peveloped 40 cackess. the. limitations Se. ypyy Porsicuiomy the adkdyess _ exhaustion . issue. ~AN Pv addvess is Q 108 -BIt NUMbeY, provigg Ta NaStly jorge addtess space (almost in einitd. ~> PVG addvesses he tYPICAHy WNT TTEN rn hexadecimal Rotakian, consisting of — eight groups Of fouy igits, “sepovoked ‘by colons ? Fev hexadlecimoy “ (2@-%, doot :Odbe + ¢$a3 7000020000 2 Gare :O3FO: F324),he Si lia Hite, | tf we: ~~~ eh t- \Pv6- allows divect End - to-e exis > unike jeu, ae oka: cB Oa Yequiyin Gaal TAFOT: py corm@nuricoei A | addresses: { > pve naevely supparts (Prec enctypton, ‘enproving dard Becky and Qurhen Ls Ouki9 f ppevices can AUROMARICAN — COMFIGUPL IPB cer, jess, Aasvess BukO Con fighekion (SLA Ac) Sint using state! a Sate r 4 e used in nekusor king 1) Speurnesting (so e@chniqu' 40 divide @ lage IP network manageaeie SubnetS. sci = improve Network, eFFcieNcy , SecuYitY, on gy nko smaiey. Move | > Fe. bees Scatabiney. ie 5 thy Subnet 7 +E Ferien’ IP UBT ZOR - Improved Secuvity Segments: ‘diereent ht Prevents’ “wastage. of IP ariye, PAR MEny oy usexs + Better Network Management HReduces: SETEPES ong Improves pevformonce: Qise vl ees a. sicg of Susttching (vian’, sTReRSTHMSTP” Stack Bo: F ga tvian ; STRRSTRAMSTE cKiNg ae vss) + . = VLANs (viv tO. Locat Areo_Ne tor k) ang —> Segments a network Jogicalty wotthin. o suoitch, | ouowirg \aiFrevent’ depiyiment® oF device groups |) £0. Communicate Independently ~ whije ‘Shading’ she Sdie., physcdl” infrastyec tave “eis Tmagine a ivge INizakion woh aie i, i 7Ftevent departments (eg, sores, engineeving). rans gegregake these coud departments ont sepoviatepreasicase .domaidS, Preventing ones ino ci communicakion between them ganerits! amproved Secu ity; simp ingy commuti cai riotynve dt. byoa deast Yah LIC. | ot (% s wng Tree proteco sip | GR] spanning | A > Sponamg Tree protocol, and its improved Versions, ove vequived mainly for two. Yeasong= >To Prevent Network loops (due to Muitipie Poths *o the Same des tiNQkon) G 0 ntveduce eaundanty in ane NK | CONE EtioNS (it one- Tex fais, the dok& is: SUI Youted = through aA afferent nx Jroute). ms pNekwork loops. Sometimes happen ctecraen gaily. especialy 19 \orge networksyuohen there ane two Mor move Paths +9 the Same. destination ps0, STP 1S. sed $0 Tdentify. he -best. eas +o the Bestivakion, tand block AN otheY ‘Paths (uoxs). The biocked HAKS dsie nok “arvoiys discanded- —> Trey one connected ard Kept mmackve. by STF $0° thak, shEN tHe best polth fails — the. mere tosst’ Path Cah be -achieved by opetivaing je lol ocKed links. : RSTP (Rapid ‘spannitg Tee” PACS COI) - -> The QboVe processes ase Cammon to sar/ RSTP G@ msTP. - sais . is ~7 With “STP, then detec HOA ana” Yecon frgurration oF Network, Lopolegy changes (when aeeasier se Cut/mew switch 18 Odded) takes some time ike Bo'-So Seergince, a tok oF CyPEtad | pe Sen SSH VERY apercakeonS ame Yanning on od “Any net be acceptable LAN, this Anat hve pet ade Spanning" Tree proteco! (este) us Pay SO. foktere 40 Nevcome this Probiern (gste gag See 40> UPdOKE OR Ye - configuy Lopoigy Jrou xes), takes the new nekwor st 4 W : *oco1) 7 MSTP(MuItiPle Spanning Tree __ pyo 1) (SMTP con mop’ “a “gNOUP OF VLANS “Theo. & Sin; | munviple spanning “Trea! instance (ms TI) 2) _>The spanning Tyee protoca 4g apPled Sepavetely, For a set Of VLANS: (an (4g) ansxead OF he entive network» > piprerent, Yoot Switcher “and :STP Parameter, COS BRM conn gave d - ForBack MST) x => one fink can ‘be cactive FOY “ONG”: MSTI, Chile another Hk iS “active for a different MST) erabiing Some load. balancing. = Switch skacKing = A Susrtch Stacking 7s & methdd. OF bikaing multiple. Switches So that they can ack as a, Single, switch: THiS methéd is applicabie on Access. jayey swiEches ~>actuaiy , there ote three types 7% OF © Suni tches in a LAN Theme ane: (1) Cove Se @)DistyT buted yayey A (2) Access layer switchLie 4) Access layer Switches 2 Susitche s which “ane crnnected 49 Ye end user devices: () Distr! BUNON foyer seer Switch which mes oN PEonnects afPaccess yw oey and SustkeheS. They aistyibuie Network pyaArric yer Switches. layer Switthes, Trey noe core FYOM. Core €O access thon access yey gener more — poweyruil Susitehe S. <8 x @dove Switches * " jrese OVE NEY mose “GIES a, Law iN la LAN. An the LAN netoerk “garere | drdes’ suntch through _ €dge Youtey.- ang rire comes eA ay aronsfers the . Yafsic- oto drstyr ¥ drstyipution iayey Bortches. Drs tvibuikon ACCESS layer : : raver Star beng, Ad vsey devices Vs (Vixeuot. suncering System) * 5 >A NSS combines’ a Y PATY OF: sear tches = INtO a single networks element: Here's what the “means in simple iewms . : ev % sone Brain: * e Brain: INstead of manoiging two! secreches you thanoge them of'one Single unre.z nal jong, between +4). * «the Connection t t * Faster pipes: j UI suxtches rowing FY et one NBR the physical Sear tehe, pecomes very “IE, Pipe much fasbey > dato gf tot + Prwoys ont i “Ac other One Seamiessiy 4. mem ashe other ae Was a problem, . so your network Keeph TUNDING Smo over, ' without IntevrUp Hon ses OF 1 akic , CIGRP, OSPF, Bor). Basics 0} Routing [Static , i an): > Process ef ‘dehvesting a Msg o.cross ene er. thor, pds by CHOOSING _ she HOSE“ apPYOPYAKS | Poth: E-Gitelephons nfo 4 © vejectronic doko. fur (mtenmet), A> IN NekworkKing, every Youter Maintains a Toutes May 1 YoOUAING tage cohIGh ser WNASTMRELETON cxksut ae tenn.” Stakic Pouking eae pire STE Wwones manually contiguymg Youdting shtvre, Sn a weuter's -yourmng teble * ve 5 HRy sean > De not ¢ Range | AULOMAKICAN ste Pecomes Complex and ““Mmanagerte FeV large Tey nekusovks i PIF & Skalic voute's Path follS | wwotsre DU, be k SS \ x + 3 > ee ince wmiess ck EARKUR ASE “Youre is Conéigured Dynamic Routing | oe 2 tial il PehaBIe UREN to automobicay gio Siscovey nett ih fonth Gibioh «Sa each | Aepateay and © Shoste Young othe. DWH allows youters 46 SeUMRG tates dynamically changes. Und ST Dyndumic — *ie MEEXIOY Gakewoy @ a iw enbences 2 ov Gakeway Routing “protocs) (Ermep) ->Eia@rp is an oovonced WigkoAnce vector yout ing protocol deveinPed by Cisco ~> Besigned +0 provide faster COMVENGENCE, scajabi lity ound ef FICIENCY IM YoUting nekusotke. @osPF (open Shortest Poth ivsk) : DTt is & link-stake ‘routing protocol, uses Shortest path fivskspr)aigon thm 49 determine fhe bet Youteg + i > Quictiy AdaPES fo network changes = 5 G2 BaP(gorder Gaktway protocel) : D Tr is Path Vector Routing . protoco} DHandies large - score, networks. effi crenty, > Eanobles efficient IP oda ¥e SF eanecakion & aggregation BAP is classifred Inte 2 tyPey! + CRAP Cxkermol BAP)! Used “fen outing" blus Afferent — AUtONamMesy systems: +B@P (TAtEMar Beip) LSEd oy yoUINg’. LOFEIN “he Same autonomovs” system, Security Access List(Standand and Extendeg)/ ACcess_CoNtral” List (Act) —AcL is A set of vures defined for contvotting Network t%o FIC ond. Yeducing wetqorx attacks. ~>acs oe Used to Filter toefic. based of “Yules defined foy the the MeLwork. ON the set WMeoming ov, autgorng” oF >the packers ame Mmakched only untit sé makehes the, NYO. Onee. is makered” then no Further PACE Ord thot Vue Coit be & ye COMPO Sion LaKes Petfovm dd: ’types. of SACL: ae a seonsens access USt ¢ 1 > TRese ane Made god ing ier IP, dildbve's sea ACLS pemm& or? a, He eR BrOte, ihe sen) gue ourte* : ie: > 64 Using HUMES [IGFs OF EAN, us a | understand tH aS O Standard ACL / 1 i) oat | @ extended Access as Lise: peskinalion port: skeud te “aijewed “ov hese use Yonge _ mae L(Di8 Alot, prvake FP adaiese Ose HoRsictked to the Public IP adigvess, aera eAT's I | DNAT USES Tey odaTess ‘cons deved Supevser- | os owe ms Ayes *Stakic en : PAT [BT “ve loasin g J FP masqueraiing 4 ny aoe et > FY “AHEdE, we CAR aso Tent eH GAS rege sSuges Source TP, DestinakioN” IP, SE, ton corich TP toy, denied "688 = 2649. = at - | eteare. Addieds Transition (val) Us ee & Aadyess ” enrendy (eat) (dt pat peveke re address ay ms GOLPRT Ake ete NAT. 3 D PAT aise USES TPL aueres be OL mnt, foie metiber [3 alto hove, y ed * StabeRFE easics OY a RE = Frequency (Ris AMATTSREY PS oO Popetermetelt “a Aatiapattee See ms AHP RE(Radio Frequency) siqnart “Ane ere be oenage:t * yo waves USER 46 Hranemit data wirelessly Tey. WHOUS Fraguencies: Frequency RAMge- RE Signais operHke boo BkH_ tO soo Gite SRF Signais «travel ¥Aveugh GF Fevent “mediums SACIAAING: AU) causes, AN WOAVEGUIG EPG | + DEVICes Use antennas . to -LYOnsrnit “CRG Yereuve RE Signais epsrcrentiy , _ Bon. Wo b., 9. n 90) ee ae differen + Aechnolesy | cach Speed Nange , and . efficiency, SARE BEN Seas” Berne JenevakioNs of UW SER PYSYING, WHF standaxtds ¢ Stan dart... | esquerianttia $69.10" Sau Les intevtace. sifgie | chotven Vere) Bod. - 1 ‘i . ay (Ve De ay I Mbes FAG undely S02 . Od Ped. wi-Er ‘ Stondond Bo2-ng 24 at, i Su. foe é Back ward” ses al Compa Me Sth . SL FA © Foon Le & SGPy | 600 MEPS. lenevoctuced MM (mentee antec) $9 voc S ara 1 @ves+ SUPPotts RUE MI by Wghen_ speeds| Yaivetess | Audhentica kod ond Beerypon meade | : (WPA, wPAa we) sha ee MERE enictuPes WFO they boapqe ceractot “FOF emcee” i se 8 en prabeos “wupn, WIPAZ, Ord WPAZ of 64, jeverd GR Sacer tye n> wiveless * mueiner Laie M@kUDCEKS Wick seme ETSY | ca wR (itT-Fe protectes a pesca as an japrevement ovat tal pig equivarent Privac puss TKIP( Temporal Key TnkediT’ 7 protecsi) fay Sw cess) 2 enctyption- ® e | “yas eae or Uler. mM Wese ! Doses nes(advonced chexypioy ‘peareiaotd) for Strong enery pron. E => SEN usiddly Used but “gosce pede | 40> BHEHE= force AKEQCKS® Soe ee toa t " 3 ee ~Slerest “arg “most We “py eneryprion -Seondonel, neroauces” SHE WRUARESS BUIKEN Heakion OF eyoi Clove! cConmectivity *YPRs(Gxeeress Yo t So (eee = = : Cloud Interconnect) — Laken connecting Sn -prerniseg . infrastwucture to Cloud” envivenments., thete axe. Severely. types: of J ‘eenneee SREY options, avaiable: : clou avespacdees Pl SNORE ‘Azure - peviaen were ection bles > PY Com lus yOuN. ON - PYEMISe nerwork Ones, MRVeSelt -ARUYES daken: cont iis Sgr soo ,wee ayer Lp oF Fexs Kigh®Y eum He pete ya > ByPASse Ss the Publ aleinee fae! Bae reets rey, Se8ed, ONG ar” = ee oe Q owect connect (aws) : 7 % a Lb prerdut i tated KWOK GANNEGEION — 40m, >A deditated ne « vet Premises 'O AUS. => pravides a more consistent RELWOTK experecre anwinternet -based caRAeEESAS. Clg “Erterconne cted (Googie @) Cloud SP ae Ly ), whe ode connect ty options 45 WAR Gor >A sute of ReEWaK eth "AGEgIE” cea - ease. Hpeigh ovailerbi tty ond. Joe. jakency. -> scayanie bandeotdth(UP to 60 Gbps), aS Weest cecicated shterconnect = OfSEE™ BRjsrcat RS aiee ESAS | . ko eS SNEEODONIE Seon oT Tpaveney Enterconnect = conreciti tia, Semysupported Some oye Provider, ise a Physical Media Types 8 Biers a — ae der - “Physica media vere +0. ath used: to. Wansmit clara’ Signéig in oetnomn: Rese makevials form the chysical yer (Layer sy Sr ke cage ‘a ost mode! ond ane xespongibie for eax ryi ight, ov Yous Signais (between “devices. Bvses | W Wwieed Pai cavies | - “CaRSe cok6, cokba, cokt : i Dused for ethernet networking: | “i et D Shielded oF Unshieided twisted pais” ia ants laa3 seax speed | + cakSen-UP% 1 ApPs eile rupte 6 oh TRE clisteances) cdasgorféats - Abbey thrown, SEPPNES tog : our longer chstances, onnectors | oe + RTS * a connectoy fo Ethernet cobles. | uy srandan : a whe coke [6/4 cobles -3>F PINS, vSEd ow + Rat ‘ i Demaner, oF & pins: . Sosea for xere prone \ines, not Ethesnet- Fiber optic Media $ | uptypes cp fibers: — ‘ + Single “Motes Fibs (emiey:: Dtong distance EAsMIssieh -S Uses G jay TASer light sseurce > coco acionmeret te « aiti=Modey FiteY (Mme): > shorter distances a> uses LED fight sctfee hem Se ‘ @ Transé@ivers ¢ * SS + SEPH(Small Fo¥M - Factor pluggedie oe shee ~YSLPPOVAS 10 GbPS. Exhernet ond Ete erence used inh susvtchesS YouteyS ONd wics, (I Connectors ! rT TRO i Loy he at i ‘ @ + Le (Lucent Connector) : a : common 70 msdery. Hey networks => Smaiy form factor, fsie a + SC(Subseribey Connector) > Lager, pusth= PUN design used “A order OF enie dein cabs Be m sST(Straight TP)? ne a epoften VSed AN ands tr Sorting, “Wy i BAB Ie SRBC OF Basic wet udorx 1 U1) Tdenkidy the_problem__entevferce * Deve WE thE conmectidh forlrng? cheCK prgeeas ‘\igQhtSt Se Tpcon FF iq{eSindd cay oe oh nae aaa (tinur.)maI6), @dcheck the covle ts “peed: wn Seay, ‘ord orale dae 7 Try a “okFrerent counies (3) CoMi sions AWbialiepapec eee yj tae ating Susvoy oN Issue, wrth old networks OT: “RayPoy= AUPIEX = Ensue | Guth AUPIEX Loh bathe endow meiderei Sostches..mmmmyaee tS ese 2 “\gtt WeEenors e i nyc anit « Rey => Slots |yvopped copnections. Check cables, connectors, update aries. Gouplex Mismotth ¢ > Very slow, unreliable. éisute ESR ends. han ae Some duplex serbng: @speed mismatch | > Compectinity, issues, sous, “Ensure tat end. have’ ahe Some Speed. and! he” cable SUpPOTES ALBS ROAR 7 4 Ineroduation, a Haase Ns we Merisarrind = fink of ext ge . ow ye ae wnneentt ora ON apne tee ACRBOKS re) prexinl® for the PPUye & Rt, and move PYOPA old, - 1 868, “y gmagine wee uparnding qoods. tOn% supey Laighuiay System. oh wert @eneration Net ork (NG) ¥eFe packet -based metwork ond it CON -be ‘4 tog both Le @comMrmnn hiEALTON SAE SR Sen 2 fay pnd Te * Suppers Obey Riss es aK, = The main : goal oF ee Next Generokion Ne : e/work a8 OF yb eeeans etl axeched ‘oF, Ay Te\ephone Network. (PSTN) - Public, onde. A ntegy: cue y senvices DIG? : Digitol Network (TSDN), ~> Common! y NG@N. erotecel (tp). Th js Ove buna! onroune Ye Feevved es eee ane ee eer yed toa MNES IN s an i On. AN-IP a tS y SE Se ve describe the kyon : 1S FON ma fen towards aj exe Gen Yok wor) Nekwerk (Wi Ging)