By Muskan Rana (BAMS 2022)
Blood
GROUPS
e n d a 1. Introduction
Ag 2. Types of Blood groups
3. ABO system
4. Rh factor
5. Blood Typing
6. Other blood groups
7. Blood Tranfusions
Introduction
Blood group is an inherited feature
on the surface of Red Blood Cells.
At present 33 blood groups
represent over 300 antigens as
listed by International Society of
Blood Transfusion (ISBT)
Types of Blood Group Systems
Out of 33 blood group systems
ABO remains the most important for
Transfusion and Transplantation
procedures.
Some Blood Group Systems
Why so?
ABO System
1. Based on 2 antigens A antigen and B antigen or agglutinogens on the surface of RBCs.
2. Corresponding antibodies or agglutinins Anti A and Anti B are also present in plasma (serum).
3. Inherited according to Mendelian Law and according to CODOMINANT MANNER.
Frequency of Blood Groups
Indian Tribes of America ,section of Australians, Africans Group O
Karl Landsteiner
(1901)
White people of America
Group A
West Europeans, West
Asians
Indians Group B
Indians in Peru Group O
Group A Group B Group AB Group O
A antigen B antigen A and B antigen No antigen
Anti A and Anti B
Anti B antibody Anti A antibody No antibody antibody
RHESUS FACTOR : BY LANDSTEINER AND WEINER IN 1941 INHERITANCE OF RHESUS ANTIGEN
Follows Mendel’s law of dominance
# D is dominant and d is recessive
1. RBCs of Rhesus monkey and humans have similar antigen
called Rh factor. DD and Dd Rh positive
2. For its agglutination no corresponding antibody is
present in human plasma unless circulatory system is dd Rh negative
exposed to Rh+ve blood or Rh antigen.
3. Recent studies show that Rh factor is composed of 6
antigens C,c; D,d;E,e Rh antibodies areof different
4. The commonest are D and D which provide 3 subgroups types corresponding to six antigens out of
which Anti D is strongly antigenic and others
which are D, Dd, d like Anti C Anti d are very feeble.
5. D and Dd are collectively called D group [Link] positive
ANTI D
6. d group will be Rh negative.
Principle of Blood Typing BLOOD
Agglutination :- This means collection of separate particles like RBCs. It occurs
when antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody. Ex: When A
antigen is mixed with Anti A agglutination occurs.
TYPING
Cell Grouping
Serum Grouping
( FORWARD
GROUPING) ( REVERSE
GROUPING)
Requirements: Suspension of RBCs , testing antisera A, B and D
Procedure: Drops of all antisera (one each) is placed on
GROUPING slide and RBC suspension is mixed with each .
FORWARD Slide is rotated and agglutination is observed.
GROUP A GROUP B
Agglutination is observed in Anti A Agglutination is observed in Anti B
serum. serum.
Agglutination in Anti D serum indicates Agglutination in Anti D serum indicates
presence of Rh factor. presence of Rh factor.
GROUP AB GROUP O
Agglutination is observed in Anti A and Agglutination is observed in None.
Anti B serum.
Agglutination in Anti D serum indicates Agglutination in Anti D serum indicates
presence of Rh factor. presence of Rh factor.
OUPING
RSE GR
REVE
THANK
YOU!
[Link]
