Breaking of old bonds and formation of new bonds between chemical species Aad wi’ ze x48 conn iyHOMOLYTIC OR HOMOLYSIS Each resulting species gets one Cl eR Per Ea) eel Umm ee iid altel e uly et easy a baad Metals One resulting species(more EN) Pm ee er CATIONS and ANIONS will form Conditions For Heterolysis Lee) Le maT Te Pele Ki eRCa ELECTROPHILES (E+) Electron deficient species x ave VA re eT aac enn lle era ockl) Sc ete ss, eae ts NUCLEOPHILES ed Coen lama te ol ca cC alo Gi) sal 9) > Can be neutral or negativetely charged pe AS ee) nS Pee oa er ao an cie = Ht (Ey)[Reaction inrerweniates ese are very unstable and highly reactive species “EARBOCATION an PY) o “CARBANION “BENZYNE CARBENE aS® CARBOCATION | FREE RADICAL | CARBANIO Eee[}) REACTION ITeRMEDiaTes AGB CARBOCATION FREERADICAL CARBANION ae mi ae aN Brae A ial a at Sy as ayPERMANENT EFFECT PUI LO) easy e88 eI |_>inductive Effect (I) eh. a eS ee RV Cou rants) Cul) ard SER (H)Shifting of c electrons is towards more E.N. eee CUR ae Ck Seemed Le Ue RoC ste il aa Rng —-» Considered up to 3 carbon atoms only. ——> Only co bond és participate, it doesn’t affect the x bond és. Remeeta 0 0 ReUeTR RLLoes a eee EU Rc ——-I Effect (€W4) [+I Effect (€04) Group which withdraws Group which repel electron cloud RS ratrelamaelt eo} All Cations Shows — Gisan Fa OTROS TN oa a AL COLD ay it Cees fe a coat Cee Sen ee ee a a ee ett Ser oe es bg an Lat ae a Pee an eet ber, Peis) iGroat a More e- density, more +1. a> =| 5 eC Bic) a Gan Branched > Unbranched i ra > ese dL) ht) i 5 Fy r Cae site mi mis 4!) Tt aC) PAST) Sate Emm a) = CH OH-CH, < cH =) Cn)Resonance hybrid is real whereas resonating structures are hypothetical. ‘Stability x LATOR Lt VE Each resonating structure contributes in proportion me " ivy Hpeee Involves delocalization of|/)-orbitals electrons [not o bond és). ee eet mk CM sea eer ue It is intra molecular process not intermolecular process. In resonance, position of atoms can’t be changed. The no. of paired e. are same and no. of unpaired electron are same in two resonating structure. In different resonating structures, charge must be conserved. The octet rule is not violated (for second period element)Atoms participating in resonance should lie injsame plane S75 —> Compound must be conjugated (At least 3 p orbitals which are adjacent and parallel) ** For ions only 2 parallel p orbital are needed.(CONJUGATION BETWEEN C = C AND C = C) een (CONJUGATION BETWEEN ODD ELECTRON AND C = C) y aa oasis hse tana terte) chy=Ch-Ch, @.. icy (oferta CH rere ral em RL LNbas oa ere fe Fi] i=Sc Boe ea RgAGTo lated @Nie Aeuactadaal er) See CRS dad te a Pane eee cH-CH, YOEy — More number of covalent bonds OR Structures with complete octet Cel a OER eee] SEEN OS oR eR Unc atte — Negative charge on more EN and tive charge on more electropositive atoms respectively are more stable. cea ee MRM LC og ae meee] SUE Eat a RRO RU CLO LIA SU eee eeu eee Ree cll eel Let) FoR at eRe RCo nae More benzene ring more stability.Seeove - See mn in Ut cs is ant,Rochak Points For RE 1, Equivalent RS have Mose RE 2. Aromatic compounds have Mose Panel 3. [Resonance Move Resonance Nowe RE Ce ea RE eam CE ad nil Leet ae See+M/+R effect (€09) te: Transfer of € from group to conjugate system (group donates z € or lone pair) i Reema ey eT Dose SL) rae -M/-R effect (€"4) MPLS mums Uma eco on morc (group withdraws x és or lone pair) ats Dat eet at aes) Sa San Nee ile aS eee aS Rem arc tg Vacant oxbital 0 eC kas i cn) tae aan oO = a aSoir @ cutis M- effect works at only ortho & para position, itis absent on meta position ETH RU eee eT Ria Me UCR Teco SOR ode NRO CMO IM INT eAMeR aE on lagged x Due to -m effect, conjugate system becomes é deficient so, this type of conjugate BNET eM REA EOE TA MLC CLE) ECCLES CMe CACC CT AS rece) yuna Due to presence of +m group é density increases at conjugate system and system Te BURR EN RS HER ee ewe T Rt CMTC Ley nCBLO irl aw geil - @) 4 Pits hole PIUR ese e lee eR MeO eR CBee omen La mainly at ortho and para positions and hence ortho and para positions directed for incoming electrophile (loves e-). Ae pot aa =F CONTRA CORO eda Oe We ey rem ed IACMR a Lathe eco density from ortho and para position hence meta directing for incoming electrophile. aay ne i aa aiRITERIA FOR AROMATICITY C SO faa AY ARR alee aeRO Mey ML RTE Ry Cerrar a cores Se er es aud kaa) RL’ Ca aL : nn ey OUT Reel RA Ld Oe ee WCU CP 161234 fire 13, 5,7-—~CRITERIA FOR ANTIAROMATIC 8 [> i It must have an|uninterrupted cyclic cloud of % electrons The nm cloud must contain an\EVEN number of pairs of m electrons. angen 12 12,3-- — IMB rea FSO eNO eee wee) TCR CLO ULL LLC ae tetaro ated oa ELLs Non. nia ar oe a ene cual even NO-6P Paix op e~ Uae cose—> for fused rings consider only only the largest Peripheral ring off electrons —> Compounds with 70% (SUA REAcal s mn v4 Gouge at Pac y DR aL aa ——>(k Annulene 10> Nenasometic. esa~ Y, Delocalization of conjugated (C-H) sigma electrons with x-bond or positive charge or free radical is called hyperconjugation or Star) —— Distance independent effect —- Stronger than Inductive and weaker than resonance effect ——> It is also known as NATHAN BAKER effect or NO BOND RESONANCE en Ct COUT)? BT seme eee RegedAt least One % H should be present Conjugation is shown by —> Carbocation R- cn “ia (erm coe cm ro a ca See Ke 9 TTR esis aa pas jx- Carbon- Carbon directly attached to any Functional groups/ rom bond ceefeeq+H_ EFFECT | _ ovesleppin aa -H EFFECT CO (REVERSE HYPERCONJUGATION) SU a ce ch) Bare or ek) Me Oey pL KC) ee CL Tiel CsBee a Obed aa Soe Gal Not involving C-H_ bond® i] ' ELEC eae eT oe = a aaa) ea Sead OF ALKENES aialiig [oe oa LN cH OM. aa = i a &; - » ata va a)HEAT OF HYDROGENATION HEAT of COMBUSTION loner PS tae Ll ta HOC & No: oP C BS ged f an ha Tae a ra a rh € A war SE aLUTE a ate ees iu ea LS a at ae ald) Cea i —> Hes CH> GD ey @STABILITY OF INTERMEDIATES ST col [ak ah a OL i acne aa tl Ere ee ae Ma Ei x omerNa EUL NWO oe =e) 0 @) De aka Cais ca} if Roce hd =a nm < SIGMA BOND RESONANCE ||Dancind Rego RNS ROHeO, i) Kary ater isa oeBaek 0) atlas BASIC STRENGTH 4%. aa shbilly ST RGiad rae es p fend a ny a NH air] po Fa " 4 ” ' 2 ee si] cg Guup> TB Basicity | , oe "a cs pe y Ca Sas il pS ei ee any a RNH, Oo uo ee Ry Saale aN (on! Sorel Lees Lae cae ee PRY ; Cee Min ek ea eae a Raiae CH Sra Aicted aa Organic compounds having TELL ad i = ) show this effect in the presence of an attacking reagent only. The effect is annulled as soon as the attacking reagent is removedive ELECTROMERIC EFFEC ive ELECTROMERIC EFFEC @ Ne on c=C) Nar ie shirt Bete Acs sa een be N ar 2 ae as ne ql