Zn) are light metals.
iii. Metals are mostly lustrous while non-metals like sulphur and carbon appear dull.

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Q: How Democritus suggests the idea of an atom?

Ans: The idea of atom was first proposed in Greece when the philosopher Democritus declared that all
matter is made of tiny particles. He named this particle as atom, a particle that cannot be further
subdivided.

Q: Write down the work of John Dalton about atom.

Ans: Around 1800, the English chemist John Dalton did many experiments with compounds that
provided the evidence for the existence of atoms.

Q: What are Electrons and Protons?

Ans: Atoms are composed of negatively charged particles called electrons and positively charged
particles in atoms called protons.

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Q: How presence of positively and negatively charged particles was confirmed in discharge tube?

Ans: Confirmation of Positive and Negative Particles:

i) In a discharge tube, the presence of the negatively charged particles was as certained because of their
deflection towards the positive plate in an electric field.

ii) The presence of positively charged particles was confirmed due to their deflection towards the
negative plate.

Q: What is discharge tube?

Ans: A discharge tube is a hard glass tube provided with two metallic electrodes and a vacuum pump to
evacuate the gas present in it.

Q: How cathode rays was discovered?

Ans: When a very high voltage is applied to a gas at a very low pressure present in a glass discharge
tube the glass surface behind the positive electrode started to glow, due to the rays emitted from the
cathode. These rays were named as cathode rays.

Q: What is nature of charge on cathode rays?

Ans: In 1897, British physicist J.J. Thomson studied the properties of cathode rays by passing them
through the oppositely charged electric plates. It was observed that cathode rays bent towards the
positively charged plate showing that they carry negative charge.

Q: How Thomson proved that cathode rays are electrons?

Ans: Thomson also installed two magnets on either side of the discharge tube and noticed that cathode
rays were also diverted by the magnetic field. Thomson used the findings of his experiments to
calculate the mass to charge ratio of cathode rays which finally proved that cathode rays are in fact,
negatively charged material particles. These particles were later named as electrons. It was also shown
that electrons are the subatomic particles of all elements.

Q: What are canal rays?

Ans: Goldstein performed a series of experiments with a gas discharge tube having a perforated
cathode. A new type of rays was produced from the anode which moved towards the cathode. He called
these new rays as canal rays or anode rays.

Q: Write about the working of Rutherford about structure of atom.

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Ans: In 1917, Rutherford performed experiments which proved that the hydrogen nucleus is present in
other nuclei. Rutherford thought that a hydrogen nucleus or a proton must be the fundamental building
block of all nuclei and also possibly a new fundamental particle as well.

Q: What are Neutrons?

OR

When neutron was discovered?

Ans: In 1933, another particle neutron was also discovered by J. Chadwick, which is known to carry no
charge. The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton.

Q: Name of fundamental particles of atoms.

Ans: Electron, proton and neutron were given the name fundamental particles and are shown to be
present in all atoms (except ordinary hydrogen which does not have a neutron).

Q: Write the result of Rutherford’s experiments.

Ans: From his experiments, he concluded that an atom has two portions.

(i) A tiny central portion which he called as nucleus.

(ii) A relatively large area surrounding this, which he called extra nuclear portion.
(iii) It was also discovered that almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus
because both the heavy particles i.e. protons and neutrons are found to be present here.
(iv) In the nucleus these two particles, proton and neutrons, are held together by a strong nuclear
force.

Q: What is charge and mass of proton, neutron and electron?

Ans:

Particle Charge Mass

Electron - 1.6022 × 10 – 19 C 9.109 × 10 – 31
Kg
Proton +1.6022 × 10 – 19 C 1.673 × 10 – 27 Kg
Neutron 0.0 1.675 × 10 – 27 Kg
Q: Define shell according to Bohr’s Atomic model.

Ans: According to Bohr’s Atomic Mode, the electron can revolve around the nucleus of the atom is
called specific path called orbits or shell.

Q: Write postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model.

Ans: Postulates of Bohr’s Atomic model:

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i) According to this model the electron can revolve around the nucleus of the atom in specific
paths called orbits or shells.
ii) When the electron is revolving in one of these orbits, its energy is fixed.
iii) When the electron is present in the orbit which is closest to the nucleus, its energy is minimum
and it is called the ground state of the atom.
iv) The orbits that are further away from the nucleus possess successively greater energy.
v) The electron is not allowed to occupy a space in between the orbits.

Q: What is meant by ground state of the atom?

Ans: When the electron is present in the orbit which is closest to the nucleus, its energy is lower and it
is called the ground state of the atom.

Q: What are energy levels? Give example.

Ans: Electron present in each shell has a fixed energy; these shells are also named as energy levels.

First shell: The shell which is nearest to the nucleus is called first shell or K shell and the electron
present in it has a fixed value of energy.

Second state: The second shell will also be at a definite distance from the nucleus which will, of
course, be greater than the first shell and electron present in it will also possess greater value of energy.

Third state: Electron may also be present in the third or higher shells.

Sub-shells: Each shell is further sub-divided into sub-shells or orbitals.

Q: Differentiate between shell and subshell.

Ans:

Shell Subshell
Shells are the main energy level in which Each shell is further divided into subshell, and
electrons revolves around the nucleus, and represented by s, d, p and f.
represented by K, L, M, N
Q: How many subshells are present in each shell? Briefly explain.

Ans: The number of sub-shells present in a shell is equal to the value of n for that shell.

(i) For the first shell, (n = 1), it will, therefore, have only one sub-shell which is called s sub-
shell.
(ii) For (n = 2), there will be two sub-shells s and p. The second shell will, therefore, have two
sets of sub-shells.
(iii) The third shell (n = 3) has three sub-shells s, p and d.

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 (iv) The fourth shell (n = 4) consists of four sub-shells s, p, d and f.

Q: Compare the size of Cesium and Helium.

Ans: The largest atom cesium is approximately nine times bigger than the smallest atom helium.

Q: How we can find out the number of electrons in each shell.

Ans: In order to find out the number of electrons which can be accommodated in shells we used a
formula called (2n2) formula, where n can have values 1,2,3,... and so on and they represent the number
of shells, value of n for K, L, M, N is 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. Number of electrons in shells:

K = 2n2 = 2(1) 2 = 2

L = 2n2= 2(2) 2 = 8

M = 2n2 = 2(3) 2 = 18

N = 2n2 = 2(4) 2 = 32

Q: How many electrons can accommodate each subshell?

Ans: The maximum number of electrons which can be accommodate in sub-shells s, p, d and f are 2, 6,
10 and 14 respectively. In the first shell, there are 2 electrons which shall go to s sub-shell. In the
second shell, 8 electrons will be further sub-divided, s-subshell will have 2 electrons and 6 electrons
will be accommodated in p subshell.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Q: Why atom of one element differs from an atom of different element?

Ans: Electrons, protons and neutrons are called the fundamental particles of all types of matter. In other
words, the atoms of all the elements present in this world contain same electrons, protons and neutrons.
However, an atom of one element differs from an atom of another element because it contains different
number of the fundamental particles.

Q: Define atomic number. Give an example.

Ans: The number of protons present in the atoms of an element is always fixed and it is called the
atomic number of that element. It is represented by Z.

Example: Atomic number of C is 6.

Q: Why atom is neutral?

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Ans: Atom, as a whole, is electrically neutral. It possess equal amount of positive charge particles
(protons) and negative charged particles electrons.

Q: Write two applications of atomic number.

Ans: Application of Atomic number:

i) Atomic number of an element is represented by Z. Atomic number of an element is unique

to that element and the element is identified by this number.
ii) In a periodic table of elements, the elements are arranged according to ascending order of
their atomic numbers.

Q: What do you know about mass number?

Ans: The total number of protons and neutrons present in an atom almost accounts for the total mass of
that atom and hence it is called its nucleon number or mass number. It is represented by A. The mass of
electron being very small is not included in the mass number.

Example: Mass number of Carbon C is 12.

Q: What is atomic number and mass number of oxygen atom?

Ans: The number of protons present in an oxygen atom is 8, so its atomic number is 8 while the total
number of protons and neutrons present in it is 16, so its mass number is 16.

Q: How atomic number and mass number written at the symbol of any element?

Ans: Information about the atomic number and the mass number is often included with the symbol of
any element. The atomic number is written as a left subscript while the mass number as a left
superscript. So, oxygen atom would be symbolized as O. Similarly, carbon atom symbolized as C
will have 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

Q: How you can calculation the number of neutrons from mass number? Give an example.

Ans: The number of neutrons N present in an atom can be calculated if its atomic number Z and mass
number (A) are known. N = A – Z

Example: The number of neutrons in sulphur atom, symbolized as S, can be calculated as 32–16 =
16.

Q: Calculate the number of neutrons, protons and electrons in barium Ba.

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Ans: Each barium atom will have 56 protons and 56 electrons. The number of neutrons in barium will
be calculated as follows: N = A-Z N = 137-56 = 81 So, each Ba atom will have 81 neutrons, 56 protons
and 56 electrons. 2.3 Isotopes and Their Masses

Q: Define isotopes with an example.

Ans: Isotopes: Atoms of the same element having different number of neutrons in their nuclei are
called isotopes.

OR

Atoms of an element that have same atomic number but different mass number called isotopes.

Example: Element carbon has three isotopes as its atoms have six, seven and eight neutrons in their
nuclei. These isotopes are represented as C, C, C. The masses of three different isotopes of
carbon are different.

Q: Write isotopes of Carbon.

Ans: Element carbon has three isotopes as its atoms have six, seven and eight neutrons in their nuclei.
These isotopes are represented as C, C, C. The masses of three different isotopes of carbon are
different.

Q: Write isotopes of Hydrogen.

Ans: Hydrogen exists as three isotopes, Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium represented by H, H, H.
Hydrogen ( H) is the only atom which does not have a neutron.

Q: Why isotopes shows same chemical properties and different physical properties.

Ans: Since the chemical properties of the elements are determined by the number of electrons, all three
isotopes will show almost the same chemical behavior, although their physical properties may be
different. H has twice the mass of H while the mass of H is thrice as the mass of H.

Q: Draw the structure diagram of isotopes of hydrogen.

Ans: Isotopes of Hydrogen atom H, H, H.

Q: Draw the structure diagram of isotopes of carbon.

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Ans: Isotopes of Carbon atom C, C, C.

Q: Define radioactivity and radioactive isotopes.

Ans: Radioactive isotopes: The process of emission of radiation is called radioactivity and the isotope
which emits energy is called radioactive isotope.

Example: Tritium H is a radioactive isotope and the other two isotopes of hydrogen are stable and do
not emit any radiation.

Q: What is meant by radioactive decay? Give an example.

Ans: Radioactive Decay: When a radioactive element emits radiation, it is transformed into another
chemical element. This process is called radioactive decay. This new element may be stable or may be
radioactive so that it also emits radiation.

Example: U → Th + Energy

234
90Thorium is unstable and further disintegrates to give Pa (Protactinium).
Q: Write applications of Radioactive Isotopes in medical science.

Ans: Radioactive isotopes are useful in medical imaging. Doctors use them to diagnose the disease by
injecting the patient with a small amount of radioactive fluid. Technetium - 99 is used for diagnostic
imaging across human organs like brain, lungs, etc. Doctors use a special camera to watch how the
radioactive fluid moves.

Q: How radioactive isotope use in finding the age of object?

OR

Q: What is radiocarbon dating method?

Ans: Radiocarbon dating is a method for finding out the age of an historical object containing organic
material with the help of radioactive isotope of carbon C. The method involves measuring the
proportion of C. in a sample from a dead plant or animal like a piece of wood or a bone which

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provides information that can be used to calculate when an animal or plant died. The older the sample
is, the less C. is to be detected.

Q: Why Gallium does not evaporate?

Ans: Gallium has many interesting properties. Its melting point is below body temperature so it is
liquid at room temperature. It does not evaporate

Q: Write any two uses of radioactive isotopes.

Ans: Radioactive isotopes are used to test the strength of metals and concrete mixture. They are used to
generate cheap nuclear power and to find oil fields.

Q: Write uses of Radioactive Isotope in medical field.

Ans: In medicine they are used to diagnose and treat many medical conditions and diseases, including
cancer and thyroid disorders.

Q: How radiation ionize atom? Give an example.

Ans: Electron can be lost from atom because an ionizing radiation collides with the atom and forces the
electron away from the atom. If an atom of sodium is hit by an ionizing radiation, it may lose an
electron. This process converts the atom into a positively charged ion (cation).

Na → Na++ e –

Relative Atomic Mass

Q: Define relative atomic mass. Also write its units.

Ans: Relative atomic mass: The relative atomic mass of an element is thus defined as the mass of an
atom of that element relative to the mass of light isotope of carbon taken as 12.

Q: Define atomic mass unit (amu).

Ans: Atomic mass unit is defined as one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

1amu = 1.67377 × 10 – 27 kg

Q: Define relative isotopic masses and isotopic abundance.

Ans: Relative Isotopic mass: An element usually consists of a few different isotopes with different
mass numbers. These mass numbers are called relative isotopic masses.

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Isotopic abundance: Each isotope will also have its own naturally occurring abundance which is
called isotopic abundance.

Q: Write formula for use for calculation of Relative atomic mass of an element.

Ans: Relative atomic mass of an element can be calculated from the relative isotopic masses (m) and
isotopic abundances (p) by the following formula.

Relative atomic mass =

Q: Calculate the relative atomic mass of light isotope of chlorine when its relative atomic mass is
taken as 35.45.

Ans: Relative isotopic abundance of Cl – 37 = 24.23%

Relative isotopic abundance of light isotope of chlorine = 75.77%

Relative atomic mass of chlorine = 35.45

Relative atomic mass of chlorine Cl=

34.45 ×100 = Cl ×75.77+37 ×24.33

3445 – 896.51 = Cl ×75.77

Cl =

Cl = 34.95

Relative atomic mass of light isotope of chlorine is 34.95.

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