1) (a) Is the study of the distribution and interrelationship of natural and

human phenomena on the Earth’s surface

(b)
 Physical geography
 Human geography
 Practical geography
2) (a)
 Causes day and night/apparent movement of sun from east to
west
 Causes difference in time at different longitudes
 Causes deflection of winds/ocean currents
 Causes rising and falling of sea tides
 Causes variation in atmospheric pressure on the Earth’s surface

(b)

 Chances of another star approaching the sun is minimal

 High temperature materials drawn from the sun will diapers
rather than condence
 It doesn’t explain where the sun and the star come from
3) (a)
 Open area free from shade by trees and buildings
 Gentle land free from flooding
 Area with wide view of surroundings
 Away from concrete surfaces

(b)

 Painted white to reflect direct heat/ sunlight from the sun

 Louvered on sides to allow free flow/circulation of air and
regulate temperature
4) (a)
 Is a specimen or small portion of a whole or bigger population
under study taken to show what the rest is like

(b)

 Random sampling
 Systemic sampling
 Stratified sampling
5) (a)
 Mineral is inorganic substances which occurs naturally at or
beneath the surface of the earth
 (b)

 By being subjected to:

 Pressure -dynamic metamorphism
 Heat- contact/thermal metamorphism
 Pressure and heat – thermal -dynamic metamorphism
6)

(ii) Advantages of simple dividend rectangle

 It is easy to construct
 It is easy to compare the components as they lie side by side and
are arranged in ascending order
 It takes up less space than if the same data was drawn using
comparative bar graph
 It is easy to read
 It is easy to interpret
 (iii)

 Easy to interpret
 Easy to read
 Easy to make comparison of items
 Enable one to save time by combining several graphs
7) What is rock
 Rocks are naturally occurring agglomeration of minerals particles
forming part of the earth crust

(ii). Formation of sedimentary rocks

Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks

 Weathered rock materials are deposited by erosion

 These sediments are compacted and cements leading to
formation of sedimentary rocks
 Continuous compact and cementation lead to formation of more
sedimentary rocks

Organically formed sedimentary rocks

 Organic materials like dead plants and animals are deposited

by erosion
 These materials compact and cements to form rocks
 Continuation of these process leads to formation of more rocks

Chemically formed sedimentary rocks

 Water dissolve minerals from rocks as it flows through them

 When these water evaporates or condition change the
concentration of dissolved minerals [Link] the
water becomes saturated and the minerals precipitate
 The minerals from solid crystals and settle out of the
solution. over time
These crystals accumulate and become compacted and
cemented into solid rock
 Layers of minerals deposits build up with enough pressure
and time, they harden into chemical sedimentary rocks

(c). (I) Types of igneous rocks

  Intrusive
 Extrusive

(ii ) Significance of rocks

 Rock weathering produces soil that are important in the growth of

crops
 Rocks aid in storage of underground water
 Some rocks can be used as fuels
 Various salts are obtained from rocks
 Granite and limestone are used for building purposes EG making
cement
 Some rocks form fascinating features that are tourist attractions
 Minerals occur in different rocks which are used in various ways

(iii) Types of extrusive igneous rocks

 Pumice
 Tuff
 Basalt

(d ) Distinct appearance by colour used to identify specific minerals e.g

gold is yellow

8) (a).
 Vertical movement/ epierogenic
 Horizontal movement/ lateral/ orogenic

(b) (i).

 Folding is the bending of rocks in the Earth’s crust

 Faulting is the cracking and fracturing of the rock of the Earth’s crust

(ii)

 Normal fault
 Reverse fault
 Tear/shear
 Anticlinal
 Thrust

(iii)

 J- hade
 K- upthrow/ tilt block
 L- escarpment
(c )

 Layers of the rocks are subjected to compression force

 Fault develop leading to formation of reverse fault
 The outer blocks move upwards
 The central block stays in place and a rift valley is formed

(ii)

 Vertical faulting across a river may cause waterfall/ river rejuvenation

 Rift faulting in an enclosed area may lead to formation of a depression
which can be filled with water to form a lake
 Some rivers flow along fault line/ fault guided drainage
 Uplifting of landscape Wich may cause reversal of direction of a river
flow
 Rivers mat disappear to the ground through a fault line
(iii)

 Faulting may cause disjointing of land leading to disruption of

communication lin
 Fault scarps can cause difficulty and extra expenses in the construction
of communication lines
 Faulting may cause a river to change direction and start flowing along
a fault line or even disappear into the ground
 Subsidence of land resulting from faulting can cause loss of life’s and
property
 Subsidence of land resulting from faulting may also results in the
formation of depressions that may eventually be filled up with water to
form lakes. These lakes can be used in fishing, irrigation, transport
 Faulting creates line of weakness in the crust which become passage of
hot water from the ground to the surface in form of hot springs and
[Link] can be utilized for geothermal power production
 Fault scarp slopes may expose underground water, resulting in the
formation of scarp springs which could be sources of clean water.
These can encourage settlement
 The Resultant block mountains created through faulting receive a lot of
rain on their wind ward [Link] therefore becomes sources of
rivers that provide water for irrigation domestic and industrial use
 The heavy rains received on the windward slopes of block mountains
make the slopes suitable for agriculture and settlement
 Faulting has resulted in the exposure of minerals like
[Link] are source of income for the country

(d) (I)

 To familiarize with the area of study

 To determine the routes to follow
 Decide on the methods of data collection and recording
 Know materials or equipment to carry
 Help to identify likely problems and seek for solution
 Help formulate relevant objectives and hypothesis
 Help draw a working schedule

9) What is climate

(b)
 The table below represents rainfall and temperature figures for a town
in Africa. Use it to answer the questions that follow

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp 27 28 28 28 27 25 25 24 25 26 27 26
(°C)
Rainfa 25 38 99 14 27 43 27 69 14 20 71 25
ll 0 7 9 7 2 1
Mm

(I)4°C

(ii)

 Latitude
 Highest temperature are generally at the equator and the
lowest at the poles. This is because the sun shines all the year
around for 12hrs out of 24hrs at the equator
 Altitude
 Height about sea level
 Lowlands are usually warmer than highlands because the
atmosphere becomes thinner as altitude increases where the
ground losses heat faster
 Distance from the sea
 During hot seasons,coastal lands are relatively hotter than
inland areas on the same latitude due to the existing effects
of the sea breezes
 By the time the sea breezes reach inland areas they have
adapted to the temperature of the Land over which they are
passing
 Aspect
 In the direction in which a slope faces in relation to the
sun’s [Link] effect is greater at higher latitude
than in tropical regions where slopes receive more or less
equal hours of the day and nigh
 Human activities
 Many activities like agriculture, settlement and
construction of dams have effects on local climate.
Clearing forest can make an area semi arid
 Ocean currents
  Ocean currents maybe warm or cold
 When moist onshore winds blow over warm ocean
currents, they get warm from below and hold onto the
moisture which they release on reaching land leading to
increased rainfall in coastal regions
 Winds
 Winds are a medium of transfer of heat from one place to
[Link] carrying warm air from warm regions bring
a warming effects to a place. If cool, they bring cooling
effects
 Forest
 Forested area tend to have low temperature due to the
shade of trees

Trees reduces solar insolation reaching the lower ground

 The areas have high humidity because of high

everpotranspiration
Rate

 Configuration of the coastline

 Straight coastline tend to receive less rainfall especially
when they lie parallel to the path of onshore winds

(C ) (I) Greenhouse effect is the process by which incoming solar radiation

passes through the atmosphere and the outgoing terrestrial radiation is
blocked by gases and clouds in the atmosphere this makes earth to retain
terrestrial radiation therefore becoming warmer

(ii) How human activities influence climate change

 Urbanization
 Burning of fossil fuels
 Deforestation
 Industrial activities
 Overgrazing
 Settlement

(iii) How clearance of vegetation cause climate change

 When vegetation is cleared there will be increase of carbon (iv)

oxide in the atmosphere hence leading to global warming
 10) (a )
Earth revolution
(ii)
 Causes changes in position of the midday sun at different times
of the year
 Causes varying length of day and night in northern and southern
hemispheres
 Causes changes in seasons
 Causes lunar eclipse

(iii)

 Summer season

(b). (I). P-atmosphere

Q- bathysphere / centrosphere/core

R- mohorovicic discontinuity/ moho discontinuity

(ii).

 Decided into two- upper and lower mantle

 Mantles main constituent minerals are Ferro-magnessium and silicate
 Mantles is about 2900km thick
 Upper mantle has low temperature than lower mantle
 Mantles has temperature of about1000°c
 Mantles is made up of heavier rocks than rocks of earth crust
 Upper mantle is made up of an elastic solid/ semi molten
 Inner mantle is made up of an elastic solid/ semi molten basic rock/
viscous liquid

(c ) (I )

Is the composition of the sun , the planet and other heavenly bodies related
to the sun

(ii).

Latitude is the distance north or south of equator measured as an

angle from Earth’s center while longitude is the distance of the
Earth’s surface measured east or west of prim meridian and
expressed as an angle
 Meteors are glowing objects that quickly cross the sky before they
burn up and disappear while meteorites are those meteors that pass
through the atmosphere brightly but do not burn up

Hydrosphere is part of the Earth surface covered by water masses

while atmosphere refers to thin layer of gases surrounding the Earth
and held by Earth’s gravitational pull

(iii)

 Photographs taken from the outer space or satellite shows the

curvature of the Earth
 During eclipse of the moon, the earth casts a spherical – shaped
shadow on the moon
 Circumnavigation of the earth along a straight path will bring one back
 Other planets are curved and earth being one of them shows earth is
spherical
 Different rising and setting times in different places
 An approaching ship