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org (ISSN-2078-8460)

[Link] ISSN: 2078-8460 ESTD Year : 2009 Quarterly Issue

WORLDVISION RESEARCH JOURNAL

An International Scholarly Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journal

Mahasthangarh: The Archaeological Treasure

Trove of Bangladesh – From Ruins to Riches,
Preserving the Past for the Future
Md. Matiar Rahman1
Jannatun Naiyem2

Abstract
Mahasthangarh, one of Bangladesh's oldest urban archaeological sites, serves as a testament to the region's
rich historical and cultural heritage. This study investigates the historical significance of Mahasthangarh,
dating back to the 3rd century BCE, and explores the preservation challenges it faces in contemporary times.
Employing a qualititave method approach, the research encompasses oral history, interviews with
stakeholders, and analysis of secondary data, revealing the site's archaeological richness and the multifaceted
cultural exchanges that have occurred over centuries. Despite its significance, Mahasthangarh confronts
numerous threats, including environmental degradation, unregulated urbanization, and inadequate funding
for conservation efforts. The findings underscore the necessity for a collaborative approach to heritage
management, integrating local communities, government entities, and international organizations. The study
concludes with strategic recommendations for sustainable conservation practices, emphasizing the need for
increased public engagement and awareness to ensure the preservation of Mahasthangarh's invaluable legacy
for future generations.
Keywords: Mahasthangarh, archaeological heritage, cultural preservation, Bangladesh, historical
significance, sustainable conservation, urbanization, environmental degradation, cultural exchanges, heritage
management.

1 Introduction
Mahasthangarh, nestled in the heart of Bogura, stands as one of Bangladesh’s most iconic archaeological sites and a
symbol of its rich and diverse history. As the oldest known city in the region, it dates back to at least the 3rd century
BCE, when it served as a thriving urban center under the Maurya Empire (Ahmed, 2008). Over millennia,
Mahasthangarh has witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties, the spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, and has
borne testimony to the cultural, political, and religious transformations of the Bengal region (Chowdhury, 2015;
Rahman, 2017).
Today, Mahasthangarh remains a treasure trove for archaeologists and historians alike, offering valuable insights into
ancient urban planning, architecture, and cultural practices (Hasan, 2020). Excavations have unearthed remnants of
ancient fortifications, religious structures, and inscriptions, providing a glimpse into the daily lives of its former

1
Keeper (C.C), Department of Ethnography and Decorative Arts, Bangladesh National Museum, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Shahbag,
Dhaka-1000, Email: mdmatiarrahman67@ [Link]
2
Assistant Keeper, Department of Ethnography and Decorative Arts, Bangladesh National Museum, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, Shahbag,
Dhaka-1000, Email: jannatunnaiyem10@ [Link]
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inhabitants (Islam, 2019). However, the site’s journey from ruins to riches has not been without challenges. Decades
of erosion, neglect, and environmental factors have threatened its preservation (Rahman & Uddin, 2021).
This article investigates into the historical significance of Mahasthangarh, exploring its role in shaping Bangladesh’s
cultural heritage (Chowdhury, 2015). It also highlights the ongoing preservation efforts aimed at safeguarding this
ancient citadel for future generations, ensuring that the lessons of the past continue to enrich the present and inspire
the future (Ahmed, 2008). Through this case study, we aim to emphasize the importance of archaeological
conservation, particularly in a country as historically rich as Bangladesh, where every artifact and structure tells a
story of a civilization long gone but not forgotten (Hasan, 2020).

2. Problem Statement
Despite its immense historical and cultural significance, Mahasthangarh faces numerous challenges in preserving its
archaeological wealth. Decades of environmental degradation, unregulated urbanization, and insufficient
conservation efforts have put the site at risk of deterioration (Chowdhury, 2016). Erosion, neglect, and illegal
excavations continue to threaten the integrity of this ancient citadel, leading to the gradual loss of valuable artifacts
and structures that are critical for understanding the region's history (Hasan, 2020; Rahman & Uddin, 2021).
Furthermore, while Mahasthangarh has been recognized for its archaeological value, public awareness and
engagement with the site remain limited (Islam, 2019). This lack of local and national attention hampers the
preservation efforts necessary to protect and restore the site for future generations (Ahmed, 2008). Without
immediate and sustained interventions, Mahasthangarh's potential to serve as a cornerstone of Bangladesh’s heritage
and a source of educational and cultural enrichment is in jeopardy (Rahman, 2017). This article explores the urgent
need for improved conservation strategies, increased funding, and community involvement to safeguard
Mahasthangarh’s legacy, transforming it from a state of vulnerability to a preserved treasure of national and global
importance (Chowdhury, 2016).

3. Rationale of the Study

The rationale of this study lies in the urgent need to investigate and preserve Mahasthangarh, one of Bangladesh's
most significant archaeological sites. As a testament to the country's rich historical and cultural legacy,
Mahasthangarh has witnessed centuries of political, religious, and social evolution, reflected in its architecture,
artifacts, and inscriptions. Despite its historical importance, the site faces considerable threats from environmental
degradation, unregulated urbanization, and inadequate conservation measures. This study seeks to bridge the gap
between historical understanding and modern preservation by exploring the site’s past, analyzing current challenges,
and proposing sustainable strategies to protect this invaluable cultural treasure for future generations .

4 Literature Review
4.1 Introduction to Archaeological Studies in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is home to numerous archaeological treasures that reflect the rich history and culture of the region.
Scholars such as Jahan (2016) have noted that the prehistoric archaeology of Bangladesh offers valuable insights into
early human settlements, urbanization, and the cultural evolution of the Bengal region. Among these sites,
Mahasthangarh holds a significant place due to its status as one of the oldest known cities, dating back to the
Mauryan period (3rd century BCE). Early surveys and excavations conducted by Dikshit (1938) highlighted the
historical relevance of Mahasthangarh, establishing its importance in South Asian archaeology.

4.2 Historical Significance of Mahasthangarh

Several studies have explored the historical and cultural importance of Mahasthangarh. Rahman (2000) emphasized
the site's role as a strategic and cultural hub during the ancient and early medieval periods. His research revealed
evidence of fortifications, religious structures, and inscriptions that suggest Mahasthangarh was a thriving urban
center for various dynasties, including the Mauryas, Guptas, and Palas. Excavations have unearthed a wide range of

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artifacts, including terracotta figurines, coins, and pottery, which provide further insight into the site's historical
richness (Hossein & Alam, 2004).
The presence of multiple layers of occupation, spanning centuries, reflects Mahasthangarh’s role in the spread of
Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam in Bengal (Rahman & Siddiq, 2021). This historical layering is crucial for
understanding the social, religious, and political transformations that occurred in the region.

4.3 Challenges in Preservation and Conservation

The literature on heritage preservation in Bangladesh highlights several challenges faced by archaeological sites like
Mahasthangarh. Brammer (1967) and Allison et al. (2003) have noted that environmental factors such as erosion and
sedimentation have severely affected archaeological sites in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, including
Mahasthangarh. In addition, Rahman (2021) points to the threat of illegal excavations and unregulated urban
development as major concerns, with many valuable artifacts being lost or damaged due to negligence and lack of
proper site management.
Buiyan and Darda (2021) argue that heritage tourism, if managed sustainably, could be a valuable tool for preserving
archaeological sites. Their research on tourism’s role in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in
Bangladesh suggests that increased awareness and local engagement with heritage sites like Mahasthangarh could
generate both economic benefits and stronger community-led conservation efforts.

4.4 Archaeological Tourism and Public Engagement

Tourism scholars such as Timothy and Boyd (2006) emphasize that the success of archaeological preservation efforts
often hinges on public engagement and sustainable tourism strategies. Rahman (2021) explored the potential of
Mahasthangarh as a site for archaeological tourism, highlighting both the opportunities and challenges. He argues
that, while Mahasthangarh has the potential to attract international visitors, a lack of infrastructure and public
awareness has limited its appeal. The development of educational programs, guided tours, and conservation-friendly
tourism could help bridge this gap.
Ashworth (2009) and Buckley (2012) further stress the importance of integrating heritage tourism with local
development goals, suggesting that a collaborative approach involving the local community, government, and
heritage professionals could lead to more sustainable conservation outcomes. In this regard, Mahasthangarh could
benefit from the models of heritage tourism applied in other regions of South Asia, as discussed by Sen et al. (2023).

4.5 Sustainable Conservation Strategies

The literature highlights the need for comprehensive conservation strategies that address both environmental and
human-induced threats to archaeological sites. Kontogeorgopoulos et al. (2015) propose that homestay tourism,
where local residents actively participate in tourism management, could be one such strategy for Mahasthangarh.
This would not only foster local stewardship but also ensure that tourism revenue contributes directly to site
maintenance and conservation.
Timothy (2014) and Ap & Crompton (1998) suggest that heritage trails and tourism impact scales can also play a
critical role in enhancing public interaction with archaeological sites. By establishing Mahasthangarh as part of a
broader cultural heritage circuit in Bangladesh, the site could benefit from increased visibility and improved funding
for its preservation.
In summary, the existing body of literature on Mahasthangarh and archaeological preservation in Bangladesh
provides a comprehensive understanding of both the site's historical significance and the challenges it faces. Studies
by Rahman (2000), Hossein & Alam (2004), and Rahman & Siddiq (2021) highlight the archaeological importance
of Mahasthangarh, while works by Brammer (1967) and Allison et al. (2003) underline the environmental threats to
its preservation. The potential for sustainable tourism as a tool for site conservation is supported by scholars like
Buiyan & Darda (2021) and Timothy & Boyd (2006), who stress the need for community involvement and public
engagement in heritage preservation efforts.
Moving forward, a more integrated approach that combines archaeological research, sustainable tourism, and active
community engagement will be crucial in preserving Mahasthangarh’s rich legacy for future generations.

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5 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework for the study is rooted in the integration of historical analysis, cultural heritage
management, and sustainable conservation strategies. At the core of this framework is the understanding of
Mahasthangarh as a historically significant urban center that has evolved through multiple cultural and political
phases (Islam, 2008). The framework draws upon archaeological evidence, inscriptions, and architectural features
that establish the site’s importance across different dynasties, including the Maurya, Gupta, Pala, and Islamic periods
(Nath, 2016; Hossain, 2019). These findings form the historical backdrop that illustrates the richness and depth of the
site’s cultural legacy.
In parallel, the framework emphasizes the preservation challenges faced by Mahasthangarh, exploring the threats
posed by environmental degradation, unregulated urbanization, illegal excavations, and the lack of adequate funding
for conservation efforts (Uddin et al., 2020). These issues are examined through the lens of heritage management and
sustainability, highlighting the urgent need for intervention to protect and preserve the site for future generations.
The interplay between the site’s historical significance and the current preservation challenges provides a structured
approach to exploring both the potential and limitations of existing conservation practices (Chowdhury, 2021).
Finally, the framework incorporates a comparative analysis of successful conservation practices from similar
archaeological sites globally (Smith, 2017). By reviewing best practices, the article aims to develop a set of
actionable recommendations for sustainable conservation strategies, including community involvement, government
and international collaboration, and the promotion of sustainable tourism (Fowler & Smith, 2021). This holistic
approach ensures that Mahasthangarh’s historical legacy is not only preserved but also integrated into the broader
narrative of Bangladesh’s cultural heritage, offering a roadmap for balancing historical preservation with
contemporary development needs.

6 Research Objectives
To investigate the historical significance and preservation challenges of Mahasthangarh, and to propose strategies for
its sustainable conservation as a vital part of Bangladesh’s cultural heritage. . In this regard, two specific objectives
were explored:
1. To analyze the factors contributing to the deterioration of Mahasthangarh and assess the effectiveness of
current preservation efforts.
2. To explore community involvement and sustainable tourism as potential avenues for enhancing the
conservation and promotion of Mahasthangarh.

7 Methodology
The study employed an qualitative-method approach, integrating the historical significance and preservation
challenges of Mahasthangarh. Primary data were gathered through oral history and in-depth interviews with
archaeologists, local government officials, community members, and experts in heritage conservation. Site visits and
direct observations were conducted to evaluate the present condition of the site and identify potential environmental
and structural risks. Secondary data, including historical documents, government reports, and past archaeological
research, were analyzed to contextualize the site's development over time. A comparative review of best practices in
heritage management from analogous archaeological sites was also undertaken to propose sustainable conservation
strategies. The triangulation of data sources ensured the reliability of findings, which were synthesized to provide
practical recommendations for the protection and preservation of Mahasthangarh’s cultural and historical legacy.

8 Discussion and Findings

The investigation into Mahasthangarh revealed several key insights regarding its historical significance and the
challenges it faces in terms of preservation. First, Mahasthangarh was confirmed as one of the oldest urban
settlements in Bangladesh, with substantial archaeological evidence pointing to its role as a cultural and political hub
during the Maurya and subsequent dynasties (Rahman & Siddiq, 2021; Allison et al., 2003). The site's historical
layers, including fortifications, religious structures, and artifacts, showcase the rich cultural exchanges between
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Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic traditions over the centuries (Islam et al., 2017; Bhuiyan & Darda, 2021).
However, the preservation of Mahasthangarh remains precarious due to various challenges. Environmental
degradation, including erosion and flooding, poses a major threat to the structural integrity of the site (Brammer,
1967). Unregulated urbanization and illegal excavations have led to the loss of valuable artifacts and damaged parts
of the ancient fortifications (Rahman, 2021). Furthermore, the study highlighted a lack of sufficient funding and
effective conservation policies, which has limited the scope of preservation efforts (Hossein & Alam, 2004). Public
awareness and engagement with the site are also minimal, further complicating conservation initiatives (Jahan,
2016).
The analysis of successful heritage management practices from similar sites emphasized the need for a collaborative
approach, involving local communities, government bodies, and international heritage organizations (Timothy,
2014). Sustainable tourism, combined with educational initiatives, was identified as a viable strategy to increase
public engagement while ensuring the site's preservation (Buckley, 2012; Janjua et al., 2021). In sum, without
immediate intervention, Mahasthangarh's rich historical legacy is at risk of being lost, but targeted conservation
strategies can safeguard it for future generations. The study on Mahasthangarh revealed several critical aspects of its
historical significance, preservation challenges, and the need for sustainable conservation strategies.

8.1 Historical Significance

a) Ancient Urban Hub: Excavations confirm that Mahasthangarh is one of the oldest urban centers in Bangladesh,
dating back to the 3rd century BCE during the Maurya period. Archaeological findings, including pottery,
inscriptions, and remnants of fortifications, point to its role as a thriving city-state with significant political,
economic, and cultural influence in the Bengal region. Excavations at Mahasthangarh have revealed its status as one
of the oldest urban centers in Bangladesh, with roots dating back to the 3rd century BCE, particularly during the
Maurya period.
▪ Historical Context: The Maurya Empire was a significant political entity in ancient India, known for its
advancements in administration, trade, and culture. Mahasthangarh served as a crucial hub within this vast
empire, likely benefiting from its strategic location along important trade routes.

▪ Archaeological Evidence: Archaeologists have

unearthed a variety of artifacts, including
pottery shards, coins, and tools that reflect the
daily life and economic activities of the
inhabitants. Notably, the pottery styles
discovered at Mahasthangarh indicate trade
connections with other regions, showcasing the
city's economic vibrancy. Picture 1: The essence of the historical context,
archaeological evidence, and urban planning elements of
the site.
▪ Inscriptions and Records: Inscriptions found on stone and metal artifacts provide insights into the
governance, administration, and socio-political structures of the time. These inscriptions often contain edicts
or decrees, which are vital for understanding the legal and social frameworks that governed the city-state.
▪ Fortifications and Urban Planning: The remnants of fortifications surrounding the site reveal advanced
urban planning strategies employed by its inhabitants. The walls and gates of the citadel not only served a
defensive purpose but also indicated the city's organizational capabilities and importance as a political center.
The layout of the site, including the arrangement of residential and public spaces, reflects a sophisticated
understanding of urban development.

b) Cultural Confluence: Mahasthangarh has been a melting pot of diverse religious and cultural influences over the
centuries. Evidence of Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic architectural features illustrates the site’s long-standing cultural
evolution, reflecting the peaceful coexistence of different faiths and traditions throughout its history. Key artifacts
such as statues, religious structures, and inscriptions serve as testament to this rich cultural exchange. Mahasthangarh
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is a testament to the rich tapestry of cultural influences that have shaped its history over centuries.
▪ Religious Diversity: The site exhibits a unique
blend of architectural styles and religious
influences, including Buddhist stupas, Hindu
temples, and Islamic structures. This
architectural diversity highlights the site’s role
as a melting pot where various faiths coexisted
harmoniously.
▪ Buddhist Influence: The presence of stupas
and votive tablets suggests that Mahasthangarh Picture 2: The religious diversity of Mahasthangarh, with a
blend of Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic architectural
elements, representing the cultural and religious influences
was an important center for Buddhist at the site.
practices. Artifacts such as figurines and relics associated with Buddhism provide insights into the religious
life and rituals practiced by its inhabitants.
▪ Hindu and Islamic Architecture: Evidence of Hindu temple structures and Islamic motifs indicate the later
influence of these religions on the site. Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Persian found at the site reveal the
continued importance of Mahasthangarh as a center for cultural and religious activities through different
historical periods.
▪ Cultural Artifacts: Key artifacts, including statues, religious icons, and decorative elements, serve as
tangible evidence of this cultural confluence. These artifacts reflect the artistic styles and technological
advancements of the time, illustrating the exchange of ideas and beliefs among various communities.
c) Archaeological Riches: The site contains numerous relics, including ancient fortifications, temple ruins, and
inscriptions, which offer invaluable insights into early urban planning, defense mechanisms, and religious practices.
These findings provide a crucial window into the past, contributing to our understanding of the historical trajectory
of the Bengal region. The archaeological findings at Mahasthangarh are rich and diverse, providing critical insights
into various aspects of ancient life.
▪ Fortifications and Defensive Structures: The city’s fortifications consist of massive walls, gates, and
bastions that demonstrate sophisticated engineering and military strategy. The construction techniques used in
these fortifications reveal a high level of craftsmanship and an understanding of defensive architecture.
▪ Temple Ruins: The remnants of temples offer
glimpses into the religious practices and
architectural styles of the time. The layout and
design of these structures reflect the religious
significance placed on them by the inhabitants.
▪ Inscriptions and Historical Records: The site
contains numerous inscriptions that document
historical events, religious practices, and daily Pictire 3: The fortifications and defensive structures of an
ancient city, with temple ruins, inscriptions, and evidence
life. of urban planning.

These inscriptions are crucial for reconstructing the sociopolitical context of the time and understanding the
evolution of language and script in the region.
▪ Insights into Urban Planning: The arrangement of residential areas, marketplaces, and public spaces
indicates a well-planned urban environment. Excavations have uncovered evidence of drainage systems, road
networks, and other urban infrastructure, showcasing the ingenuity and adaptability of the city’s inhabitants
in managing their environment.
▪ Contribution to Historical Understanding: The rich assemblage of artifacts and structures at
Mahasthangarh provides a vital window into the past. These findings contribute significantly to the

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understanding of the historical trajectory of the Bengal region, offering insights into the sociopolitical,
economic, and cultural dynamics that have shaped its development over millennia.
In summary, the findings at Mahasthangarh reveal its significance as an ancient urban center, a cultural crossroads,
and a treasure trove of archaeological riches. These insights are crucial for understanding the broader historical
narrative of Bangladesh and the Indian subcontinent, emphasizing the need for effective preservation efforts to
protect this invaluable heritage site for future generations.

9. Preservation Challenges
9.1 Environmental Threats: One of the primary challenges facing Mahasthangarh is environmental degradation.
Erosion, flooding from the nearby Karatoya River, and seasonal weather fluctuations are progressively damaging the
ancient structures, causing the slow but steady loss of key archaeological features. In some areas, large portions of
the ancient fortifications have already eroded, and there is little intervention in place to mitigate these natural threats.
9.2 Urbanization and Illegal Excavation: Uncontrolled urban expansion and human encroachment in areas
surrounding the site are placing additional pressure on Mahasthangarh’s preservation. Local infrastructure
development, such as road construction, and illegal digging by treasure hunters have caused irreparable damage to
some parts of the site, particularly in areas that have not been officially excavated or protected.
9.3 Lack of Effective Conservation Policies: The study revealed gaps in conservation efforts, largely due to
insufficient funding and inadequate policy enforcement. While Mahasthangarh is officially recognized as a heritage
site, governmental and institutional efforts to protect it remain under-resourced and sporadic. Restoration projects
have been undertaken in the past, but these initiatives have lacked long-term vision and consistent implementation.
9.4 Limited Public Awareness: Another critical issue is the lack of public awareness and engagement with
Mahasthangarh. The local community and national audience, while aware of the site’s existence, are not fully
engaged in its preservation. Tourism activities are minimal, and local businesses have not been incentivized to
capitalize on the potential of sustainable heritage tourism. This lack of public interest further complicates efforts to
generate funds for conservation.

10. Recommendations for Sustainable Conservation

10.1 Integrated Conservation Strategy: The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach is needed for the
sustainable preservation of Mahasthangarh. This includes reinforcing existing structures to prevent further damage,
developing disaster management protocols to protect against erosion and flooding, and establishing a long-term
conservation plan that prioritizes both physical restoration and digital documentation of the site’s key features.
10.2 Community Engagement and Education: A key element for the site's preservation is the active involvement
of local communities. Educational programs can be launched to raise awareness about the importance of
Mahasthangarh, not only as a local heritage but as a site of national pride. Encouraging the community to participate
in preservation efforts will foster a sense of ownership, helping to combat issues like illegal excavation and neglect.
10.3 Sustainable Tourism Development: Tourism can play a crucial role in raising awareness and generating
revenue for the conservation of Mahasthangarh. The development of sustainable tourism infrastructure, such as
visitor centers, guided tours, and cultural festivals, could help to promote the site while ensuring that tourism
activities do not compromise its integrity. Lessons can be drawn from successful heritage sites in other parts of the
world to create a balanced tourism model.
10.4 Increased Funding and Government Support: Lastly, the findings underscore the need for more robust
government involvement. Securing both national and international funding for Mahasthangarh’s preservation is
essential. This can be achieved through partnerships with international heritage organizations like UNESCO, as well
as the development of public-private partnerships aimed at funding restoration projects and enhancing visitor
facilities.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that while Mahasthangarh holds immense historical value, the site is at a critical
juncture where coordinated preservation efforts are urgently needed to safeguard it for future generations. Without
such interventions, the site risks falling into further disrepair, losing both its physical structures and the historical
knowledge it holds.

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11 Conclusion
In conclusion, Mahasthangarh stands as a vital emblem of Bangladesh's rich historical narrative, reflecting the
complexities of its ancient urbanization and the cultural intermingling that has shaped the region over millennia. The
archaeological findings confirm Mahasthangarh's significance as one of the oldest urban centers in Bangladesh,
showcasing its role as a cultural and political hub. However, the preservation of this invaluable site is threatened by
numerous challenges, including environmental degradation, urban encroachment, and inadequate conservation
efforts.
Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach that not only prioritizes immediate preservation measures
but also fosters long-term sustainable practices. The integration of local communities, government support, and
international collaboration is crucial in crafting effective conservation strategies. Furthermore, enhancing public
awareness and engagement with Mahasthangarh can foster a collective sense of ownership and responsibility toward
this archaeological treasure.
The study looks toward the future, it is imperative that stakeholders unite to implement the proposed strategies,
ensuring that Mahasthangarh is preserved not only as a relic of the past but also as a living part of Bangladesh's
cultural heritage. By safeguarding Mahasthangarh, we can secure its legacy for future generations, enriching the
collective understanding of our shared human history and cultural identity.

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Acknowledgement:
1) Thankful to the people of Mahasthangarh village, Mahasthangarh and
2) Grateful to Bangladesh National Museum, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000

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