LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUEL
Liquid Fuels
Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be
harnessed to create mechanical energy. Machines for transportation such
as automobiles, airplanes and ships typically use liquid fuels as source of
energy due to its versatility in handling.
www.tendersontime.com/blogdetails/supply-
liquid-fuels-8861/
www.slideshare.net/anmolpant3/combustion-
and-flame-35247728
Types Liquid Fuels
1. Petroleum Products
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
https://www.britannica.com/science/paraffin-hydrocarbon
2. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
CNG
LPG
www.ihrdc.com/els/po-demo/module01/mod_001_02.htm
3. Bio-diesel
C11H 22O2
C12H 26
Space-filling model of methyl linoleate, or
linoleic acid methyl ester, a common methyl
ester produced from soybean or canola oil and http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/soluti
methanol ons1/chemistry/organic/diesels.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel
4. Alcohols
https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Alcohol.htm
Properties of Liquid Fuels
1. Specific Gravity
141.5
0
API = 0
− 131.5
60
S.G.@ 0
60
140
0
BAUME = 0
− 130
60
S.G.@ 0
60
2. Contraction Coefficient
𝜌@ 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 = 𝜌@600 𝐹 1 − 0.0004 𝑡 − 600 𝐹
𝜌@ 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 = 𝜌@15.60 𝐶 1 − 0.0007 𝑡 − 15.60 𝐶
3. Calorific Value
HHV = 18,440 + 40 (0 API - 10) BTU/lb for kerosene
HHV = 18,650 + 40 (0 API – 10) BTU/lb for gas fuels, oil or distillate light oils
Faragher Marrel & Essax Equation:
HHV = 17,645 + 54 (0 API ) BTU/lb for heavy cracked fuel oil.
Naval Boiler Laboratory Formula:
HHV = 18,250 + 40 (0 Be – 10) BTU/lb for all petroleum products.
Bureau of Standard
HHV = 22,230 – 3,780 (S.G.)2 BTU/lb
4. Viscosity – the measure of the resistance of oil to flow. Oils can be
separated into multi-grade oils and mono-grade oils. Multi-grade oils
must fulfill two viscosity specifications, their viscosity grade consists of
two numbers.
Example SAE10W-40 - 10W refers to the low-temperature viscosity ("Winter"), 40 refers to the high-
temperature viscosity ("Summer").
www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/30197/choose-engine-oil
5. Flash Point – the maximum temperature of which an oil emit vapor that
will ignite.
6. Fire point – the temperature at which oil burns.
www.quora.com/What-is-the-flash-and-fire-point-of-petrol
7. The pour point of a liquid is the temperature below which the liquid loses
its flow characteristics.
Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
(ASTM D97). The specimen is cooled inside a cooling
bath to allow the formation of paraffin wax crystals.
At 9 °C above the expected pour point, and for every
subsequent 3 °C, the test jar is removed and tilted to
check for surface movement. When the specimen
does not flow when tilted, the jar is held horizontally
for 5 sec. If it does not flow, 3 °C is added to the
corresponding temperature and the result is the
pour point temperature.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_point)
www.researchgate.net/figure/Pour-point-test-
apparatus_fig2_270902444
8. Ignition Quality – the ability of a fuel to ignite spontaneously. For gasoline
it is expressed by octane number and that of diesel by cetane number.
The ignition quality of diesel fuel is linked to the ignition delay time, the time between the start of
injection and the start of combustion. Fuels of high ignition quality are characterized by short ignition
delay while fuels of poor ignition quality produce long ignition delay.
The three methods that can be used to determine the ignition quality are Cetane Number, Ignition Delay
and Cetane Index.
(www.petropedia.com/definition/6855/ignition-quality)
Gaseous Fuels
Gaseous fuels are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane or propane)
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof. They are used as
source heat energy or light energy that can be readily transmitted and
distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of
consumption.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_gas#/media
Types Gaseous Fuels
1. Coal gas or Producer gas is produced when coal is heated strongly in the
absence of air. Coal gas contains a variety of calorific gases including
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene and volatile hydrocarbons
www.google.com/search?q=coal+gas
2. Water gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen produced
from synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is a useful product, but requires careful
handling due to its flammability and the risk of carbon monoxide
poisoning.
Soria et.al. (2015) www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236115007267
3. Syngas or synthesis gas is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of
hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide. The name
comes from its use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG).
www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=377
4. Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw
materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material,
sewage, green waste or food waste.
www.slideshare.net/haseebmuhsin/gaseous-fuels
5. Acetylene (ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula C2H2. It is
a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as
a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus
is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial
grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities.
Properties of Gaseous Fuels
Density
Higher Heating Value (HHV) Lower Heating Value (LHV)
Fuel
@0°C/32°F, 1 bar (Gross Calorific Value - GCV) (Net Calorific Value - NCV)
Gaseous fuels [kg/m3] [g/ft3] [MJ/kg] [Btu/lb] [MJ/m3] [Btu/ft3] [MJ/kg] [Btu/lb] [MJ/m3] [Btu/ft3]
Acetylene 1.097 31.1 49.9 21453 54.7 1468
Ammonia 22.5 9690
Hydrogen 0.090 2.55 141.7 60920 12.7 341 120.0 51591 10.8 290
Methane 0.716 20.3 55.5 23874 39.8 1069 50.0 21496 35.8 964
Natural gas (US
0.777 22.0 52.2 22446 40.6 1090 47.1 20262 36.6 983
marked)*
Town gas 18.0 483
www.engineeringtoolbox.com/fuels-higher-calorific-values-d_169.html
