INTERNSHIP REPORT

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the 8 th semester of
the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Hitesh (21001002017)

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Mukesh Kumar

(Assistant Engineer)
PWD Shastri Park Sub Division
Delhi

J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology

YMCA, Faridabad

Feb 2025 – June 2025

.

ii
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby certify that the work being presented in the project in the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of Bachelor of technology and submitted to the Department of
Civil Engineering of J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad
is an authentic record of my own work carried out in the company PWD Shastri Park Sub
Division except as cited in the references, carried out during a period from Feb 01, 2025 to
June 30, 2025 under the supervision of Mr. Mukesh Kumar.

The content of this report has not been submitted to any other university or institute either in part
or full for the reward of any degree, diploma or fellowship.

SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

Name: Hitesh Roll no: 21001002017

 INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. _____________________S/o, D/o ______________________ of

[Link] (Civil Branch) of J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad,

Has undergone training with our company__________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________from

23/01/2025 to 30/06/2025 under _______________( PWD Delhi At Shastri Park Sub Division

Near Usmanpur Police Station Delhi from 01/02/2025 to 30/06/2025 under [Link] Kumar

Assistant Engineer(Construction Of District Court Complex At Shastri Park Division).

During the above-mentioned period his/her conduct and behaviour remains good, we wish

his/her all the best for future.

CEO/HR/HOD/Chairperson
 EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE

The following examiners have assessed the project report and conducted the viva-voce
examination.

Internal Examiner

Name: …………………………………………………………………………………………….

Designation: ………………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Signature:
......……………………………………………………………………………………...

External Examiner

Name:
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

Designation: ………………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………………

Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………………
 iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Learning is a continuous process of combining the familiar with unfamiliar”. The role of
instructor is to get the stage for learning and encouraging the students to gather out of the terms,
to perform his new skill and to solve problems in new way.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Rajni Saggu worthy HOD of Civil Engineering and
Employment and Training Office of J C Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA
Faridabad for providing me with such an opportunity.

I owe my special thanks to Mr. Mukesh Kumar(AE) for their guidance, valuable and generous
suggestions throughout this training.

I would also thank to Dr. Vishal Puri and all faculties of Civil Engineering Department for
supporting me during my project work and to every other person who helped me in the
completion of this project.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my Parents and God for their moral support and my
group mates and friends with whom I shared my day to day experiences received lots of
suggestions that enhanced the quality of my work.

Hitesh (21001002017)
 Candidates Declaration 2

Examiners’ Certificate 4

Acknowledgement 5

Index

Chapter 1: About Public Works Department (PWD)

1.1 Objective of Internship………………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 Company Profile………………………………………………………………………………1
1.3 Vision of PWD………………………………………………………………………………...2
1.4 Developmental Strategy……………………………………………………………………….2
1.5 Introduction to Project………………………………………………………………………....3
Chapter 2: Materials Required
2.1 Cement – Types and Quality…………………………………………………………………...6
2.2 Composition of Cement………………………………………………………………………..6
2.3 Aggregate – Types and Uses…………………………………………………………………...7
2.4 Sand – Types and Properties…………………………………………………………………...7
2.5 Reinforcement Steel – Grades and Uses……………………………………………………….8
2.6 Ready Mix Concrete (RMC) – Merits & Demerits …………………………………………....9
Chapter 3: Project Details
3.1 Location of Land and Site Plan………………………………………………………………..10
Chapter 4: Sequence of Structural Work
4.1 Site Clearance and Layout……………………………………………………………………..12
4.2 Levelling……………………………………………………………………………………….12
4.3 Auto Level – Instrument and Use……………………………………………………………...12
4.4 Height of Instrument (HI) Method……………………………………………………………..13
4.5 Barricading – Purpose and Considerations…………………………………………………….14
4.6 Trial Mix – Process and Testing………………………………………………………………..16
 4.7 Foundation……………………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter 5: Excavation and Diaphragm Wall

5.1 Excavation – Method and Depth……………………………………………………………..18
5.2 Use of Bentonite Slurry………………………………………………………………………19
5.3 Diaphragm Wall Construction………………………………………………………………..20
5.4 Construction Methodology Observed………………………………………………………...20
5.5 Layout and Thickness of Diaphragm Wall…………………………………………………....20
5.6 Anchoring Work – Pre-tensioning and Post-tensioning……………………………………....22
Chapter 6: Test on Materials
6.1 Slump Test – Procedure and Observation…………………………………………………….25
6.2 Field Tests of Cement – Visual, Float, Touch & Temperature Tests………………………….28
6.3 Compression Test – Procedure and Significance……………………………………………..29
Chapter 7: Safety Measures
7.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)………………………………………………………..30
7.2 Preventive Strategy and Orientation………………………………………………………….30
7.3 Accident Administration – First Aid and Secondary Treatment……………………………...31
8 Conclusion

8.1 Summary of Internship Experience…………………………………………..…………32

8.2 Future Scope for Road Engineering Students……………………………………..……32
8.3Personal Development and Growth………………………………………………..……32
References …………………………………………………………………………………………..33
 List of Figures

Figure 1- Building Prototype……………………………………………………………….9

Figure 2- Location of site……………………………………………………………………10

Figure 3- Site plan……………………………………………………………………………11

Figure 4- Levelling Instrument……………………………………………………………..13

Figure 5- Site Barricading………………………………………………………………….14

Figure 6- Trial Mix Testing………………………………………………………………….16

Figure 7- Site Excavation……………………………………………………………………19

Figure 8- Slurry used while making D wall……………………………………………….20

Figure 9-Diaphragm wall layout…………………………………………………………...23

Figure10- Soil Anchoring work………………………………………………………….....24

Figure11- Slump Cone Test……………………………………………………………….....25

 CHAPTER 1

About Public Works Development

1.1 Objective:

Internships are educational and career development opportunities, providing practical

experience in a field or discipline. They are structured, short term, supervised placements
often focused around particular tasks or projects with defined timescales. The internship has
to be meaningful and mutually beneficial to the intern and the organization.

1.2 Company Profile:

The Public Works Department is the functional arm of the Delhi for overall development by
way of construction and maintenance of roads, buildings, bridges and other infrastructural works.
The department has in house resources for planning, design, execution, monitoring and
maintenance of these assets. The department generally gets projects funded by the State
Government and Government of India under various developmental schemes viz., CRF, PMGSY,
NABARD, besides schemes funded by multilateral agencies viz Asian Development Bank, etc.
Works are executed under various contractual set ups like EPC, PPP, etc. which make project
execution and its funding easier and time bound.

The Administrative Secretary, PWD Department is the overall administrative head of the
department. He is assisted by the Development Commissioner, Works as technical secretary
in the department All Chief Engineers and other head of the engineering departments report
to the Administrative Secretary. The Administrative Secretary is assisted by Director Finance,
Director Planning and Special Secretary/Additional Secretary HRM besides other supporting
staff. The department has various wings viz., Roads and Buildings, DIQC, PMGSY, MED,
Project organizations who are all headed by respective Chief Engineers.

All Chief Engineers are assisted by Superintending Engineers at circle level who are
further having a network of Executive Engineers at divisional level. The office of the
Executive Engineer is the main office responsible for execution of the works in the field
although they have to work under close guidance and technical control of the SE and the
Chief Engineer of the department. The Executive Engineer is supported by Assistant
Executive Engineers who hold a sub-divisional office at their level. Sub-divisions are further
having a number of sections controlled by Assistant Engineer/Junior Engineers. The AEs

1
are deputed as technical officers to the AEEs for supporting AEEs in technical matters besides,
undertaking various quality control measures in the division

1.3 VISION:
To create and maintain a sustainable and inclusively built within the available resources while
ensuring engineering design and quality control.

1.4 Developmental Strategy of PWD Department:

 Building Maintenance: Addressing structural issues like cracks, leaks, and wear.

 Jacketing: Strengthening columns and beams to enhance load capacity.

 Plastering: Providing smooth finishes and surface protection.

 Construction of New Building: Including levelling, trial mix, and raft foundation works...

2
1.5 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT:
This project focuses on various aspects of civil engineering related to the construction and
maintenance of buildings. The scope includes the structural buildings, application techniques
for strengthening structural elements, plastering for surface finishing and protection, and the
construction of new building components. Each activity is carried out following standard
practices and guidelines to ensure durability, safety, and functionality. The maintenance phase
emphasizes preserving the structural integrity of the building, addressing wear and tear
issues, and enhancing its lifespan. Jacketing techniques are employed to strengthen load-
bearing members like columns and beams, ensuring they can withstand increased loads
Plastering is performed to provide a smooth, durable surface, protecting the structure from
environmental exposure. The construction phase follows best practices to ensure the creation
of a robust, efficient, and long-lasting structure. This comprehensive approach highlights the
importance of integrating construction techniques for sustainable building management.

This project involves a comprehensive approach to construction activities under the Public
Works Department (PWD).Work focuses on preserving the structural integrity and
functionality of buildings. Key tasks include strengthening load bearing elements through
techniques. Simultaneously, the construction of a new building is being undertaken. This
involves critical stages such as levelling for a stable foundation, preparing trial mixes to
ensure optimal material proportions, and executing raft foundation work to support the
structure effectively. Adherence to PWD standards ensures that construction activities meet
the highest quality, safety, and durability requirements. The combination of these efforts
highlights the PWD's commitment to enhancing the sustainability and functionality of public
infrastructure.

The Construction of District Court In Shastri Park Division an approved cost of 172 CR.

3
 Start Date Of Project 10-06-2024

End Date Of Project 09-02-2026

Name Of Contractor Abhilasha Enterprises

Total Approved Cost Rs. 172 (CR)

(Civil Works Cost) Rs. 120,52,77,091 (CR)

Electrical Work Cost Rs. 45,30,34,974 (CR)

Other Work Cost Rs. 62,86,243 (in lakhs)

Table 1: Cost Estimation

The soil in the district is generally loose and sandy with high moisture .The water table is very
high at 3.00 m depth and may goes up to 1.5 m depth in heavy rainy season.

4
 CHAPTER 2
Materials Required
[Link] of Building Construction
A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials are either
called as building material. The materials use in the building on basis of the availability and
cost. For construct a building the essential building material are as follow:

Cement

Cement, as a binding material, is a very important building material. Almost every

construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of cement is a matter of great
interest for engineers. For understanding cement composition, one must know the
functionality of Cement ingredients. By altering the amount of an ingredient during cement
production, one can achieve the desired cement quality. Cement uses for domestic building
such as home are basically of three types:

Portland Slag Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS: 455. A combination of
good quality blast furnace slag (from the steel industry) with clinker (which makes the OPC)
and gypsum.

Portland Pozzolana Cement: Portland pozzolana cement (PCC) conforming to IS:1489. A

combination of fly ash with clinker and gypsum. Pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding
Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in marine
structure.

Ordinary Portland Cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to

IS:269, 43 grade conforming to IS:8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS:12269. A combination
of clinker and gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by first
burning at a very high temperature the mixture of calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate) and
argillaceous (mainly clay) and then grinding the calcined product (i.e., clinker) with small
amount of gypsum into a fine powder known as ordinary Portland cement.

5
2.1 Good quality cement has the following features

1. Reduced water requirement

2. Improve Work ability

3. Less permissible to moisture

4. Improved resistance to acid and chlorides

5. Reduced heat of hydration

6. Easier to finish

7. Reduced shrinkage

8. Reduced leaching problems because it is low as Free lime.

2.2 Composition of Cement

Ingredient Percentage in cement

Lime 60-65

Silica 17-25

Alumina 3-8

Magnesia 1-3

Iron oxide 0.5-6

Calcium Sulphate 0.1-0.5

Sulphur Trioxide 1-3

Alkaline 0-1

Table-2:Composition Of Cement

6
2.3Aggregate

Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydraulic- cement
concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to produce either
concrete or mortar.

Types of aggregates
There are two types of aggregate which are given below:

 Coarse aggregates: Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4)
sieve and will pass through 3-inch screen, are called coarse aggregate. The coarser the
aggregate, the more economical the mix is. Using aggregates larger than the maximum size
of coarse aggregates permitted can result in interlock and form arches or obstructions within
a concrete form. That allows the area below to become a void, or at best, to become filled
with finer particles of sand and cement only and results in a weakened area. The grading of
coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS 383. a. After 24 hours immersion in
water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not gain in weight more
than 5%.
 Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and avoid
contamination with fines. c. Depending upon coarse aggregates color, there quality can
determine as: i. Black - Very good quality ii. Blue - Good iii. Whitish - Bad quality [Link]
Aggregate: Those particles passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve, almost entirely passing the
4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve, and predominantly retained on the 75 µm (No. 200) sieve are called
fine aggregate. For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less
cement, the fine aggregate should have a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate
is to fill the voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent
 Purpose & Uses of Aggregates In concrete, an aggregate is used for its economy factor, to
reduce any cracks and most importantly to provide strength to the structure. In roads and
railway ballast, it is used to help distribute the load and assist in ground water running off
the road.

 Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost • Provide dimensional stability •
Influence hardness, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus and other properties of concrete to
make it more durable, strong and cheaper

2.4Sand

 These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded, sub-rounded, angular, sub-
angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90%
of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively, these are
coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock.

Types of sand:

7
  Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm and
less than 2 mm. • Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size
greater than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm. • Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of
particles greater than 0.06 mm and less than 0.2 mm
 Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability and performance of concrete
mixture. It should be: • Clear, angular and hard • Free from clay, mica and soft, flaky
material • Graded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and coarse sand.

Fig. Sand

2.5 Steel Reinforcement

 Steel reinforcement are used generally in form of bars of circular cross section in concrete
structure. Plain concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression
but weak in tension. Steel is one of the forms of reinforcements, to take care of those
stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads.
 Mild steel bars conforming to IS 432 (part1) and cold-worked steel high strength deformed
bars conforming to IS 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe500, where 415 and 500 indicate
yield stresses 415 n/mm2 and 500N/mm2 respectively) and commonly used. Grade Fe 415
is being used most commonly nowadays. Some companies have brought thermo
mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added features.
TMT bars conforming to IS 1786. The grade which is used at the site is 500D of sizes 8mm,
12mm, 16mm, 20mm, [Link] 25mm, 20mm and 16mm is used in slab and 16mm,
20mm and 25mm is used in beam, pile and column. Due to rib present on steel bars, it
develops good bond with concrete. The strength of grade 500 and 500D is same but
difference is only there is elongation. 500D grade has more percentage elongation as
compared to Fe500

8
 Fig Of Reinforcement Steel

2.6 Ready Mix Concrete

Ready mix concrete is concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant,
according to set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted in transit
mixers. This result in a precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixtures to be
developed and implemented on construction sites. Ready mix concrete is sometimes
preferred over on-site concrete mixing because of the precision of the mixture and reduced
work site confusion. However, using pre- determined concrete mixture reduces flexibility,
both in the supply chain and in the actual components of the concrete. Merits of RMC: •
Better quality concrete is produced. • Elimination of storage space for basic materials at
site. • Elimination of hiring of plant and machinery. • Wastage of basic materials is avoided.
• Time required is greatly reduced. • Noise and dust pollution at site is reduced. •
Environment friendly. • Availability of concrete of any grade. • Durable & affordable
Demerits of RMC: • Not suitable for small projects, where the concrete works are
considerably low. • Requires huge initial investment.

Fig Ready Mix Concrete

9
Chapter 3
PROJECT DETAILS
A small-scale plan of a building or building group which indicates the placement of the
principal elements of the scheme. The key plan also shows the basic description of location as
the site as mentioned by the definition.

Fig Building Prototype

3.1 Location Of Land

DISTRICT COURT AT PLOT NO. 8, DISTRICT CENTRE SHASTRI PARK, NORTH
EAST DELHI,NEW-DELHI

Fig. Location of site

10
Site plan

A site plan or a plot plan is a type of drawing used by architects, landscape architects, urban
planners, and engineers which shows existing and proposed conditions for a given are
typically a parcel of land which is to be modified.

Fig Site Plan

11
Chapter-4

4.1Sequence of Structure Work

 Site Clearance
 Demarcation of Site
 Surveying and layout
 Barricading
 Trail mix
 Excavation
 Laying of PCC
 Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel
 Shuttering and Scaffolding
 Concreting

4.2 Levelling

Site levelling is one of the first and most important steps in construction, ensuring the ground is
even and ready for foundation work. During my internship in Seelampur, Delhi, under PWD, I was
part of a project where site levelling was conducted before laying the foundation. We used an Auto
Level, a highly efficient and accurate instrument, for this task. The process began by setting up the
Auto Level on a stable tripod and levelling it using the bubble vial and levelling screws to ensure
horizontal alignment.
We established a benchmark (BM), a reference point with a known elevation, and placed the
leveling staff on it to record the initial reading. This was followed by taking readings at multiple
points across the site. By calculating height differences relative to the benchmark, we identified
high and low areas on the ground. High points were marked for excavation, while low points were
identified for filling. Soil from excavated areas was often reused for filling to maintain cost-
efficiency. After the adjustments, compactors were used to ensure a firm and levelled surface.

4.3Auto Level
An auto level is a surveying instrument used to measure height differences and establish a
horizontal line of sight for leveling tasks. It consists of a telescope for sighting, a bubble tube for
leveling, foot screws for adjustments, and a tripod for stability. The instrument works by sighting a
leveling staff placed at various points to determine elevation differences. Auto levels are widely
used in construction projects like roadwork, building leveling, and earthworks due to their accuracy
and ease of use.
Main Advantages Of An Auto Level Device
 High Accuracy
 Increased Efficiency and Speed
 Reduced Human Error
 Versatility
 Durability and Cost-Effectiveness

12
 Fig Levelling Instrument

4.4Method Used Of Levelling :Height of Instrument (HI) method- The Height of

Instrument (HI) method is a commonly used technique in levelling to determine the elevation of
various points with respect to a reference point. In this method, the height of the instrument is
calculated by adding the back sight (BS) reading to the known elevation of the benchmark (BM).
Once the HI is established, the elevations of other points are determined by subtracting the fore
sight (FS) readings from the HI. This method is simple, systematic, and efficient, making it
suitable for projects requiring multiple elevation calculations. It is widely used in construction and
surveying tasks like road levelling, foundation work, and drainage design, as it provides accurate
results while minimizing errors.

13
4.5Barricading

Fig Site Barricading

4.5 Barricading on Construction Sites

Barricading is an essential safety measure on construction sites, designed to protect workers,

visitors, and the general public from accidents or injuries. It refers to the installation of physical
barriers around hazardous areas, equipment, or work zones. Barricades help delineate unsafe
zones, control access, and guide people safely around the site. Purpose of Barricading: Safety:
Barricades are critical in preventing accidents by restricting access to dangerous areas where
construction work is taking place. Control Access: They limit or control the movement of workers,
visitors, and pedestrians to specific, safe areas of the site. Warning: Barricades often include
warning signs or symbols that alert people to the specific risks (e.g., falling debris, equipment
movement, or electrical hazards). Traffic Management: On larger sites, barricades help direct
vehicle traffic and pedestrians, ensuring both follow safe paths.

14
Key Considerations in Barricading

Visibility: Barricades must be highly visible to prevent accidents, especially during

low-light conditions or in adverse weather. Reflective materials, bright colors, and
clear signage are critical.

Height and Strength: Barricades should be tall enough to deter entry and strong
enough to resist forces, such as accidental bumping from vehicles or equipment.

Clear Marking: Areas requiring access restrictions should have clearly visible,
understandable signs, symbols, or labels that communicate the specific danger.

Proper Installation: Barricades should be securely anchored or stabilized to ensure they

cannot be easily moved or knocked over, especially in windy or busy environments.

Temporary vs. Permanent: Barricading can be temporary (e.g., for a day or week) or
more permanent (e.g., for longer-term hazards like deep excavations or scaffolding
work).

15
4.6 Trial Mix of Concrete

The trial mix ensures that the concrete prepared meets the design and site-specific
requirements for strength, durability, and workability. The key purposes include:

Workability Check Ensures that the concrete is easy to handle, place, and compact
without segregation or bleeding.

Verification of Strength Confirms that the designed mix achieves the desired
compressive strength after curing.

Adjustment for Site Conditions Adapts the mix to the specific moisture content,
aggregate properties, or environmental conditions at the site.

Durability Assessment Validates that the concrete will withstand environmental

exposure like weather conditions or chemical impacts

Fig Of Trial Mix Testing

16
Process of a Trial Mix

Material Preparation Collect cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates, water, and admixtures
as per specifications. Verify the specific gravity, grading, and moisture content of materials.
Proportioning Measure materials as per the designed mix ratio. Adjust for site-specific factors

like aggregate moisture content.

Mixing:Mixmaterials manually or using a concrete mixer for uniform consistency

Workability Testing:Conduct a slump test to measure workability. Use a slump cone, fill it in
three layers, compact each, and remove the cone to measure the slump.

Curing:Immerse the specimens in water for 7 or 28 days to simulate real curing conditions.
Strength Testing:Use a compression testing machine to test the cubes' compressive strength.
Compare results to the target strength specified in the mix design.

Adjustments and Finalization:If the trial mix doesn't meet the requirements, adjust water cement
ratio, aggregate proportions, or admixture dosage.

Repeat the process until the desired mix is achieved.

4.7 Foundation

A foundation (or, more commonly, base) is the element of an architectural structure

which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground.
Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.

17
 Chapter-5

5.1 Excavation

Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2 earth
excavators (JCB’s) were used for excavating the soil. Adequate precautions are taken to
see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures. Excavation
is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation bottom. The
soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used for
back filling. The filling is done in layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and thenits
compacted. Depth of excavation was 5’4” from Ground Level.

Fig. Excavation

18
5.2 Use of Polymer Slurry in Diaphragm Wall Construction

Before diaphragm wall trench excavation, Polymer slurry is prepared and filled into the trench. It
is a mixture of Polymer clay and water, used to support the trench walls and prevent them from
collapsing during excavation.

The slurry creates hydrostatic pressure against the soil, stabilizing the trench. It is continuously
circulated, filtered, and reused during the construction process. After placing the reinforcement
cage, concreting is done using the tremie method, which displaces the bentonite.

This process ensures safe and effective construction of deep vertical walls.

Advantages of Polymer Slurry

 Trench Stability: Prevents collapse of trench walls during excavation.

 Hydrostatic Support: Balances earth and groundwater pressure.
 Reusable: Can be recycled after proper cleaning and treatment.
 Sealing Property: Forms an impermeable layer that reduces water seepage.
 Easy to Pump and Handle: Suitable for continuous circulation on-site.
 Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for temporary shoring systems.

Fig. Slurry used while making D wall

19
5.3 Diaphragm Wall Construction

After the process of excavation, A diaphragm wall is a reinforced concrete wall

constructed in-situ, primarily used for retaining soil and water pressure in deep
excavations such as basements, tunnels, underground stations, and foundations for
high-rise buildings. The construction involves trenching through soil using mechanical
grab machines or hydrofraise, supporting the trench with bentonite slurry to prevent
collapse. Once the required depth is achieved, a reinforcement cage is lowered into the
trench, followed by concreting through tremie pipes to avoid segregation.

 Trenching using hydraulic grabs

 Continuous circulation of bentonite slurry to stabilize the excavation
 Fabrication and lowering of steel reinforcement cages
 Concreting carried out by tremie method

5.4 Construction Methodology Observed

 Guide Wall Construction

 Trench Excavation with Slurry Support
 Reinforcement Cage Placement
 Concreting

5.5 Layout Plan Of Diaphragm Wall

20
The thickness of a diaphragm wall depends on the project requirements such as depth
of excavation, soil conditions, and structural load

The typical thickness of a diaphragm wall ranges from 600 mm to 1500 mm.

For medium to deep excavations (like basements,malls), a common thickness used is

800 mm to 1000 mm.

The actual thickness is decided based on structural design, depth of excavation, and
soil conditions.

In this project the D-wall thickness is provided to 600 mm

Fig. Diaphragm wall construction

21
5.6 Excavation and Anchoring Work

At the District Court construction site, the current phase of construction involves excavation and
anchoring work to support the previously constructed diaphragm wall system. These activities are
crucial for stabilizing the deep excavation and ensuring safety during further structural
development.

5.7Excavation Work

The excavation is being carried out in stages using excavators and dumpers, with proper safety
measures and slope protection. The excavation is taking place adjacent to the diaphragm walls,
which act as vertical retaining structures.

 Controlled removal of soil in layers to maintain stability.

 Continuous monitoring of wall alignment and excavation depth.
 Use of pumps for dewatering, as groundwater is encountered at lower levels

Fig. Excavation Work

22
5.8 Ground Anchoring Work

As the excavation gets deeper, the soil pressure on the outside of the diaphragm wall
increases, pushing it inwards. To counteract this and maintain the wall's stability and
limit its deflection, temporary lateral supports are installed. Ground anchors are a very
common method for this.

Pre tensioning

Pre-tensioning is when the steel tendons are tensed before concrete is cast. After the
concrete is placed, the tendons are temporarily anchored against abutments. Then they
can be cut or released.

The prestressing forces are transferred to the concrete through the bond along the
lengths of the tendon. Pre-tensioning is done in precasting facilities in permanent beds.
These plants produce pre-tensioned concrete elements for use in the building industry.

Post-tensioning

After the concrete has been cast and hardened in post-tensioning, the steel tendons are
used to tension the concrete.

Two main operations are used for post-tensioning: tensioning steel wires or steel
strands using hydraulic jacks that stretch the steel strands while bearing on the ends
and then replacing the jacks with permanent anchorages which bear on the member and
maintain tension in the steel strands.

A tendon is made up of wires, strands, or bars. Strands and wires are tied in groups,
while bars are tied one at a time.

The steel tendons are used in the post-tensioning procedure. The concrete is cast before
the formwork is completed. The tendons are protected from bonding with the concrete
via waterproof paper wrapping or a metal sheath.

Bonded tendons are tendons that have been bonded to concrete.

Unbonded tendons, which are left ungrouted or coated with grease, have no bond along
their length.

23
The anchoring procedure includes

 Drilling inclined anchor holes behind the wall using rotary rigs.
 Inserting prestressing steel tendons (strands or bars) into the drilled holes.
 Grouting the holes with cementitious grout for bonding.
 Tensioning the anchors using hydraulic jacks, transferring load to the wall.

Fig Soil Anchoring work

Chapter-6

Test on Materials

6.1 Slump Test: The slump test is a straightforward method to check the consistency and
workability of freshly mixed concrete. It plays a vital role in determining whether the mix is
suitable for placement and compaction at the construction site. By providing an indication of the
mix’s water-cement ratio, it helps ensure quality and uniformity across concrete batches.

Objective:

24
The purpose of the slump test is to evaluate the fluidity of concrete and confirm its workability,
ensuring it meets the specific requirements for structural applications.

Equipment Used:

Slump Cone: A metallic, frustum-shaped cone with the following dimensions: Height: 300 mm
Top Diameter: 100 mm

Bottom Diameter: 200 mm Tamping Rod: A smooth steel rod, about 16 mm thick and 600 mm
long, with a rounded tip. Base Plate: A flat, rigid surface to hold the cone steady. Measuring Scale:
To record the slump value accurately.

Fig. Slump Cone Test

Step-by-Step Procedure:

 Preparing the Equipment:

 Clean and dampen the slump cone and the base plate to prevent sticking.
 Filling the Cone:
 Place the cone upright on the base plate.
 Fill the cone in three layers of equal volume. Each layer is tamped 25 times
with the tamping rod to remove air pockets.

25
  Lifting the Cone
 Level off the top of the cone with the tamping rod.
 Slowly lift the cone vertically in one steady motion, allowing the concrete to
slump.
 Measuring the Slump
 Measure the vertical distance between the original height of the cone and the
highest point of the slumped concrete.

Types of Slump Observed:

True Slump: The concrete maintains its shape and settles uniformly.

Shear Slump: The mix slides or tilts, indicating insufficient cohesion.

Collapse Slump: The concrete collapses entirely, suggesting excessive water content.
Recommended Slump Values 20–50 mm: Low workability for mass concrete or
foundation work.

Slump Values 50–100 mm: Medium workability for general construction, including
slabs and beams.

Slump Values100–150 mm: High workability for complex or heavily reinforced

sections.

Importance The slump test is crucial in ensuring the workability and quality of
concrete. It helps detect variations in water content and ensures consistency between

26
batches. This test also identifies potential issues that could affect the durability or
performance of the structure

Limitations: While widely used, the slump test is less effective for very dry or highly
fluid mixes. Environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, can also
influence results.

Conclusion: The slump test remains an essential part of concrete quality control,
providing valuable insights into the workability and consistency of fresh concrete.
When combined with other tests, it helps ensure that construction materials meet the
required standards for strength and durability.

27
6.2Field Tests of Cement

Introduction: Field tests of cement are quick, on-site checks conducted to assess the quality of
cement before its use in construction. These tests are simple, cost-effective, and help identify
potential issues with the cement, ensuring its suitability for structural applications.

Purpose:The purpose of field tests is to verify the freshness, consistency, and basic properties of
cement to avoid structural problems that may arise due to the use of substandard material.

Common Field Tests

Visual Inspection:

Check for colour: Cement should have a uniform grey colour with a greenish shade, indicating
proper composition. Inspect for lumps: The presence of lumps suggests moisture absorption, which
degrades cement quality.

Touch Test: Take a pinch of cement and rub it between fingers. It should feel smooth, not gritty. A
gritty texture indicates impurities or adulteration.

Float Test: Sprinkle cement on water. Good quality cement will float for a short time before
sinking, while poor quality cement may sink immediately.

Temperature Test: Insert your hand into a bag of cement. Fresh cement will feel cool, while older
or degraded cement will feel warm due to hydration.

Significance of Field Tests:Ensures that only fresh and high-quality cement is used in
construction. Identifies early signs of deterioration, such as moisture absorption or improper
storage. Prevents structural issues caused by substandard materials.

Limitations Field tests: are not definitive and cannot replace laboratory testing. Only provide a
basic assessment of cement quality. May not detect subtle variations in chemical composition or
fineness.

Conclusion:Field tests of cement are essential for preliminary quality checks on-site. They serve as
the first line of defence against using substandard materials, contributing to the safety and
durability of structures. However, laboratory tests should follow to confirm detailed properties.

28
6.3Compression Test

Introduction: The compression test is one of the most important quality control tests in civil
engineering. It evaluates the compressive strength of materials like concrete and cement, ensuring
they can withstand the loads they are designed for. This test is conducted on concrete cubes or
cylinders to determine the maximum compressive load they can bear before failure.

Objective: The primary goal of the compression test is to determine the compressive strength of
concrete, which reflects its ability to resist axial loads. This is crucial for ensuring the structural
safety and durability of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure.

Compression Testing Machine (CTM): A hydraulic or digital machine capable of applying high
compressive loads. Molds: Typically 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cubes or cylindrical molds of
150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. Tamping Rod: For compacting the concrete in the mold.
Curing Tank: For maintaining moisture conditions during curing

Preparation of Specimen: Concrete is poured into the mould in three layers, each layer being
compacted with 25 strokes of the tamping rod. The mould is left undisturbed for 24 hours to allow
the concrete to set. After demolding, the specimen is cured in water for 7, 14, or 28 days.

Testing Remove the specimen from the curing tank and wipe it clean to remove surface water.
Place the specimen in the compression testing machine, ensuring it is centered. Apply load
gradually at a rate of 140 kg/cm² per minute until the specimen fails. Record the maximum load at
failure. Calculation of Compressive Strength: Compressive strength is calculated using the
formula: Compressive Strength=Maximum Load/ Cross-sectional Area Units: N/mm² or MPa
Acceptable Compressive Strength Values For ordinary concrete: 20–40 MPa (depending on grade).
For high-strength concrete: Above 50 MPa

Significance Verifies the strength and quality of concrete used in construction. Ensures compliance
with design specifications. Provides data for assessing the performance of the structure under real-
world conditions.

29
 Chapter-7

Safety Measures

Safety induction: In safety induction safety engineer tool, us about the use of safety equipment
and PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) at construction.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

[Link] Glasses
2. Safety Gloves
3. Safety Shoes
4. Ear Plug
5. Nose Mask
6. Safety Helmet

SAFETY MEASURE: Human life is irreplaceable, which is susceptible of minor infections. Now
days it has become common to hear accidents on the construction industry. The more the accidents
are becoming redundant the responsibility of the contractors and the attention to give to safety of
the workers is progressing to be paramount. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work on increasing
the safety condition of the site. The most effective way of avoiding risks is the preventive strategy.
As the health professionals use to say “Prevention is better than cure”, it is more than reasonable to
be abide by such motto. Less concerned safety rule, regulation and training are among the problem
in the site. Safety of all working staffs and visitors should be observed to a highest care. Infliction
of injury shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The safety management
will be carried out with a special superintendent to be assigned on site. The superintendent will be
assisted with a dresser to be employed for the site. Safety of the workers and visitors will be
managed in the following strategies-

Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can give their
potential output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are striving to achieve the
targeted result, they may not be focused on their safety matters. This has to be taken care of by
others, devoted for the same purpose. The preventive strategy involves the following elements

2. Orientation:- All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the care they
have to take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from scaffoldings, suspended
slabs, roofs, ladders, lift holes, stairs, pits and the like are the potential risks that the workers should
be aware of. Orientation must include on how to work with machines and equipment, the possible
accident they may inflict and what rules and procedures they have to follow when working with.

Accidents Administration After involving the above stated methods of prevention of accident,
there could arise different disastrous calamities within the project, which necessitate the application
of most serious and acute acting administration.
30
1. First Aid: - A dresser, who has relevant professional background will be assigned on site for any
possible first aid.

2. Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a result of infliction
serious injury

31
8. Conclusion

8.1 Summary of Internship Experience

During my internship with the Public Works Department (PWD), Delhi, I had the opportunity to
work on a large-scale building construction project. This hands-on experience allowed me to gain
practical exposure to various stages of civil construction, beginning from initial site preparation to
structural development.

I was actively involved in observing and understanding critical construction activities such as
excavation, foundation works, and diaphragm wall construction. I also gained insights into
structural design practices, including the interpretation of architectural and structural drawings,
and the application of design principles on-site.

In addition to the technical aspects, I observed the importance of coordination between various
engineering teams, safety protocols, and quality control measures implemented during construction.
This internship enriched my understanding of real-world construction processes and enhanced my
practical knowledge of civil engineering.

8.2 Future Scope for Students in Building Construction – Civil Engineering

The future scope in building construction is bright for civil engineering students, with
continuous innovations, smart infrastructure demand, and a growing need for sustainable
construction solutions. Students with strong technical skills, project experience, and
adaptability to new technologies are particularly well-positioned for success.

8.3 Personal Development and Growth

This internship gave me confidence as a budding civil engineer. I learned:

• Professional communication with senior engineers, labour teams, and contractors.

• The importance of time management, safety, and attention to detail in real-life projects.
• How to coordinate teams, read site drawings, conduct field tests, and maintain daily
progress records.

It enhanced my skills in problem-solving, decision-making, and technical

documentation—qualities essential for any successful engineer. This internship was a
milestone in my academic journey and has motivated me to pursue a career in infrastructure
development and site management with even more passion and responsibility.

32
References

 Public Works Department, Govt. of NCT of Delhi

 [Link]
c_multiple_files/ch_12_pwd.pdf

 IS 456: Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice: This is a fundamental code that
provides guidelines for the design and construction of plain and reinforced concrete
structures. It covers aspects like material specifications, mix design, construction practices,
and quality control.
 2. IS 10262: Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design Proportioning: This code outlines the
methodology for designing concrete mixes to achieve the desired strength and workability.
 3. IS 383: Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for
Concrete: This code specifies the quality requirements for aggregates used in concrete.
 4. National Building Code (NBC): The NBC is a comprehensive document that covers
various aspects of building construction, including building byelaws, development control
rules, fire safety, and structural design. It categorizes buildings into different types
(residential, educational, etc.) and provides specific guidelines for each.
 5. IS 1200: Methods of Measurement of Building and Civil Engineering Works: This code
provides a standardized method for measuring and describing various construction works.

33
 Brief Profile

Name: Hitesh

College: J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad

Roll no.: 21001002017

Mobile No.: 7027542369

Email:21001002017 @[Link]

Branch: Civil Engineering

Internship Location: Shastri Park Sub Division Near Seelampur Metro Station

Company: PWD Delhi

Period of Training: 1st Feb 2025 to 30th June 2025

Supervisor Name: Mr. Mukesh Kumar

34