WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

DR. EDA ACAR

PROF. DR. ZÜMRÜT ÜNAL
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

DR. EDA ACAR

PROF. DR. ZÜMRÜT ÜNAL

DOI: [Link]
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i | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

PREFACE

The rapid development of today's technology significantly

influences our lifestyle and daily activities. Alongside this
change, next-generation devices, especially wearable
technologies, come to the forefront. These technologies that
touch our lives not only make life easier but also play a crucial
role in various sectors such as health, sports, and the military.

Wearable technologies have become an essential field,

facilitating daily life and reducing the workload of professionals
in areas like health and the military. They are also used for
continuous monitoring of individuals' location and health status,
as well as tracking and assessing changes in body parameters
during daily activities like sports.

This book aims to provide a comprehensive guide to readers

who want to understand the complexity, learn the history, and
foresee the potential of wearable technology. Wearable
technologies encompass a wide range of products, from those
directly integrated into different parts of the body to designs
integrated with textile products. The book emphasizes the
significance of wearable technologies in the textile industry by
addressing how textiles interact with these technologies to
understand this diversity.
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | ii

Together with this book, the development of wearable

technology, its applications, advantages, and disadvantages are
thoroughly researched. It seeks to inform the reader about the
current significance and future production-marketing potential
by introducing wearable technology applications in various
areas, ranging from smartwatches to garments that can measure
body parameters.
iii | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………… 1
1. THE CONCEPT OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY…………….7
2. HISTORY OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY………………….. 9
3. CATEGORIES OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES…………...15
4. USAGE AREAS OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES………….18
5. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN HEALTHCARE…………..19
6. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY……………….31
7. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN SPORTS…………………..36
8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WEARABLE
TECHNOLOGIES…………………………………………………..48
9. EXPECTED FEATURES OF WEARABLE ELECTRONICS….51
10. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………52
REFERENCES……………………………………………………...55
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | iv

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Global wearable technology market

Figure 2. Global wearable technology market segment
Figure 3. Abacus Ring Based on China's Qing Dynasty
Figure 4. Wearable Electric Headpiece, La Farandole Ballet, 1883
Figure 5. The first modern concept of a wearable device invented by
Thorp and Shannon
Figure 6. Smart Jacket
Figure 7. Wearable technology products based on their locations on
the body
Figure 8. Classification of wearable Technologies
Figure 9. Ring sensor
Figure 10. Lifeshirt
Figure 11. Sensory baby vest
Figure 12. Prototype vest for babies
Figure 13. Wearable dialysis device template
Figure 14. Soldiers Training with Augmented Reality
Figure 15. Smart sock
Figure 16. Smart t-shirt
Figure 17. Smart short
Figure 18. Smart shoes
Figure 19. Smart glasses
Figure 20. Posture Reminder T-Shirt and smart corset
Figure 21. Smart shoes
Figure 22. Smart sweater
1 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

INTRODUCTION
After the industrial revolution, manufacturers striving to
create differentiation in the face of increased competition are
placing greater emphasis on the technological element.
Wearable technologies, products innovatively created with the
assistance of technology, can be considered one of the most
crucial technological elements of the 21st century (Çakır et al.,
2018). Wearable technology products have emerged to meet the
demands of individuals who seek access to information while on
the move, rather than being confined to a fixed location. These
products can be successful by combining fashion and
technology to provide both functionality and aesthetics
simultaneously (Kılıç, 2017).
The convergence of clothing and technology has
transformed today's wearable technologies, turning the human
body into a carrier for technology. Factors influencing the
wearable technology market include the increasing market share
of technical textiles, the development of portable and user-
friendly smart garments, growing health consciousness, high
production costs, and technological advancements. These
significant factors have contributed to the adoption of wearable
devices in various sectors such as health, defense, entertainment,
and industry (Karamehmet, 2019).
The global market for wearable technology reached a
value of USD 61.30 billion in 2022 and is forecasted to
experience a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.6%
from 2023 to 2030 (Figure 1). The growth of the industry is
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 2

driven by the growing adoption of smart wearable technology

products by consumers. These devices play a vital role in health
monitoring, tracking metrics like cholesterol levels, calories
burned, and oxygen levels through integrated sensors.
Additionally, many companies are introducing wearable
technology watches and accessories that come with health
tracking solutions. This functionality is expected to appeal to
consumers, providing them with the means to monitor their
health and contributing to the overall expansion of the market
(Grand View Research, 2023).

Figure [Link] wearable technology

market([Link]
3 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

According to a study, wearable technology products are

predominantly utilized in the fields of sports and health (Sultan,
2015).The graph for wearable technologies on a segment basis
for the year 2022 is provided below (Figure 2). In 2022, the
consumer electronics application segment emerged as the
leading sector in the wearable technology industry, contributing
to more than 48.95% of the total revenue. The healthcare
segment is expected to experience the second-highest growth
rate from 2022 to 2030. The expanding use of wearable devices
in the pharma sector is projected to drive growth in this segment
throughout the forecast period.

Figure 2. Global wearable technology market segment(Grandview Research,

2023).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 4

Growth in wearable technology products is rapidly

advancing from both a business and consumer perspective. The
substantial market potential for businesses is crucial for the
emergence and implementation of innovative and creative ideas.
The introduction of products that enhance and simplify
consumers' lives is a promising development. The race for
businesses to adapt to evolving technology significantly
influences the integration of wearable technology products in
sectors such as health, textiles, education, entertainment, and
tourism (Kılıç, 2017). In the present day, technology companies
are increasingly directing their focus toward wearable
technology. Creating wearable technology designs that combine
technology with clothing in terms of functionality and
ergonomics involves complex processes. The realization of
these designs requires expertise and knowledge from various
fields. It is expected that functional products will also appeal to
consumers' personal expectations and preferences as
aesthetically pleasing items (Değerli, 2019).
As an example of the earliest known wearable technology
in history, pocket watches used in the 16th century are often
cited. Wearable designs emerged in 1850 with the use of various
corsets and belts for electrotherapy purposes (Gürcüm vd.,
2015).
In today's context, wearable technology products, which
are categorized into several types, can be used for various
purposes. These include smartwatches, smart clothing, smart
shoes, head-mounted displays, smart wristbands, smart jewelry,
5 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

smart glasses, and computers embedded in the body. However,

as evident from the given examples, in applications utilizing
wearable technologies that attract significant attention, the
importance of information security is paramount. In such
application areas, potential security threats must be thoroughly
examined, and necessary precautions should be taken (Bostancı,
2016). The pairing of wearable technologies with their
associated main devices and the transfer of data pose a risk, as
certain information may be copied and backed up without the
users' knowledge (Lee et al., 2018). Additionally, there are
challenges in terms of the constant need for recharging, the
importance of regular data recording, and despite efforts to
reduce costs by making sensors smaller every day, there are still
issues regarding clothing comfort. Desired features in wearable
electronics from a user perspective include having a comfortable
and flexible structure, being easily washable and cleanable, easy
to recharge, and offering a variety of designs and uniqueness
(Öymen, 2017).
With the fast pace of life and evolving human needs, many
people have now begun to adopt wearable technology products.
In the realm of wearable technology, which is increasingly
becoming a part of daily life, the impact of design is significant
from a consumer preference perspective. In terms of design,
products should be produced in a way that allows them to
seamlessly integrate into daily life, offering comfort without
compromising on elegance. The design should make the wearer
feel psychologically comfortable. In addition to design,
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 6

considering the relatively high cost of these products, ensuring

their longevity and durable use is crucial for consumers.
The process of creating wearable technology is a technical
matter, but its journey to reaching the user involves
contributions from various disciplines such as electronics,
computer science, fashion, and design (McCann and Bryson,
2009). Leveraging advancing technology through
multidisciplinary collaborations has led to the emergence of
innovative products. Achieving both functionality and aesthetics
simultaneously in wearable technology products can be
successful through the integration of design and technology.
Addressing challenges related to user interaction and
commercialization in wearable technology products can be
facilitated by forming interdisciplinary teams (McCann and
Bryson, 2009). This approach allows experts from different
fields to collaborate and contribute to the resolution of issues
related to user experience and marketability.
Wearable technologies, rapidly growing alongside the
omnipresence of the internet in all aspects of our lives, are
considered a trend whose impacts will be increasingly felt in the
coming years. The possibilities offered by wearable technology
products are virtually limitless. Originating as a luxury
consumption in many areas, wearable technology products have
evolved into significant necessities in the face of changing
lifestyle standards, with diverse variations catering to users from
all walks of life. This study provides general information about
7 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

wearable technology, discussing its history, classification,

advantages and disadvantages, as well as expected features.

1. THE CONCEPT OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY

Wearable technologies have emerged in various aspects of
our lives in recent years, in tandem with developments in the
field of technology. Wearable technologies are technology-
based innovative products and are considered one of the most
important technological elements of the 21st century (Çakır et
al., 2018).
Especially in the health and fitness domain, wearable
technology products like various physical activity trackers have
already been embraced by many users. In the existing literature,
numerous approaches and definitions for wearable technology
have been proposed. Therefore, making a clear and universally
accepted definition for wearable technology is challenging.
Although they go by different names such as wearable
computers, wearable devices, wearable electronics, smart
clothing, the common purpose of wearable technologies is to
track our activities, distinguishing them from everyday clothing.
In 1998, Mann defined wearable technologies as an open
and accessible computer (Mann, 1998). In 2003, Viseu defined
wearable technologies as the transition from digital simulation
to digital reality (Viseu, 2003). In the definition by MacLean
(2013), wearable technologies are described as devices that can
record the user's movements, physical data, psychological data,
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 8

location, or current situation, as well as habits, through sensors

(MacLean, 2013; Barfield and Coudell, 2001).
Dunne and Smyth (2007) provided a brief definition for
wearable devices, describing them as electronic devices worn on
the user's body (Dunne and Smith, 2007). Wright and Keith
(2014) define wearable technology as smart computers
incorporated into clothing, fashion accessories, and other daily
items and accessories worn by consumers (Wright and Keith,
2014).
Wearable technology products are the general term for
technological and mechanical products that can be worn by
humans (Raj and Brookshire, 2015). These products, also
referred to as wearable computers in the literature, create a
relationship between the user and the computer, enriching the
individual's daily life experiences (Sezgin, 2016).
Despite many detailed and extensive definitions until the
year 2017, Yetmen (2017) defined the concept of wearable
technology as the integration of technology into everyday
clothing and accessories (Yetmen, 2017). In other words,
wearable technology is a category of electronic devices that can
be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing, placed on the
user's body, and even tattooed onto the skin (Hayes, 2022).
Wearable technologies, the general term for technological
devices worn on the body, involve a distinct distinction. For a
product to be called "wearable technology," it must wirelessly
transfer information from smart sensors to a smartphone. These
devices can take various forms, such as watches, glasses,
9 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

bracelets, or jewelry (ICTA, 2020). As seen, the field of

wearable technologies, being so dependent on and open to
technological advancements, does not have a single definition.

2. HISTORY OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY

In addition to the current importance and impact of
wearable technologies, examining the literature reveals that
these technologies have a long history, and it is necessary to
explore their historical development. Wearable technology
products had an impact on military and healthcare fields before
entering the consumer market. Over time, the use of wearable
technologies has increased in different fields and sectors. There
are varying perspectives in the literature regarding the history
and initial use of wearable technologies. The concept of
wearable technology, starting with the invention of eyeglasses in
the year 1286, was initially developed to enable individuals with
myopia to see distant objects. In 1510, the first portable
timekeeping device, known as the "Nuremberg Egg," became a
part of the history of wearable technology. Unlike the familiar
wristwatches of today, these early timepieces were worn around
the neck and were cumbersome tools to carry (Karamehmet,
2019). In the early periods of the Chinese Kingdom dynasty in
the 17th century, a ring-shaped abacus took its place among
wearable technology devices (Figure 3).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 10

Figure 3. Abacus Ring Based on China's Qing Dynasty (Değerli, 2019).

In the subsequent years, wearable technologies have been

incorporated into stage performances in the performing arts. In a
ballet performance called "La Farandole," dancers danced with
headpieces containing electric lamps powered by hidden
batteries in their costumes (Guler et al., 2016) (Figure 4).
11 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 4. Wearable Electric Headpiece, La Farandole Ballet, 1883(Guler et

al., 2016).

In the year 1961, two mathematicians named Edward

Thorp and Claude Shannon developed computing devices
capable of predicting where the ball would land on a roulette
wheel, increasing the chances of winning a bet by up to 44%
(Figure 5). Indeed, with one of the devices concealed inside a
shoe and the other within a cigarette packet, Edward Thorp
considers himself the inventor of the first wearable computer,
specifically with the creation of this gambling shoe. Although
the roulette wheel predictor did not possess a considerable
amount of computing power, it perfectly exemplifies the
emergence of wearable computing (Malmivaara, 2009).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 12

Figure 5. The first modern concept of a wearable device invented by Thorp

and Shannon (Guler et al., 2016)

In the 1980s, significant developments occurred in

wearable technologies. Steve Mann, a prominent figure in
wearable technologies, designed a multimedia system consisting
of a flashlight, battery, and camera mounted inside a helmet and
attached to a backpack to track daily activities (Haider Raad,
2021; Malmivaara, 2009). In subsequent years, Steve Mann
further developed this system, contributing to innovations such
as Lifelogging and Eyetap Digital Eye Glass, enabling
individuals to document their entire lives through photo and
video recording.
In the 1990s, another significant development was the
introduction of the first wireless heart rate (HR) monitor by
13 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Polar. This monitor consisted of a wrist-worn receiver with a

chest belt transmitter for measuring heart rate. Additionally, in
1993, an Australian researcher designed the first underwater
wearable computer called WetPC, which was mounted on a
mask (Motti, 2020).
The 2000s marked a period of rapid development for
wearable technologies. During this time, the number of
academic studies and commercial products in the field of
wearable technology significantly increased. Collaborations
between major fashion brands and technology companies took
place, leading to the emergence of new wearable products. One
such product is the ICD + Jacket resulting from the
collaboration between Levi's and Philips (Figure 6). Classified
as the first commercially known wearable electronic product,
this jacket facilitates communication between a mobile phone,
music player, and headphones through conductive fibers and
fabrics, controlled by a remote (Karamehmet, 2019).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 14

Figure 6. Smart Jacket

([Link]
jacket-with-built-in-cellphone-and-mp3)

In 2003, the Garmin Forerunner, a watch that tracks the

user's performance, was introduced. Towards the end of the
2000s, several Chinese companies began producing Global
System for Mobile (GSM) phones integrated into wristbands
and equipped with mini screens (Haider, 2021). In 2007,
Medynskiy and colleagues released a wearable RFID system
with the aim of shaping tangible game interfaces. Researchers at
Intel Research Seattle utilized this technology to design a glove
named iGlove in the same year. This glove was developed as an
RFID-based device (Sağbaş et al., 2016).
15 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

3. CATEGORIES OF WEARABLE
TECHNOLOGIES
According to the literature, wearable technologies are
classified into three main categories: wearable health
technologies, wearable textile technologies, and wearable
consumer electronics. These products include smartwatches,
smart clothing, smart shoes, head-mounted displays, smart
wristbands, smart jewelry, smart glasses, and body-embedded
computers. Existing products have been classified in various
ways within specific scopes in the literature. Wearable
technology products are categorized into sections such as head,
eyes, arms, legs-feet, ears, torso, wrists, and others. This
classification is based on the positioning of wearable technology
products on the body and is illustrated in Figure 7 below.
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 16

Figure 7. Wearable technology products based on their locations on the body

([Link]
markets/)

According to another classification with a different

perspective, wearable technologies are grouped based on
functionality, type, placement method, communication method,
single or multiple use, and application area. The classification is
provided in Figure 8 below.
17 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Functionality
•Monofunctional
•Multifunctional

Type
•Active
•Passive

Positioning
•Invasive
•Non-invasive

Communication type
•Wired
•Wireless

Single or multiple use

Area of use
•Military
•Health
•Security
•Data processing
•Sound sensitive
•Pressure sensitive
•Activity tracking

Figure 8. Classification of wearable technologies (Park ve diğ., 2014).

Mewara et al. (2016) have classified wearable

technologies into two main groups. This classification is based
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 18

on product form and product functionality. In terms of product

form, there are head-worn products (such as glasses), body-worn
products (smart clothing), hand-worn products (bracelets,
watches, etc.), and foot-worn products (shoes, socks, etc.).
Product functionality encompasses items with specific functions,
such as fitness bracelets used for a healthy lifestyle (Mewara et
al., 2016).
With the developments in wearable technologies and the
progress of technology, the diversity of wearable technology
products is increasing day by day. Consequently, the scope and
development of classification are also diversifying, and many
researchers continue to work on the classification of wearable
technology products.

4. USAGE AREAS OF WEARABLE

TECHNOLOGIES
The concept of wearable technology has shown rapid
development in recent years, and although it may seem like a
new concept, previous studies reveal that it has a long history.
Before wearable technology products entered the consumer
market, they had an impact in military and healthcare fields.
However, over time, the use of wearable technology products
for changing purposes has become widespread in different fields
and sectors. Wearable technology products have created a new
market by providing opportunities for innovation and meeting
the increasing demand for technology in various areas such as
health, sports and fitness, information exchange and
19 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

entertainment, education, industry, tourism, military, fashion,

etc.
Looking at the general trend, it is evident that the use of
these products has significantly increased in recent times and
has begun to have an impact in every aspect of life. In the
coming years, it is predicted that the number of products in the
wearable technology devices market and their usage areas will
continue to grow.

5. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN
HEALTHCARE
Due to the rapid development of technology every day,
undoubtedly, all sectors have benefited from the advancing
technology. The progress of technology has significantly
advanced in the field of health to sustain human life. As a result
of these developments, new technological products have taken
their place in the field of health. Wearable health technologies
increase opportunities for a healthy life through individuals'
ability to track their own data in daily use. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO), all devices, products, and
methods that enhance an individual's quality of life and serve as
intermediaries in solving health problems are defined as health
Technologies.
Health technologies are used to enhance an individual's
quality of life, identify conditions that pose risks for diseases,
and serve purposes such as imaging, treatment, and monitoring.
In some cases, health technologies are utilized to alter the course
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 20

of a disease, slow down its progression, or monitor an

individual's life outside the hospital setting. Wearable health
technologies, by providing users with timely feedback, have the
potential to increase health awareness and build awareness.
Through continuous monitoring of physiological data, the
diagnosis and treatment of illnesses can be significantly
facilitated, or illnesses can be prevented before they occur.
Wearable technology products in the healthcare sector,
while reducing healthcare expenses, have also improved the
quality of healthcare services by providing the opportunity to
collect accurate and personalized patient data during treatment
planning. Therefore, the use of wearable technology products in
healthcare, one of the most crucial sectors of the economy, is
significantly increasing. The strong integration of new
technologies, increased health awareness, rising healthcare
costs, and individuals' preference for virtual networks over face-
to-face communication are revitalizing the wearable technology
market in the healthcare sector. The continuous and regular
monitoring of any disease, the ability to make real-time
interventions, informing authorized healthcare units, and the
presentation of many smart wearable technology products that
can contribute to the recovery process after surgeries are rapidly
continuing in the market, creating new areas of use. According
to a study conducted by the PwC Health Research Institute in
March 2016, the rate of purchasing and using wearable
technologies for health is at the forefront. 63% of the
participants in the study stated that wearable devices could
21 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

reduce obesity, and 70% believed that they could contribute to

an increase in lifespan (Bothun and Lieberman, M. (2016).
The benefits of wearable devices for clinical applications
are outlined as follows (Albayram and Öztekin, 2023):
Allows monitoring of patients in a home environment.
Conducts simultaneous and accurate measurements of
patient data.
Provides close monitoring capability and has the feature of
instant data transmission.
Enhances patient compliance and participation in
treatment.
Reduces clinical needs and complications, thereby
lowering costs.
In the study conducted by Yang et al., 2000, it was
possible to monitor patients' blood flow continuously for 24
hours using a ring called the Ring Sensor shown in Figure 9.
The ring is equipped with a detector that measures blood oxygen
saturation and pulse. The measured data are transmitted to a
computer via digital wireless communication, enabling
continuous and remote analysis of the patient's health status
(Yang and Rhee, 2000).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 22

Figure 9. Ring sensor (Yang and Rhee, 2000).

As seen in Figure 10, in the year 2004, Grossman and

colleagues designed a vest named LifeShirt, consisting of a
garment, a data recorder, and computer-based analysis software.
This vest continuously measures respiration and heart rate
(Grossman, 2004).
23 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 10. Lifeshirt (Grossman, 2004).

Especially for infants who cannot provide feedback

regarding discomfort and health complaints in daily conditions,
the collection of objective data is crucial. Additionally,
continuous monitoring of health parameters for infants admitted
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 24

to the neonatal intensive care unit is of critical importance for

optimal treatment and outcomes. To address this, Linti et al.
developed a sensory baby vest in 2006. This vest, designed for
continuous monitoring of infants in both clinical and home
conditions and for detecting excessive sweating, incorporates
fully integrated sensors to measure respiratory rate, heart rate,
temperature, and humidity parameters. The goal of the vest
system is the early detection of life-threatening conditions and
the identification of stages in the development of diseases (Linti
et al., 2006) (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Sensory baby vest (Linti et al., 2006).

25 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

In another study conducted in 2020, wearable system

integrated with flexible material-based non-invasive sensors for
newborn monitoring was proposed. The system aims not only to
monitor reliable vital signs but also to provide comfortable
clinical environments for newborns. The system consists of a
smart vest and a cloud platform. The wearable smart garment
seen in Figure 12 allows parents to monitor the comfort and
health status of their babies at all times (Chen et al., 2020).

Figure [Link] vest for babies (Chen et al., 2020).

The design seen in Figure 13 is developed for patients

with chronic kidney disease. Ronco and colleagues developed
the first wearable system for continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysi in 2007. This system, named VIWAK (Vicenza
Wearable Artificial Kidney), aims to allow patients to continue
their daily activities during dialysis. The device's control panel
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 26

includes buttons for measured data and intervention when

necessary (Ronco et al., 2007).

Figure 13. Wearable dialysis device template (Ronco et al., 2007).

Patel and colleagues conducted a study in 2009 to assess

the utility of wearable technologies in monitoring excessive
motor system changes in patients with Parkinson's disease from
home. A wearable EKG, respiratory, and motion sensors were
used, and the data obtained from these sensors were sent to the
hospital's central network through a web-based mobile
application. The collected data reached the responsible
physician's computer. This system was employed for data
collection in Parkinson's patients to evaluate complications
27 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

resulting from changes in the motor system and the severity of

symptoms (Patel et al., 2010).
In 2011, a team of surgeons, engineers, and computer
scientists at the University of Arkansas developed a personal
heart monitor based on e-Nanoflex nanosensors. These sensors
can be integrated into wearable garments that are washable and
worn like other clothing. e-Nanoflex can be utilized in surgery,
medical compliance monitoring, and tracking neurological
disorders, or optimizing athletes' training routines. The
developed nano-sensors function as a portable, wearable
electrocardiogram (EKG) system (Varadan, 2011).
With the growing interest in recent years, developments in
wearable technology have also become a research topic in our
country. A project titled "Design of Smart Clothing Displaying
Electrocardiography (EKG)" has led to the development of
smart clothing that detects the heart's rhythm through the
specially designed texture of the fabric and transmits it to
smartphones via Bluetooth connection
([Link]
Wearable technologies are not only used for measuring health
data but also for treatment and rehabilitation purposes. For
example, in 2018, a smart garment was developed for use in the
rehabilitation training of stroke patients. A study was conducted
on 17 stroke patients in three hospitals in Shanghai. Inertial
sensors provided guided feedback on a tablet to assist patients in
rehabilitation. The subjects supported the study, stating that
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 28

technology-assisted training felt more reliable compared to

training with therapists (Wang et al., 2018).
In a study conducted in a hospital in China in 2019,
involving 60 young oral and maxillofacial surgery patients, vital
signs such as ear temperature, pulse, and blood pressure were
measured using both traditional and wearable medical devices.
The results showed that wearable medical devices required
significantly less time throughout the entire measurement
process and data transcription compared to other medical
devices (Fan et al., 2019).
In 2020, Lonin and colleagues conducted a study on
leveraging wearable electronics to control the spread of the
globally impacting Covid-19 pandemic and detect individuals
infected with the virus. Continuous variable symptoms were
recorded with a general screening every two minutes. A
wearable, soft, body-conforming sensor was used to monitor
data related to physical activity, cardiorespiratory function, and
cough sounds (Lonini et al., 2020).
For individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD),
Tomczak and colleagues presented a stress monitoring system
specially designed and developed for an educational institution
in 2020. The stress monitoring system includes an autonomous
wearable device (bracelet) comprising both electronic and
mechanical components, along with software application for
data analysis. The wearable device is designed to measure heart
rate, skin resistance, temperature, and body movement
(Tomczak et al., 2020).
29 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

The wearable health technology product named Adamm

provides asthma management. This device collects data such as
the user's cough rate, respiratory pattern, and medication usage,
and transfers it to a smartphone. The device records the user's
daily values and issues alerts to the user in case of any asthma
symptoms. This allows both the patient and the responsible
healthcare professional to monitor respiratory problems
(Demirci, 2018).
In recent years, various studies have been conducted in the
field of wearable technology related to posture disorders. For
example, in 2020, a study was conducted on the design and
development of an innovative smart garment for real-time
ergonomic risk assessment. The system is based on inertial
sensors and employs a biological feedback strategy that uses
haptic stimulator to alert the user about hazardous postures,
promoting more ergonomic postures. The results demonstrated
that providing real-time biological feedback improved posture
awareness and had a significant impact on reducing ergonomic
risk (Cerqueira et al., 2020).
One of the most significant advantages provided by
wearable health technologies is monitoring. Through
monitoring, individuals can easily access data about their health
status and gain insights into potential future illnesses.
Additionally, these data collected from patients can serve as a
reference in the diagnostic process for healthcare professionals
(Büyükgöze, 2019).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 30

With the increasing population, the growing burden on

healthcare institutions leads to significant expenses.
Additionally, hospital treatments can adversely affect patients'
psychological well-being in the long run. Health technologies
enable individuals to be monitored outside hospital settings,
receive treatment without hospitalization, and obtain health-
related data quickly. This convenience has positive effects on
the budget allocated for healthcare services. In this context, the
use of wearable health technologies contributes to both
individual and societal benefits (Aydan and Aydan, 2016).
When examining the applications described above for
wearable health technologies, it is observed that a significant
portion of existing products are designed to measure vital signs
such as heart rate, respiration, and sleep patterns. The features of
these devices enable users to easily monitor their routine health
conditions. Regular tracking of this data is crucial, especially for
individuals with chronic illnesses. In this context, it can be said
that wearable health technologies represent vital devices.
Although the developed devices have not yet reached the desired
level, there is a rapid increase in research and development in
this field (Işık, 2022).
The increasing use of wearable health technologies brings
about both advantages and disadvantages. Studies indicate that
the use of wearable health technologies is easy, fast, and
practical. Thanks to these products, users can access various
data without straining their physical and cognitive abilities. This
situation allows for time savings and the quick organization of
31 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

tasks. In this regard, one of the most significant advantages of

wearable health technologies is their ability to collect and
organize a large amount of data for individuals in a short period
(Sezgin, 2016).
On the downside, when it comes to technological
products, various cybersecurity problems are observed. This
situation gives rise to the problem of malicious individuals
stealing personal data. While wearable health technologies
provide many advantages for an individual's health, the transfer
and processing of data to different locations can lead to serious
problems.

6. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY

Wearable technology is not confined solely to social
contexts but has also transitioned towards major industries such
as the military, instigating a comprehensive transformation.
There is a notable interest in innovative approaches to the
applicability of existing technologies to enhance their
functionality within this domain. Naturally, wearable
technologies have attracted significant attention. Any wearable
technology introduced should aim to reduce complexity and
workload for various defense operators. The development of
smart clothing and wearable technology solutions in the military
sector is expected to bring about efficiency improvements and
cost savings, presenting new opportunities for advancements in
security, usability, and operational effectiveness (Kılıç, 2017).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 32

The increasing demands for the coordination, training, and

health of soldiers, alongside uncertain geopolitical conflicts and
military modernization programs, are factors accelerating the
growth of the military wearable market. Wearable technologies
in the military domain contribute to monitoring the physical
condition of soldiers during missions, improving communication
between units and military outposts, and providing
comprehensive information about the situation. Wearable
technologies enable a command and control unit to monitor
soldiers more accurately, facilitating the ease of tracking their
safety during high-alert operations and reducing the risk of
errors. Wearable devices for the military are classified into
army, navy, and air force applications. To enhance soldiers'
combat capabilities, many countries worldwide have increased
the utilization of wearable computing devices (Sharma et al.,
2020).
It is expected that wearable technologies be lightweight
and portable. Particularly in the context of military operations,
the weight of equipment is of significant importance for
soldiers. Wearable energy harvesting technology is considered
the most suitable solution to provide power to a soldier's
electronic devices and reduce the number of portable batteries,
which add extra weight. Energy harvesting systems capture
small amounts of wasted energy in the form of light, kinetic,
heat, or vibration. Therefore, in 2017, Othman and colleagues
designed a wearable energy harvesting system using
piezoelectric transducers embedded in the soles of military boots
33 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

to capture the energy generated by footstep sounds (Othman,

2017).
Wearable sensor devices are utilized to monitor human
movement within military zones. The purpose of these sensors is
to track and detect unauthorized entries (conflicting
actions/behaviors) among all soldiers in the military network
(Gopal, 2014).
Additionally, systems based on specific sensors related to
military networks and the health of soldiers and field personnel
during a mission are being developed and tested. Measurements
of various physical parameters such as respiration, blood
pressure, pulse, body temperature, sweating, oxygen
consumption, and motion tracking are conducted. In these
systems, the parameters of soldiers are continuously measured
and wirelessly transmitted to necessary locations (Kang et al.,
2020).
Detecting data related to the psychological profile of a
soldier is crucial to determining the degree of adaptability to the
mission-related situation at a specific time. In a system
developed for this purpose, wearable sensors measure the
physical responses of the soldier's body. The goal is to predict
environmental stimuli that surpass the physiological and
psychological abilities of the soldier while performing tasks
(Rozanowski et al., 2015).
Virtual Reality (VR) based interventions, wearable
technology, are used to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of
military and mental health conditions. Wearable technologies
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 34

are also employed to detect mental health conditions and

increase motivation for ongoing treatment. A computer-
animated virtual agent provides online coaching for patients
with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in their homes to
improve treatment adherence. Through a head-mounted display,
PTSD patients can reexperience past experiences and reassociate
them with new meanings (Vermetten et al., 2020).
ASELSAN developed the CENKER project in 2015. The
Cenker system consists of products weighing 2 kg that are worn
on the eye, ear, and arm. Thanks to the embedded software, the
health status of the soldier and ammunition tracking can be
quickly performed. The equipment worn by soldiers includes a
wearable computer, smart battlefield goggles, a smartwatch, a
pulse monitor, a command computer, a durable battery set, a
laryngeal microphone isolated from ambient noise for precise
speech, a live streaming camera, software-based radio, and a
weapon-mounted command unit (Karakoç and Asal, 2017).
The Dismounted Soldier Training System (DSTS) is an
application developed for military training, serving as a strategic
and educational game-based military training system. Soldiers
participating in digital training use the DSTS system to execute
orders and tasks in a realistic war scenario. These training
sessions take place in a confined and small physical space,
simulating virtual exercises in mountainous, forested, desert,
and terrain environments. Soldiers in the training use wearable
equipment and weapons to see the virtual environment, hear
35 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

sounds occurring during conflicts, and communicate with their

teammates simultaneously (Flores, 2013) (Figure, 14).

Figure [Link] Training with Augmented Reality (Flores, 2013).

The Holographic Tactical Sandbox (HTS) is an

operational, planning, and tactical system that enhances the war
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 36

and exercise area by transferring it into holographic augmented

reality through digital eyewear. It is utilized by the command
and management level during the planning and execution phases
of operations. HTS comprises augmented reality, wearable
technologies, and three-dimensional imaging systems with high
resolution (Karakuş and Gönen, 2022).

7. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES IN SPORTS

In today's world, sports activities have become an integral
part of daily life, and the positive impact of engaging in sports
on the quality of life is well-known. One of the areas where
wearable technologies provide benefits and are widely utilized is
in the field of sports. Wearable devices not only motivate
individuals for a healthy lifestyle but also assist in monitoring
and enhancing their physical development.
Various products, such as smartwatches, smart wristbands,
smart clothing, and smart headphones, are widely used in the
field of sports. Wearable technological sports products are
believed to contribute to athletes' development in their daily
lives, nutrition, rest, training, and competitions by providing
support and guiding them in a more systematic way. The data
collected through these devices can be used to assist individuals
in achieving their health and sports goals or to track specific
goals in a particular sport or exercise. Physiological sensors in
these devices enhance the perception of physical performance
more specifically by adding more details about body movements
and activities.
37 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Wearable technology products in sports encompass a wide

range of sensors, including but not limited to respiratory rate,
neural activity, heart rate, body temperature, frequency,
brightness, refraction, light wave, temperature, humidity
measurement, location, displacement, speed, and energy
(Barfield and Caudell, 2001). Athletes can monitor almost every
aspect of their daily lives by using these sensors to track their
personal measurements.
Wearable technologies are increasingly used for
promoting a healthy lifestyle in daily life, and their use in
professional sports is becoming more widespread. With the
advent of technological devices, a wealth of information can be
collected for professional athletes or those aspiring to be
professionals, ranging from real-time performance metrics,
distances covered, body responses, to even the intensity of
impacts. These data can be processed through various programs,
providing athletes and coaches with guiding insights for future
physical, technical, and tactical training, as well as performance
and health management. The utilization of wearable
technologies and beyond is becoming more prevalent in
professional fields with each passing day (Baydemir, 2017).
Video-based analysis is a common method for analyzing
human movements in sports. Therefore, wearable sensors and
video cameras are used to detect a sports movement and
automatically provide image sequences of the movement using a
system developed by Kim and Kim. The system has been
evaluated by implementing it as an example application,
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 38

specifically a soccer kicking analysis system (Kim and Kim,

2017).
Wearable sensor devices provide valuable additional
information to athletes during training, coaches, or to patients
and healthcare professionals during therapy. Real-time
biofeedback systems can enhance the effectiveness of training or
therapy. Sensors, actuators, and wireless technologies vary
widely in their features. A study has examined the applicability
and usage of biofeedback systems in sports and rehabilitation
(Kos, 2019). Recording and analyzing the calories burned from
different exercises in a single day is not easy. To address this, a
wearable device-based home sports recording system has been
developed, capable of analyzing and recording five common
sports behaviors including walking, running, hula hooping, sit-
ups, and push-ups (Chang et al., 2020).
With the smart sock developed by the company Sensoria
as shown in Figure 15, processes such as step counting, speed
measurement, calorie tracking, and distance calculation can be
realized.
39 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 15. Smart sock ([Link]

edebilen-coraplar-giyilebilir-cihazlariniz-icin-yeni-guc-kaynagi-olabilir-
[Link])

HEXOSKIN-branded wearable smart shirts can collect

real-time data on blood pressure, body temperature, blood
oxygen levels, heart rate, and electrical activities
(electrocardiogram), as well as respiration rate and volume,
steps per minute, and acceleration (Sarı et al., 2021). The
collected data can be wirelessly sent to mobile devices for
processing or analyzed in their own software for further insights.
These shirts serve as a sleep monitoring device and can be used
in various sports and physical activities to track personal
development and assess whether workouts are suitable for one's
health (Figure 16).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 40

Figure 16. Smart t-shirt ([Link]

monitoring-platform-for-advanced-research)

Athos shorts, used by professional athletes, can observe

and analyze all muscle movements with their 12 built-in sensors
(Figure 17).
41 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 17. Smart short ([Link]

clothing-international-shipping/)

The Nike Adapt BB, part of the Nike Adapt series, is

specifically designed for basketball players. Compatible with
smartphones, the Nike Adapt technology allows the shoe laces
to be fastened and loosened with a single button. Additionally,
the laces can be automatically tightened or loosened. This
product aims to maintain the desired tightness level set by
individuals during the game, preventing the shoelaces from
coming loose and ensuring that the athlete's performance is kept
at its peak (Figure 18).
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 42

Figure 18. Smart shoes (tps://[Link]/si/a/nike-adapt-bb-release-info)

Form Swim Goggles, developed by the Form brand for

swimmers, are smart goggles that are waterproof up to 10
meters. These goggles provide real-time data such as heart rate,
calories, stroke count, speed, and distance directly in front of the
swimmer's eyes (Figure 19).
43 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure 19. Smart glasses ([Link]

goggles)

The production and design of wearable sports technologies

continues for a wide variety of purposes and for varying
purposes. Although these products have many benefits, they also
have potential drawbacks that need to be considered, such as the
privacy and security of data collected by the devices. The
accuracy of the data they provide can be concerning, as these
devices may not always produce accurate results. As with any
technology, it is important to carefully evaluate the potential
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 44

risks and benefits and use these devices responsibly (Akkaya

and Ekan, 2023).
In addition to the specific areas discussed in the study, the
market offers a plethora of diverse products that continuously
evolve. Among these are products specifically designed to
prevent poor posture and promote an upright stance. An
example of such innovation is the "Posture Reminder T-Shirt,"
originating from a Kickstarter project based in Sweden, aimed at
addressing posture issues (Figure 20). Furthermore, there are
corsets available that use vibration alerts to discourage
unintentional slouching, aiding individuals in maintaining an
upright posture in their daily lives (Figure 20).
45 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Figure [Link] Reminder T-Shirt and smart corset

([Link]
teknolojiler/,[Link]
titresimli-982973-firsat-urun#)

A hat has been designed to prevent drivers who use

vehicles for extended periods from succumbing to sleep and
fatigue, ensuring they wake up if they doze off behind the wheel
by monitoring the driver's head movements. Recognizing the
attention lapses and fatigue inherent in the profession of long-
haul truck drivers, Ford has developed the "SafeCap." This
system tracks the driver's head movements using motion sensors
and gyroscopes, coupled with specialized software, aiming to
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 46

eliminate the distraction and fatigue brought about by the

profession before any accident that could result in loss of life or
property occurs. Drivers are alerted through vibrations, sounds,
and lights from the device, which resembles an ordinary hat
(Ford Media Center, 2017).
The shoes produced by the ShiftWear company allow
customization through an embedded display. Users can
personalize the shoes with their preferred designs using a
smartphone. Additionally, the product is water-resistant,
machine-washable, and features wireless charging
technology(Figure 21).

Figure 21. Smart shoes ([Link]

sneaker-lets-you-design-your-own-edition/)
47 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Garments have been designed to regulate body

temperature according to environmental conditions. Ministry of
Supply, using durable smart fabrics and minimal designs, has
created a waterproof and lightweight jacket that adapts to
various weather conditions, from snowy days to windy and rainy
autumn weather. The jacket features sensors both on the inside
and outside surfaces that measure the ambient temperature. The
jacket, controllable via Bluetooth through a mobile application,
learns user preferences and has the ability to automatically
adjust itself based on the ambient temperature over time
([Link]
olabilen-akilli-mont/)
The PolarSeal sweater, designed with a lightweight,
flexible, and breathable structure, features two separate heaters
located on the back and waist. By pressing the buttons on the
left sleeve of the sweater, users can activate the heating function
for the desired area. This feature aims to balance body
temperature during outdoor sports activities (Figure 22).

Figure [Link] sweater ([Link]

engelleyen-isiticili-kazak-polar-seal/)
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 48

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES
With the integration of wearable technology products into
our lives, the products individuals use in their daily routines
have begun to respond to more desires and needs, driven by the
increased functionality of these products. The convergence of
various disciplines has led to the emergence of new innovations
with advancing technology. Wearable technology products,
which initially found their place in crucial areas such as health,
education, and security, have now become part of our daily
activities, impacting various aspects of our lives. Research
studies have highlighted the superior features of wearable
technologies and how they contribute to making life easier and
enhancing the quality of life.
In the examination of studies in the field of wearable
technology, several usage advantages come to light, influenced
by designs crafted for ergonomic use. Noteworthy features
include ease of portability, rapid interaction, freedom of
movement, and user-friendly interfaces. When considering
frequently employed terms in the wearable technology domain,
it is observed that these products aim to enhance the user's
cognitive, communicative, and sensory capacities without
unduly challenging physical constraints. Moreover, the
widespread adoption of these products not only enables the
tracking of daily tasks through commonly used smartphones but
also facilitates the expeditious completion of various activities.
49 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

Consequently, wearable technology products have been noted to

provide users with time-saving benefits (Çakır et al., 2018).
Overall, the advantages of wearable technologies are
summarized as follows:
Productivity: Wearable technologies contribute to
increased efficiency through their diverse applications across
various sectors. In the healthcare industry, for instance, doctors
can easily address issues such as examining a patient's veins
without the need to wait for scans or X-rays, thanks to the
utilization of wearable technology. In the business realm,
wearable technology products play a significant role in
expeditiously resolving issues, thereby providing substantial
benefits to both the company and its clientele.
Employee Satisfaction: The proper selection of wearable
technology products significantly enhances employee
satisfaction and engagement for businesses, thereby increasing
the value of the investment.
Utilization of Different Technologies: One of the key
features of wearable devices is their ability to connect to other
systems. Investing in these wearable devices enhances the
effectiveness of connected investments and contributes to the
increased value in the market.
Other: Wearable devices enable the simultaneous
completion of multiple tasks, leading to time savings. They also
allow the use of advanced voice recognition systems instead of
lengthy messages and texts.
([Link]
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 50

workplace/)
In addition to the numerous benefits and advantages of wearable
technologies, there are also some disadvantages as outlined
below:
Distracting Potential: Similar to smartphones, wearable
technologies also present distracting features. For instance,
smartwatches offering numerous features and receiving constant
updates may lead users to continuously focus on new
functionalities.
Cost: Wearable devices that provide meaningful
functionality tend to be relatively expensive, potentially limiting
accessibility.
Dependency on Platforms: Many wearable devices
require different platforms for proper functioning. In this case,
investing in wearable devices may also necessitate investment in
new systems simultaneously.
Size and Battery Limitations: Despite technological
advancements, many wearable devices still face limitations in
terms of size and battery capacity, resulting in usability
challenges and reliability issues.
Privacy Concern: Ensuring privacy and data security is
crucial, and it is imperative that products are designed with these
considerations in mind.
The rapidly increasing popularity of wearable technology
products in various aspects of daily life brings about significant
developments in technology and science; however, it also
introduces a set of security issues. In the realm of wearable
51 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

technologies, which can still be considered a relatively new

field, numerous risks and threats exist. When evaluating this
concept in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT), it
becomes evident that the risks associated with the internet are
also applicable to these products (Öymen, 2017).
Due to the convenience and advantages they offer in our
daily lives, wearable technologies, in which we store a
substantial amount of personal data, pose the risk of users'
personal information being shared with third parties.
Additionally, there is the concern of these data being sold to
businesses in digital environments (Çakır et al., 2018).
Similar to many technological devices, wearable
technology products are susceptible to issues such as data theft,
cyber attacks, or the installation of malicious software on the
device. Problems may arise during the wireless transfer of
information from these products to another computer or another
smart device, including data theft or malicious interference,
sharing, or manipulation of systems by malicious individuals.
Ongoing efforts are being made to develop preventive measures
against potential risks that may arise in wearable technology
products (Çakır et al., 2018).

9. EXPECTED FEATURES OF WEARABLE

ELECTRONICS
Users have certain expectations regarding the
performance, long-term usage, maintenance, and design of
wearable electronics. From a usability perspective, expected
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 52

features of wearable electronics include having a comfortable

and flexible structure, being easy to wash and clean, easy to
charge, and having design diversity and originality (Öymen,
2017). Research is also being conducted on the energy sources
used to power wearable electronic devices. It is expected that the
batteries and cells used should be low-cost, lightweight, small-
sized, and have high-performance characteristics (Wahba et al.,
2020). Additionally, factors such as usage time, sensor
technology, and cost are crucial for the development of healthy
solutions for long-term use, the collection and processing of
more accurate data, and the widespread adoption of these
technologies by reducing their costs.
When designing and developing wearable devices,
certain features must be taken into account. From a design
perspective, the production should enable the device to
seamlessly integrate into daily life, providing comfort as well as
maintaining a sense of elegance without compromising on
functionality. The designed device should be aesthetically
pleasing and user-friendly, and it should be as small and
lightweight as possible. Furthermore, it is essential for the
device to be resistant to different weather conditions and
environmental factors.

10. CONCLUSION
Wearable technologies have increasingly evolved day by
day, establishing a presence in the market, and wearable
technology products have now become an integral part of
53 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

everyday life. These technologies have opened the door to many

exciting applications, leading to a technological revolution
similar to the internet and mobile communication industries.
These developments are progressing towards dizzying
dimensions, both from the perspective of businesses and
consumers. When considered from the perspective of
businesses, having a large market potential is a significant factor
in the emergence and implementation of innovative and creative
ideas. Due to the conveniences they provide in industries such as
electronics, fashion/textiles, education, health, defense, which
have significant impacts on global trade, they have found ample
application and preference.
Research indicates that there are wearable devices
designed for various fields and purposes in the market.
Therefore, considering the role that technology plays in our
lives, it is anticipated that these products, which we use in our
daily lives, will become increasingly popular and reach a wide
user base over time.
Currently, the proliferation of wearable technologies is in
its initial stages when considering the potential future processes
for both society and companies. In the near future, wearable
technologies will continue to evolve, and these technological
devices will be produced by societies and companies with
developed functions and designs. As a result, they will be
increasingly embraced by users.
It is claimed that these products will become richer every
day, taking into account technological advancements and
 WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES | 54

consumer needs. This situation may imply that smart products

could perform more crucial tasks in the future and play a more
significant role in our lives. The rapid progress of technology
allows various disciplines to come together and generate new
innovations. The growing wearable technology market, which is
advancing day by day, attracts the attention of academics and
marketing professionals, leading to ongoing research and
emerging as a highly promising area for development.
While the rapid advancement of technology has greatly
facilitated human life, it can also bring about some potential
issues mentioned. Before adopting this technology, it is essential
to be aware of effective use and protection methods, requiring
conscious consideration.
55 | WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES

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
ISBN: 978-625-367-621-6