SHREY INSTITUTE OF NURSING AND ALLIED SCIENCES

AHEMDABAD

TOPIC- WATER PURIFICATION METHOD

SUB - NURSING EDUCATION

SUBMITTED TO,
Prof.Rinu Mathew
Principal
SINAS, Ahmedabad

SUBMITTED BY,
Ms.Jalpa K. Vara
First year M.sc nursing.
Shrey institute of nursing
And Allied Sciences.

Submission Date- 16/10/2023

LESSON PLAN
NAME OF THE STUDENS: - ms.jalpa k. vara

SUBJECT: - nursing education

TOPIC: - Water Purification Method

DATE: -

TIME: -9 am

VENUE: -3rd year B.Sc (N) Classroom .

METHOD OF TEACHING: - Class Room Teaching

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS: - Power point presentation, Black

SR SPECIFIC DURATION CONTENT A.V.A T.L.ACTIVITY EVALUTION
NO. OBJECTIVE IDS
1. Introduction of 5 min WATER PURIFICATION PPT Lecture cum What is the water
water purification. discussion purification?
 Water is a clear liquid that has no
colour, smell and forms in rivers, lakes,
sea etc.
 Water purification is the process of
removing undesirable chemicals,
biological contaminants, suspended
solids and gases from contaminated
water.
 There are wide variety of methods of
water purification.
 Pure uncontaminated water does not
occur in nature.
 It contains impurities of various kinds.
 They are natural impurities and
manmade or acquired impurities.
 In 1947 parliament passed the water act
which aims on prevention and control
of pollution.
 This act is comprehensive piece of
legislation.
 It provides for the constitution of
central and state water board and joint
waterboards endowed with wide powers
of controlling pollution.
 Water purification – purification of
water is done on small scale and large
scale
1.small scale
2.large scale
2. Describe small 5 min SMALL SCALE PURIFICATION PPT lecture cum Explain small
discussion
scale purification METHODS scale purification
methods.  Small scale purification is done by 2 methods.
methods they are physical methods and
chemical methods

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
METHODS METHODS
 Boiling  Ketadi
 Distillati ne
on  KMNO
 Ozone 4
 u.v. rays  Bleachi
ng powder
 Iodine
chlorination
3. Types of small 15 min Types of small scale purification PPT Lecture cum Explain Types of
methods discussion
scale purification small scale
Physical methods of water purification
methods. • 1. Boiling purification
Boiling water for 5-10 minutes kills all
methods.
bacteria, spores cysts and intestinal
parasites.
If temporary hard water is boiled it
becomes soft.
The boiled water should be stored in a
clean container which is covered with and
to protect it from getting contaminated. It
is even better to boil water in the same
container in which it has to be stored.
Boiling is a satisfactory method of
 purifying water for house hold purposes
The taste of water is altered.

• 2. Distillation
The water should be free from suspended
impurities. So, it should be subjected to
chemical purification initially. Then the
water is passed through the fine holes at
bottom of a receptacle and air is passed
through the divided stream. This process is
done in chemical laboratories, in ships etc.
• 3. Ozone
In this method ozonised air is brought into
contact with water in quantities 1-3 to
purify 1 litter of water. Ozone is very
strong disinfectant. The oxidizing
properties of iron, manganese, sulfur and
help eliminate taste and odour problem.
4. Ultra violet rays
U.V rays can disinfect water. A mercury
vapour quarts lamp held in current clear
water would generate sufficient u’s. rays to
disinfect water.
Chemical methods of water purification

• Bleaching powder is used as chemical

disinfectant. 1 mg of bleaching powder/
1000 liters of water.
• Chlorine solution is prepared from
bleaching powder
• Highest hypochloride
• Chlorine tablet – a single 0.5 gram
tablet disinfects 20 liters of water.
 • Iodine – it is may be used for
emergency disinfection of water 2 drops
of 2% ethanol solution.
• Potassium permanganate – it alter the
colour, smell and taste of water.
4. Describe Large 05 min Large scale purification PPT Lecture cum Explain the large
• The components of a typical water discussion scale purification
scale purification
purification system comprise one or methods
methods.
more following measures – storage,
filtration, disinfection
• Storage –physical
- Chemical
- Biological
 Filtration – slow sand or biological
filter
- Rapid sand or mechanical
filter
 Disinfection of well, tube wells, tanks
and swimming pools

5. Types of large 15 min Types of large scale purification PPT Lecture cum Explain the types
methods discussion of large scale
scale purification
purification
methods. 1.Storage methods
• Storage –physical – by the storage the
quantity of water improves, 90% of
suspended impurities to settle down
 with in 24 hours by gravity. The water
becomes clear.
- Chemical – certain chemical
changestake place during
storage. The aerobic bacteria
oxidize the organic matter
present in the water with the
aid of dissolved oxygen.
- Biological – A tremendous
drop takes place in bacterial
count during storage.
2.Filtration – slow sand or biological filter
- Rapid sand or mechanical
filter
FILTRATION
• It is an important purification system as
a it provides 98-99% purification.
 There are 2 types of sand filtration slow
sand or biological filter
- Rapid sand or mechanical
filter
I. SLOW SAND FILTRATION

In slow sand filters water is first stored

in storage and settlement tanks. By this
storage natural purification of water
takes place. The entire purities settle
down through gravitational force.
There are 4 layers in the slow sand
filtration
1. Supernatant (raw) water
 2. Sand bed
3. Under drainage system
4. Filter controls
Supernatant (raw) water
• Depth – 1.5m
• Provides constant head of water to
promote downward flow of water.
• Waiting period of 3-12 hours which
helps to undergo purification by
sedimentation and oxidation.
Sand bed
• Thickness – 1m
• Sand grain diameter – 0.3 mm
• It consists - Sand, fine granules , course
granule,
• Supported by layer of graded gravel
• Rate of filtration – 0.1-0.4m/hour/per
square meter of sand bed surface.
• It is a vital layer because surface of
filter get covered with a slimy growth
known as vital / biological layer.
• Extends – 3 cm into the top portion of
sand bed.
• Heart of sand filtration – filtered water
can be used only after formation of vital
layer
• Removes organic matter & oxidizes
ammoniacal nitrogen into nitrates.
Under drainage system
Perforated pipes which provides an outlet for
filtered water & supporting the filter from
below.
Filter controls
• Equipped with valves & devices, to
maintain a constant rate of filtration.
• Venturi meter – measure sand bed
resistance/loss of head. (when exceeds
1.3 m it is uneconomical to run the
filter)

FILTER CLEANING
• Supernatant water is cleaned off
• Sand bed is cleaned by scrapping off the
top portion to the depth of 2 cm
• After 20-30 scrapping plant is closed
down & new bed is constructed.
ADVANTAGES
• Simple & cheap to construct.
• Physical, chemical, biological quality of
filtered water is very high.

II. RAPID SAND FILTRATION

Rapid sand filters are of 2 types, they are-

gravity type
Pressure type
 Steps
1. Coagulation
2. Rapid mixing
3. Flocculation
4. Sedimentation
5. Filtration
1. Coagulation – raw water treated with
alum. 5mg/liter
 2. Rapid mixing – violent agitation in a
mixing chamber.
3. Flocculation – slow & gentle stirring of
treated water in flocculation chamber
for 30 min.result in formation of thick,
copious , white flocculent precipitate of
aluminum hydroxide.
4. Sedimentation – It take 6 hours time.
Flocculent precipitate along with
impurities & bacteria, settles down.
5. Filtration – partly clarified water is now
subjected to rapid sand filtration.
Filter bed – alum floc, sand, gravel,
perforated pipes.
Alum floc not removed by sedimentation is
held back on the sand bed & forms a slimy
layer which absorbs bacteria.

Rate of filtration - when the loss of head

approaches 7-8 feet filtration is stopped &
filters are subjected to backwashing.

Filter cleaning- reversing the flow of water ,

sometimes air is used.

Advantages
• Occupy less space.
• Filtration is rapid.
• Washing is easy.
CHLORINE
o Chlorine is used for purification of
water. The filtered drinking water
should be treated with chlorine before
 drinking.
o Chlorine kills bacteria,minerals, reduce
bad odour.
o Chlorine will be in the form of chlorine
gas, bleaching powder.
o Ortho toludine test is carried out to
determine the adequacy of chlorination
in water. The water to be tested in test
tube. It is treated with 2-3 drops of
toludine. The appearance of red
colourindicates excess chlorination.

DISINFECTION OF WELL, TUBE WELLS,

TANKS AND SWIMMING POOLS
Disinfection means destroying pathogenic
organisms by using specific agent e.g,
bleaching powder.
• Special attention is given in the process
of disinfection mainly for swimming
pool due to certain health hazards like
• eye , ear, nose, throat infection
• respiratory tract infection
• intestinal infection
• fungal infection
preventive measures
• rules and regulation for personal
hygiene are formed.
• Everyday 15% of water is replaced.
• Chlorination and maintenance of
residual chlorine 1 ppm is advocated.