Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Notes

1. Introduction to Computer-Aided
Design (CAD)

1.1 Definition of CAD

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computer software to create, modify,

analyze, and optimize designs. CAD is widely used in various fields such as
engineering, architecture, automotive design, and product manufacturing to increase
productivity, improve design quality, and reduce production costs.

1.2 Importance of CAD

CAD plays a crucial role in modern design and manufacturing industries due to the
following benefits:

 Increased Efficiency: Automates repetitive tasks, reducing design time.

 Higher Accuracy: Ensures precise dimensions and reduces errors compared to manual
drafting.
 Visualization & Simulation: Enables designers to create 3D models and simulate real-world
conditions.
 Improved Collaboration: Allows multiple users to work on a design remotely.
 Cost Reduction: Minimizes material waste by optimizing designs before manufacturing.

1.3 Applications of CAD

CAD is used in various industries, including:

 Mechanical Engineering: Designing machines, tools, and mechanical components.

 Civil Engineering: Architectural and structural designs of buildings, bridges, and roads.
 Electrical Engineering: Circuit design and PCB layout.
 Automotive Industry: Car body design and aerodynamics testing.
  Aerospace Industry: Aircraft and spacecraft design.

2. Types of CAD Software

2.1 2D CAD

 Used for creating flat, two-dimensional drawings.

 Examples: AutoCAD (2D mode), LibreCAD, DraftSight.
 Applications: Architectural floor plans, electrical circuit diagrams.

2.2 3D CAD

 Used to create three-dimensional models of objects.

 Examples: SolidWorks, Autodesk Inventor, CATIA.
 Applications: Mechanical part modeling, product design.

2.3 Parametric CAD

 Uses parameters and constraints to define design relationships.

 Examples: SolidWorks, PTC Creo, Autodesk Fusion 360.
 Applications: Engineering components with precise dimensional constraints.

2.4 Direct CAD

 Allows freeform editing of models without predefined constraints.

 Examples: Rhino 3D, SketchUp.
 Applications: Industrial and artistic modeling.

3. Basic CAD Features and Tools

3.1 Drawing Tools

 Lines & Polylines: Used for creating basic shapes.

 Circles & Arcs: Used for curved objects.
  Rectangles & Polygons: Used to draw predefined shapes.

3.2 Editing Tools

 Trim & Extend: Modify existing lines and shapes.

 Fillet & Chamfer: Round or bevel edges.
 Move, Rotate, Scale: Transform objects in the workspace.

3.3 Layers and Colors

 Layer Management: Helps organize different parts of a drawing.

 Colors & Line Types: Differentiate elements for clarity.

3.4 Dimensions and Annotations

 Dimensioning: Adds measurements to designs.

 Text & Labels: Annotate and describe components.

4. 3D Modeling in CAD

4.1 Types of 3D Models

 Wireframe Modeling: Represents a 3D shape using only lines.

 Surface Modeling: Uses curved and planar surfaces.
 Solid Modeling: Fully defines an object with mass properties.

4.2 3D Modeling Techniques

 Extrusion: Extends a 2D shape into 3D.

 Revolution: Rotates a shape around an axis to form a solid.
 Boolean Operations: Combines, subtracts, or intersects objects.

4.3 Rendering and Visualization

 Shading & Texturing: Adds realistic appearance.

 Lighting & Shadows: Enhances depth perception.
5. CAD File Formats

5.1 Common File Formats

 DWG (Drawing): Used in AutoCAD for 2D and 3D drawings.

 DXF (Drawing Exchange Format): Used for data exchange between CAD programs.
 STL (Stereolithography): Used for 3D printing.
 IGES & STEP: Used for exchanging CAD models between different software.

6. CAD in Manufacturing (CAM

Integration)

6.1 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

 CAD designs are used in CAM software to generate instructions for CNC machines.
 Examples: MasterCAM, Fusion 360 CAM.

6.2 CNC Machining

 Converts CAD models into machine toolpaths for manufacturing.

 Used for precision machining, laser cutting, and 3D printing.

7. Future Trends in CAD

7.1 Cloud-Based CAD

 Enables real-time collaboration over the internet.

 Examples: Onshape, Fusion 360.

7.2 AI & Automation in CAD

  AI-powered design suggestions and optimizations.

7.3 Virtual Reality (VR) & Augmented Reality (AR) in

CAD

 Allows immersive interaction with 3D models.

Lecture 2: CAD Software and

User Interface

1. Introduction to CAD Software

CAD software provides tools for creating, editing, and visualizing designs in 2D and
3D. Different CAD software is tailored for various industries such as engineering,
architecture, and product design.

1.1 Categories of CAD Software

CAD software can be classified based on features and applications:

 2D Drafting Software: Focuses on creating flat drawings (e.g., AutoCAD, LibreCAD).

 3D Modeling Software: Allows users to create 3D objects (e.g., SolidWorks, Fusion 360).
 Industry-Specific CAD: Designed for specific sectors, such as Revit for architecture or PTC
Creo for mechanical engineering.

2. Overview of a Typical CAD User

Interface

Most CAD software interfaces include:

 Title Bar: Displays the software name and active file name.
  Menu Bar: Provides access to different functions like File, Edit, View, etc.
 Toolbar/Ribbon: Contains frequently used tools such as drawing, editing, and measurement
tools.
 Workspace/Viewports: The main area where drawings and models are created.
 Command Line (CLI): Allows users to enter text-based commands (common in AutoCAD).
 Status Bar: Shows coordinate positions, grid settings, and snap modes.
 Layer Manager: Helps organize different parts of a drawing.

3. Setting Up a CAD Drawing

3.1 Creating a New Drawing

Steps to start a new CAD drawing:

1. Open the CAD software.

2. Select "New Drawing" or "Start from Template."
3. Set units (millimeters, inches, etc.).
4. Define the drawing limits (workspace size).

3.2 Grid and Snap Settings

 Grid: Helps align objects accurately.

 Snap: Restricts cursor movement to predefined points.

3.3 Layers in CAD

 Layers organize different components of a drawing.

 Example: A building plan may have separate layers for walls, electrical wiring, and plumbing.
 Layers can be assigned colors, line types, and visibility options.

3.4 Line Types and Line Weights

 Continuous Lines: Used for visible edges.

 Dashed Lines: Represent hidden parts of an object.
 Center Lines: Indicate symmetry in mechanical drawings.
 Thick and Thin Lines: Help differentiate objects in a design.
4. Essential CAD Commands and Tools

4.1 Drawing Commands

 Line (LINE): Draws straight lines.

 Circle (CIRCLE): Creates a circular shape.
 Rectangle (RECTANGLE): Draws a rectangle.
 Arc (ARC): Creates a curved line segment.

4.2 Editing Commands

 Trim (TRIM): Cuts unwanted parts of a drawing.

 Extend (EXTEND): Lengthens a line to meet another object.
 Offset (OFFSET): Duplicates a line at a specific distance.
 Mirror (MIRROR): Reflects an object across an axis.
 Rotate (ROTATE): Turns an object around a point.
 Scale (SCALE): Enlarges or shrinks an object.

4.3 Object Snaps (OSNAP)

 Helps in precise placement of objects.

 Examples: Endpoint, Midpoint, Perpendicular, Tangent, Intersection.

4.4 Dimensioning and Annotations

 Linear Dimension (DIMLINEAR): Measures straight-line distances.

 Angular Dimension (DIMANGULAR): Measures angles between lines.
 Radius/Diameter (DIMRADIUS, DIMDIAMETER): Measures circle sizes.
 Text (TEXT): Adds labels or notes to drawings.

5. Saving and Exporting CAD Drawings

5.1 Common File Formats

  DWG: Standard format for CAD drawings.
 DXF: Used for data exchange between different CAD programs.
 PDF: Used to share CAD drawings without editing.
 STL: Used for 3D printing.

5.2 Printing and Plotting

 Layout Setup: Defines paper size and print area.

 Scaling: Ensures correct proportions in printed drawings.
 Line Weight Control: Adjusts line thickness for readability.

Lecture 3: 2D Drawing
Techniques in CAD

1. Introduction to 2D Drawing in CAD

2D drawing is the foundation of CAD design, used in fields like engineering,

architecture, and manufacturing. It involves creating precise technical drawings using
geometric shapes, dimensions, and annotations.

1.1 Importance of 2D CAD Drawings

 Used for blueprints, schematics, and manufacturing instructions.

 Provides accuracy and clarity in technical communication.
 Forms the basis for 3D modeling and simulation.

2. Basic 2D Drawing Commands

2.1 Line-Based Commands

 LINE (L) – Creates a straight-line segment.

  POLYLINE (PL) – Draws connected line segments as one object.
 RECTANGLE (REC) – Draws a four-sided shape with defined width and height.
 SPLINE (SPL) – Creates a smooth, curved line through control points.

2.2 Curve and Arc Commands

 CIRCLE (C) – Draws a circle using center and radius.

 ARC (ARC) – Draws an arc between three points.
 ELLIPSE (ELLIPSE) – Creates an oval shape.

2.3 Modifying Shapes

 TRIM (TRIM) – Removes unwanted portions of objects.

 EXTEND (EXTEND) – Lengthens a line to meet another object.
 OFFSET (OFFSET) – Creates a parallel copy of an object.
 FILLET (FILLET) – Rounds the corners between two lines.
 CHAMFER (CHAMFER) – Creates an angled corner between two lines.

3. Coordinate Systems in CAD

3.1 Absolute and Relative Coordinates

 Absolute Coordinates (X,Y) – Reference from the origin (0,0).

 Relative Coordinates (@X,Y) – Measured from the last point.
 Polar Coordinates (@Distance<Angle) – Uses distance and direction.

3.2 Cartesian vs. Polar Systems

 Cartesian (X, Y) – Uses horizontal and vertical positioning.

 Polar (Distance, Angle) – Defines points based on an angle and radius.

4. Layers, Line Types, and Object

Properties
4.1 Using Layers for Organization

 Creating Layers – Separates components of a drawing (e.g., walls, text, dimensions).

 Layer Properties – Assign colors, line types, and visibility.
 Freezing and Locking Layers – Prevents accidental modifications.

4.2 Line Types and Weights

 Continuous Lines – Represent visible edges.

 Dashed Lines – Show hidden parts of objects.
 Center Lines – Indicate symmetry or reference points.

5. Precision Tools and Snapping Options

5.1 Object Snaps (OSNAP)

 Endpoint – Selects the end of a line or arc.

 Midpoint – Snaps to the middle of a segment.
 Perpendicular – Aligns objects at a 90-degree angle.
 Tangent – Creates a smooth connection between curves.

5.2 Grid and Snap Settings

 Grid Mode (F7) – Displays reference points.

 Snap Mode (F9) – Restricts cursor movement to grid points.
 Ortho Mode (F8) – Constrains movement to horizontal and vertical directions.

6. Dimensioning and Annotation in 2D

CAD

6.1 Types of Dimensions

 Linear Dimension (DIMLINEAR) – Measures straight-line distances.

  Angular Dimension (DIMANGULAR) – Measures angles between lines.
 Radius/Diameter (DIMRADIUS, DIMDIAMETER) – Used for circular objects.

6.2 Adding Text and Labels

 TEXT (TEXT) – Inserts single-line text.

 MTEXT (MTEXT) – Allows multi-line text formatting.
 LEADER (LEADER) – Adds arrows pointing to notes or labels.

7. Practical Application: Creating a

Simple Floor Plan

7.1 Steps to Draw a Basic Floor Plan

1. Set up layers for walls, doors, windows, and annotations.

2. Use LINE, RECTANGLE, and OFFSET commands to draw walls.
3. Add DOORS and WINDOWS using arcs and rectangles.
4. Dimension the floor plan using DIMLINEAR and DIMANGULAR.
5. Label rooms and sections using TEXT or MTEXT.

7.2 Exporting and Printing a 2D Drawing

 Save as DWG, DXF, or PDF for sharing.

 Set print scale and paper size before plotting.

Lecture 3: 2D Drawing
Techniques in CAD
(Theoretical Concepts)
1. Introduction to 2D Drawing in CAD

2D drawing in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is the process of creating technical

and engineering drawings using digital tools. Unlike traditional manual drafting, CAD
provides precision, efficiency, and flexibility in design creation.

1.1 Purpose of 2D CAD Drawings

 Standardization: Ensures uniformity in technical drawings across different industries.

 Accuracy: Reduces human errors associated with manual drafting.
 Modifiability: Allows easy modifications without redrawing entire plans.
 Documentation: Provides clear visual representation of structures, machines, and products.

1.2 Applications of 2D CAD Drawings

 Architectural Plans: Used in building layouts and structural designs.

 Mechanical Engineering Drawings: Provides schematics for machine components.
 Electrical and Circuit Diagrams: Represents electronic connections and power systems.
 Urban Planning: Assists in designing roads, parks, and city layouts.

2. Fundamental Concepts in 2D CAD

Drawing

2.1 Cartesian Coordinate System

The Cartesian coordinate system forms the foundation of CAD drawing, consisting of:

 X-axis: Represents the horizontal direction.

 Y-axis: Represents the vertical direction.
 Origin (0,0): The reference point where X and Y meet.

2.2 Types of Coordinates in CAD

 Absolute Coordinates (X, Y): Referenced from the origin.

 Relative Coordinates (@X, Y): Measured from the last drawn point.
  Polar Coordinates (@Distance<Angle): Defined by distance and direction.

2.3 Geometric Elements in 2D CAD

 Points: The most basic elements used as reference locations.

 Lines: The simplest geometric forms, used for boundaries and divisions.
 Arcs and Circles: Represent curved sections of drawings.
 Polygons: Shapes with multiple sides, such as triangles and rectangles.

3. Layers, Line Types, and Object

Properties in 2D CAD

3.1 Concept of Layers in CAD

Layers function like transparent sheets, helping to organize different components of a

drawing.

 Logical Organization: Each layer represents a specific part (e.g., walls, text, dimensions).
 Visibility Control: Layers can be hidden or shown as needed.
 Color and Line Assignments: Different layers can have unique colors, line styles, and weights.

3.2 Line Types and Their Importance

 Continuous Lines: Used for visible edges and outlines.

 Dashed Lines: Represent hidden or internal features.
 Center Lines: Indicate symmetry and axis of rotation.
 Phantom Lines: Used to show alternate positions of an object.

3.3 Object Properties in CAD

Every entity in a CAD drawing has properties that define its appearance and function:

 Layer Assignment: Determines which layer an object belongs to.

 Line Type and Line Weight: Defines thickness and style of lines.
 Color and Transparency: Used to differentiate objects visually.
 Hatching and Shading: Represents materials and surface textures.
4. Precision Control in 2D CAD Drawings

4.1 Importance of Precision in CAD

Precision ensures that designs are accurate and meet required specifications. Common
precision-related errors include misaligned components, incorrect dimensions, and
overlapping elements.

4.2 Object Snap (OSNAP) and Grid Systems

 Object Snap (OSNAP): Allows precise selection of specific points such as endpoints,
midpoints, and intersections.
 Grid Mode: Provides a reference framework for positioning objects.
 Snap Mode: Restricts cursor movement to predefined intervals.
 Ortho Mode: Ensures movement is restricted to 90-degree angles for straight alignments.

5. Dimensioning and Annotation in 2D

CAD

5.1 Role of Dimensioning in CAD

Dimensioning is the process of adding numerical values to indicate sizes, angles, and
distances. It provides necessary information for manufacturing, construction, and
verification of designs.

5.2 Types of Dimensions in CAD

 Linear Dimensions: Measure straight distances between two points.

 Angular Dimensions: Indicate angles between intersecting lines.
 Radius and Diameter Dimensions: Used for circular and arc elements.
 Ordinate Dimensions: Show coordinate positions of points.
5.3 Annotation and Text in CAD Drawings

Annotations provide additional information about a drawing, including labels, notes,

and symbols. Key aspects of text in CAD include:

 Standardized Font Styles: Ensures readability and professional presentation.

 Scaling of Text: Maintains consistency regardless of zoom level.
 Alignment and Placement: Ensures clarity and avoids overlapping with drawing elements.

6. Theoretical Considerations in 2D CAD

Drawing

6.1 Standardization in CAD Drawing

Standardization ensures consistency and compatibility across different CAD users and
industries.

 ISO (International Organization for Standardization): Establishes universal drawing

conventions.
 ANSI (American National Standards Institute): Defines U.S.-based CAD standards.
 BS (British Standards): Governs engineering drawings in the UK.

6.2 Ethical Considerations in CAD Design

 Intellectual Property: Protecting original CAD designs from unauthorized use.

 Accuracy and Safety: Ensuring that CAD drawings do not compromise product functionality
or safety.
 Sustainability: Designing with environmental considerations in mind.

7. Summary

 2D CAD drawings rely on precise geometric elements, coordinate systems, and layering
structures.
 Standardization in line types, object properties, and dimensions ensures clarity and accuracy.
 Precision tools like Object Snap, Grid, and Ortho Mode enhance control over design
accuracy.
 Ethical considerations play a crucial role in CAD design, including intellectual property and
safety.