Chapter - 4

Fuzzy Set and

Fuzzy Logic

Introduction:
The word “fuzzy” means “vaguness (ambiguity)”.Fuzziness occurs when the
boundary of a piece of information is not clear-cut.
Ex: Words like young, tall, good or high are fuzzy. There is no single
quantitative value which defines the term young.
For some people, age 25 is young, and for others, age 35 is young. The concept
young has no clean boundary. Age 35 has some possibility of being young and
usually depends on the context in which it is being considered. Fuzzy sets are an
extension of the classical notion of set (known as a Crisp Set).
Crisp set: A set is a well-defined collection of objects. The term well defined
helps us to discriminate members and non-members of the set. A set in which
we can discriminate members or non-members is called a crisp set. Thus our
classical set is a crisp set. Crisp set theory can also be studied via
characteristics function.
Characteristics function: Let U be a fixed non-empty set, to be called
universal set or universe of discourse or simply domain.

A function ( ) * + ( ) { is called

characteristics function.
Fuzzy set: The concept of fuzzy set is an extension of the concept of crisp set.
Let X is a universal set. A fuzzy set „A‟ in X is a set of ordered pairs such that
A=*( ( )) + ( )
( ).
We also write , - . Here .
Note:

Example (1): Consider X=* + and , - defined by

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
Example (2): Let X = {g 1 , g 2 , g 3 , g 4 , g 5 } be the reference set of
students. Let à be the fuzzy set of “smart” students, where “smart” is fuzzy
term.
à = {(g 1 ,0.4)(g 2 ,0.5)(g 3 ,1)(g 4 ,0.9)(g 5 ,0.8)}
Here à indicates that the smartness of g 1 is 0.4 and so on.
Notations: 1. A=*( ( )) +

2. A= ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ∑ ( )

Note that summation means union i.e. we write all elements together.
Important definition:
1. Core of a fuzzy set: Let A be a fuzzy set. Then the set
* ( ) + is called core of the fuzzy set A. It is denoted by core (A).
2. Support of a fuzzy set: Let A be fuzzy set on X. The set
* ( ) + is called support of A and is denoted by supp(A) or S(A).
Thus supp(A) = * ( ) +.
The point (element) ( ) is called crossover point.
Example (3): Let X=* + and
A=*( )( )( )( )( )( ) ( )( )+
i.e. A=*( )( )( )( )( ) ( )+
Then Supp(A)= * + and x = c is a crossover point.

Example (4): Let X=* + and

A *( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )+
i.e. A=*( )( )( )( )( )+
Then Supp(A) or S(A) = * + and x = 4 is a crossover point.
3. of fuzzy set: The
of fuzzy set A is the crisp set of all elements with atleast membership grade .
Thus * ( ) +
Note: For each , we can obtain -cut of A.
The strong or set A is crisp set that contains all elements of
the universe of discourse whose membership grade is greater than .
Thus * ( ) +
Example (5): Let X=* + and
A=*( )( )( )( )( )( ) ( )( )+
i.e. A=*( )( )( )( )( ) ( )+
Then =* +, =* + =* +
Example (6): Let X=* + and
A *( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )( )+
i.e. A=*( )( )( )( )( )+
Then =* +, =* +
4. Height of a fuzzy set: Let A be fuzzy set on X. Then height of A is the
largest membership grade attained by any element in the set and H(A) or ht(A).
Example7: A=*( )( )( )( )( )+ Then H(A) = 0.9.
Note: If A is empty set then H(A)=0.
If A is a non-empty crisp set then H(A)=1.
5. Normalised fuzzy set: Let A be fuzzy set on X. Then A is said to be
normalized if ( ) for at least one x in X. In other words A is normalized
if H(A)=1 for at least one x in X.
Example (8): A=*( )( )( )( )( )+ Here H(A) = 0.9
.hence A is not normalized.
6. Cardinality of a fuzzy set: The cardinality of a fuzzy set A is denoted
and defined as | | ∑ ( )
| |
‖ || | |
| |
Example (9): Let X be the set of ages given by X={
5,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90}

Consider the fuzzy set Young ={ } then

|Young|=1+1+0.8+0.5+0.2+0.1=3.6
| |
||Young||= | |
= 36

Example (10): A fuzzy set large type of house is

A= *( )( )( )( )( )( )+ and
X={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} denotes the possible number of bedrooms in a house,
then |A|=0.2+0.4+0.6+0.8+1+1=4 . also |X|=number of members in a set=10
| |
Relative cardinality ||A||= | |
= 4

Example (11): Consider the fuzzy set Young ={ }

then
|Young|=1+1+0.8+0.5+0.2+0.1=3.6
| |
||Young||= | |
= 36

Operations on Fuzzy sets : The well-known operations which can be

performed on fuzzy sets are the operations of union, intersection, complement,
algebraic product and algebraic sum. Much research concerning fuzzy sets and
their applications to automata theory, logic, control, game, topology, pattern
recognition, integral, linguistics, taxonomy, system, decision making,
information retrieval and so on, has been earnestly undertaken by using these
operations for fuzzy sets.

1. Empty fuzzy set: A fuzzy set A is empty iff µA(x) = 0 for all x . .In other
words A fuzzy set A is called empty if degree of membership if zero for all the
members of the fuzzy sets.
i
2 .Universal fuzzy set: A fuzzy set A is called universal iff µA(x) = 1 for all
x . In other words A fuzzy set A is called universal if degree of membership
if one for all the members of the fuzzy sets.
3. Equal fuzzy sets: Two fuzzy sets A and B are said to be equal, if µA(x) =
µB(x) for all x . It is expressed as follows A(x) = B(x), if and only if µA(x)=
µB(x).
Note: Two fuzzy sets A and B are said to be unequal, if µA(x) ≠ µB(x) for at
least x .
Example (12): A = {(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)}
B = {(x1, 0. 1),(x2,0.5),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.6)}
As µA(x) ≠ µB(x) for different x , therefore A ≠ B .
4. Complement (Absolute Complement) of fuzzy set: The
complement of a fuzzy set is denoted by Ā or AC and defined
Ā ={(x, µĀ (x)), x ϵ X } where membership function is given by
µĀ(x) = 1- µA(x) for all x ϵ X
5. Relative compliment of fuzzy set: The relative complement of a fuzzy
set A with respect to fuzzy set B is denoted by B-A and defined as
B-A= {(x, µB-A (x)), x ϵ X }
where µB-A(x) = µB(x)- µA(x) for all x ϵ X , provided µB(x) ≥ µA(x).
Example (13): A = {(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.5),(x4,0.6)}
B = {(x1,0.3),(x2,0.5),(x3,0.7),(x4,0.9)} then
Ā= {(x1, 1- 0.1),(x2,1- 0.2),(x3,1- 0.5),(x4,1- 0.6)}
i.e. Ā={(x1,0.9),(x2,0.8),(x3, 0.5),(x4,0.4)} and
B-A ={(x1,0.3- 0.1),(x2,0.5-0.2),(x3,0.7-0.5),(x4,0.9-0.6)}
i.e. B-A={(x1,0.2),(x2,0.3),(x3,0.2),(x4,0.3)}
Example (14): A = {(x 1 , 0.5),(x 2 ,0.7),(x 3 ,0)}
Complement A c = {(x 1 ,0.5),(x 2 ,0.3),(x 3 ,1)}
Because μ A c (x 1 ) =1- μ A (x 1 ) = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5
μ A c (x 2 ) = 0.3 and μ A c (x 3 ) = 1.

6. Union of fuzzy sets: Let A and B are two fuzzy sets, the union of A and B is
denoted by AUB and is defined as
AUB = {(x, µAUB(x)), x ϵ X }
where the membership function μ A U B (x) = max (μ A (x), μ B (x)).

Example (15): A={(x1,0.7),(x2,0.3),(x3,0.9),(x4,0.1)}

B={(x1,0.2),(x2,0.5),(x3,0.7),(x4,0.4)}
then A U B = {(x1,0.7),(x2,0.5),(x3,0.9),(x4,0.4)}
µAUB(x1)= max{µA(x1),µB(x1)} = max{0.7,0.2} = 0.7
µAUB(x2)= max{µA(x2),µB(x2)} = max{0.3,0.5} = 0.5
µAUB(x3)= max{µA(x3),µB(x3)} = max{0.9,0.7} = 0.9
µAUB(x4)= max{µA(x4),µB(x4)} = max{0.1,0.4} = 0.4
Example (16): A = {(x 1 , 0.5),(x 2 ,0.7),(x 3 ,0)}
B = {(x 1,0.8),(x 2 ,0.2),(x 3 ,1)}
then A U B = {(x 1 ,0.8),(x 2 ,0.7),(x 3 ,1)}
Because μ A U B (x 1 ) = max (μ A (x 1 ), μ B (x 1 )) = max(0.5,0.8) = 0.8
similarly μ A U B (x 2 ) = 0.7 and μ A U B (x 3 ) = 1.
7. Intersection of fuzzy sets: Let A and B are two fuzzy sets, the intersection of
is denoted by A∩B and is defined as A∩B ={(x, µA∩B (x)), x ϵ X }
where the membership function µ A∩B(x) = min{µA(x), µB(x)} .
Example (17): A={(x1,0.7),(x2,0.3),(x3,0.9),(x4,0.1)}
B ={(x1,0.2),(x2,0.5),(x3,0.7),(x4,0.4)}
µA ∩ B(x1)= min{µA(x1),µB(x1)} = min{0.7,0.2} = 0.2
µA ∩ B(x2)= min{µA(x2),µB(x2)} = min{0.3,0.5} = 0.3
µA ∩ B(x3)= min{µA(x3),µB(x3)} = min{0.9,0.7} = 0.7
µA ∩ B(x4)= min{µA(x4),µB(x4)} = min{0.1,0.4} = 0.1 .
Example (18): A = {(x 1 , 0.5),(x 2 ,0.7),(x 3 ,0)}
B = {(x 1 , 0.8),(x 2 ,0.2),(x 3 ,1)}
then A ∩ B = {(x 1 ,0.5),(x 2 ,0.2),(x 3 ,0)}
Because μ A ∩ B (x 1 ) = min (μ A (x 1 ), μ B (x 1 )) = min(0.5,0.8) = 0.5
similarly μ A ∩ B (x 2 ) = 0.2 and μ A ∩ B (x 3 ) = 0.
8. Algebraic product of fuzzy sets: The Algebraic product of two fuzzy
sets A and B for all x ϵ X, is denoted by AB and defined as follows
AB = {(x, µAB(x)), x ϵ X } where µA.B(x) =µA(x).µB(x).
Example (19): If A = {(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)}
and B = {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0.8),(x4,0.9)}
then AB = {(x1,0.05),(x2,0.14),(x3,0.24),(x4,0.36)} .
Example (20) : If A = {( 3 ,0.8),(4,0.9),(5,0.6),(6,0.4)}
and B = {(2,0.5),(3, 0.7),(4,0.8),(7,0.9)}
then AB = {(3,0.56),(4, 0.72)} .
9. Multiplication of fuzzy sets by a crisp number: The product of
fuzzy set A and a crisp number „d‟ is expressed as follows
dA= {(x, µdA(x)), x ϵ X } where µdA(x) =d µA(x)).
Example (21): Let us consider a fuzzy set A(x) such that
A(x)={(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)} d = 0.2 then
d. A = {(x1,0.02),(x2,0.04),(x3,0.06),(x4,0.08)}.
10. Power of a fuzzy set : The p-th power of a fuzzy set A yields another
fuzzy set Aᴾ, whose membership value can be determined as follow
Aᴾ = {(x,µAᴾ(x)) , x ϵ X } where µAᴾ(x) ={µA(x)}ᴾ
Aᴾ is called concentration for p=2 and is denoted by CON(A) and Aᴾ is called
dilation for p=0.5 and is denoted by DIL(A).
Thus CON(A) =A2 and DIL(A)=A0.5.

Example (22): Let { } then

CON(A) = { } and DIL(A)= = { }.

11. Algebraic sum of two fuzzy sets: The Algebraic sum of two fuzzy
sets Aand B for all x ϵ X, is denoted by A+B and defined as follows
A+B = {(x,µA+B (x)) / x ϵ X } Where µA+B(x) = µA(x)+µB(x) - µA(x).µB(x)
Example (23): If A = {(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)}
and B ={(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0.8),(x4,0.9)}
Now A+B= {(x1, 0.55),(x2,0.76),(x3,0.86),(x4,0.94)}
Because μ A + B (x 1 ) = μ A (x 1 )+μ B (x 1 ) - μ A (x 1 ).μ B (x 1 )
= 0.5+0.1 - ( 0.5)(0.1)=0.55
Similarly μ A+ B (x 2 ) = 0.76 and μ A + B (x 3 ) = 0.86 and μ A + B (x 4 )=0.94.
12. Bounded sum of two fuzzy sets: The bounded sum of two fuzzy sets
A and B for all x ϵ X, is denoted by A ⊕ B and defined as follows

A ⊕ B = {(x,µ A ⊕ B (x) / x ϵ X } Where µ A ⊕ B (x)= min{1,µA(x)+µB(x)}

Example(24): A= {(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)}
B= {(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0.8),(x4,0.9)}
A ⊕ B = {(x1,0.6),(x2,0.9),(x3,1.0),(x4,1.0)} .
13. Algebraic difference of two fuzzy sets : The Algebraic difference of
two fuzzy sets A and B for all x X, is denoted by A – B and defined as
follows A – B = {(x,µ A – B (x), x ϵ X } Where µ A – B (x) = µA∩B(x) .
Example (25) : If A ={(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)}
and B ={(x1,0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0.8),(x4,0.9)}
Then B = {(x1, 0.5),(x2,0.3),(x3,0.2),(x4,0.1)}
Hence A – B = {(x1, 0.1),(x2,0..2),(x3,0.2),(x4,0.1)}.

14. Bounded difference of two fuzzy sets : The bounded difference of

two fuzzy sets A(x) and B(x) for all x X, is denoted by A ⊝ B and defined as
follows
A ⊝ B = {(x,µ A ⊝ B (x) / x X } Where µ A ⊝ B (x) = max{0,µA(x)+µB(x)-1}.
Example (26) : A = {(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)}
B = {(x1, 0.5),(x2,0.7),(x3,0.8),(x4,0.9)}
then A ⊝ B = {(x1,0),(x2,0),(x3,0.1),(x4,0.3)}.

Example (27): Given A= and . Find the bounded sum

and Bounded difference of A and B.

Solution:
A ⊕ B = {(x,µ A ⊕ B (x) / x ϵ X } Where µ A ⊕ B (x)= min{1,µA(x)+µB(x)}
( ) ( ) ( )
=

A ⊕ B=

A ⊝ B = {(x,µ A ⊝ B (x) / x X } Where µ A ⊝ B (x) = max{0,µA(x)+µB(x)-1}

( ) ( ) ( )
=
 ⊝
0.4 0.2 0.5 0.4
Example (28): Define of fuzzy set + + + +
v w x y z

Find .
Solution: The of fuzzy set A is the crisp set of all
elements with atleast membership grade .
Thus * ( ) +
=* +, =* +, =* +, =* +
Example (29): Let X be set of ages = { 5,10,20,30,40,50,60,70}
Fuzzy set “ infant” A={ 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}
Fuzzy set “ Young” B={ , ,0.8,0.5,0.2,0. ,0,0}
Fuzzy set “ Old” C ={ 0,0,0. ,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8, }
Find A U B, A ∩ B, A U (B ∩ C) , B U C, B∩ C
Solution: By definition AUB = {(x, max (μ A (x), μ B (x))) / x ϵ X }
 AUB = {1, 1, 0,8 , 0.5, 0.2, 0. 1, 0 , 0}
Also A∩B ={(x, min{µA(x), µB(x)) / x ϵ X }
 A∩B= {0, 0, 0 , 0, 0, 0, 0 , 0}=A
Now B∩ C= {0, 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0. 1, 0 , 0}
 A U (B ∩ C) = {0, 0, 0. , 0.2, 0.2, 0. , 0 , 0}
B U C ={ 1,1,0.8,0.5,0.4,0.6,0.8,1}.

Example (30): Given universal set X={0,1,2,3,4,5} and membership function of

fuzzy sets A, B & C are

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
Check (i) A U ( ̅∩B) = AUB (ii) A∩ ̅ (iii) AU ̅
(iv) De Morgan‟s laws

Solution: *( ( )) +={. / }
 *( )( )( )( )( )( )+

*( ( )) +={. -
/ }

*( )( )( )( )( )( )+

*( ( )) +={. / }
( - )

*( )( )( )( )( )( )+
(i) ̅ *( ( )) +
=*(0, -0 ),( , -0.33 ),(2, -0.5 ),(3, -0.6),(4, -0.667), (5, -0.7 4 )+
=*(0, ),( ,0.667 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.4),(4,0.33), (5,0.286 )+
̅∩B = {(x, min{ - µA(x), µB(x}) / x ϵ X }
=*(0, ),( ,0.5 ),(2,0.25 ),(3,0. 25),(4,0.0625), (5,0.03 25 )+
A U ( ̅∩B) ={(x, max{µA(x), ̅ (x)}) / x ϵ X }
=*(0, ),( ,0.5 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.6),(4,0.667), (5,0.7 4 )+ -----(1)
AUB = {(x, max{µA(x), (x)}) / x ϵ X }
=*(0, ),( ,0.5 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.6),(4,0.667), (5,0.7 4 )+ ----- (2)
Equation (1) and (2) gives A U ( ̅∩B) = AUB
(ii) A∩ ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) +
=*(0 0 ),( ,0.33 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.4),(4,0.33), (5,0.286 )+
(iii) AU ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) +
=*(0 ),( ,0.667 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.6),(4,0.667), (5,0.7 4 )+
(iv) To verify De Morgan‟s law i.e. to show
(a) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ and ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
( ) ̅ *( ( )) +
=*(0, - ),( , -0.5 ),(2, -0. 5 ),(3, -0. 25),(4, -0.625), (5, -0.03 25 )+
=*(0,0 ),( ,0.5 ),(2,0. 5 ),(3,0. 5),(4,0. 5), (5,0. 5 )+
By definition ̅̅̅̅̅̅ {(x, 1- max{µA(x), (x)}) / x ϵ X }
=*(0,0 ),( ,0.5 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.4),(4,0.33), (5,0.286 )+ -----(3)
̅ ̅ {(x, min{1- µA(x), 1- µB(x}) / x ϵ X }
 *(0,0 ),( ,0.5 ),(2,0.5 ),(3,0.4),(4,0.33), (5,0.286 )+ -----(4)
From equation (3) and (4) we get ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅

(b) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ = {(x, 1- min{µA(x), µB(x}) / x ϵ X }

=*(0, 0 ) ( , ),(2, 0. 5 ),(3, 0. 25 ),(4, 0.0625),(5, 0.03 25)+
=*(0, ) ( , ),(2,0. 5 ),(3,0. 5 ),(4, 5),(5, 5)+ ----(5)
̅ ̅ {(x, max{1- µA(x), 1- µB(x}) / x ϵ X }
=*(0, ) ( , ),(2,0. 5 ),(3,0. 5 ),(4, 5),(5, 5)+ -----(6)
From equation (5) and (6) we get ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
Thus De Morgan‟s law is verified
Example (31): Consider the fuzzy sets

{ }

and

{ }

Then find (i) A U B (iv) A ∩ B and check (iii) A∩ ̅ (iv) AU ̅

Solution: Given { } and { }

(i) AUB = {(x, max{µA(x), (x)}) / x ϵ X } = { }

(ii) A∩B ={(x, min{µA(x), µB(x)) / x ϵ X }={ }

(iii) ̅ *( ( )) +={ }

A∩ ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) + ={ }

(iii) AU ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) + ={ }

Example (32): Show that ( ) ( ) ( )⊝, ( )⊝ ( )-

Solution: ( ) ( ) ∩B
= min{µA(x), µB(x}
 ( ) ( ) ( )
{ --------(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Now ( )⊝ ( ) { --------(2)
( ) ( )
R.H.S. can be written under two conditions (i) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Case-I : ( ) ( ) ( )⊝ ( ) ( )– ( ) ( )
( )⊝, ( )⊝ ( )- ( ) , ( )– ( )- ( )
Case-II: μB (x) μA (x) μB (x)⊝μA (x) 0 ( )
( )⊝, ( )⊝ ( )- ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Thus we have ( )⊝, ( )⊝ ( )- { ------(3)
( ) ( ) ( )
Equation (1) and (3) gives μB (x)⊝[μB (x)⊝μA (x)] μA (x) μB (x).
Example (33): Show that μA (x) μB (x)=μA (x)+[μB (x)⊝μA (x)]
Solution: μA (x) μB (x) B
= max{µA(x), µB(x}
( ) ( ) ( )
{ --------(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Now ( )⊝ ( ) { --------(2)
( ) ( )
R.H.S. can be written under two conditions (i) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Case-I : ( ) ( ) ( )⊝ ( ) ( )– ( ) ( )
( ) , ( )⊝ ( )- ( ) , ( )– ( )- ( )
Case-II : μB (x) μA (x) μB (x)⊝μA (x) 0 ( )
( ) , ( )⊝ ( )- ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
Thus we have ( ) , ( )⊝ ( )- { ------(3)
( ) ( ) ( )
Equation (1) and (3) gives ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( )⊝ ( )-
Example (34): Consider the fuzzy sets

{ }

And

{ }

Find (i) ̅ (ii) ̅ (iii) A U B (iv) A ∩ B (v) A | B (vi) B | A

(vii) Verify De Morgan‟s law and laws of excluded middle.
Solution:
Given *( )( )( )( )+
*( )( )( )( )+
() ̅ *( ( )) + *( )( )( )( )+
(ii) ̅ *( ( )) + *( )( )( )( )+
(iii) AUB = {(x, max{µA(x), (x)}) / x ϵ X }=*( )( )( )( )+
(iv) A∩B ={(x, min{µA(x), µB(x)) / x ϵ X }=*( )( )( )( )+
(v) A | B = A∩ ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) +
=*( )( )( )( )+
(vi) B | A= B∩ ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) +
=*( )( )( )( )+
(vii)De Morgan‟s law (a) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅ and ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅

(a) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ {(x, 1- max{µA(x), (x)}) / x ϵ X }

=*(2,0.5 ),(3,0.6),(4,0), (5,0.3 )+----(1)
̅ ̅ {(x, min{1- µA(x), 1- µB(x}) / x ϵ X }
*(2,0.5 ),(3,0.6),(4,0), (5,0.3 )+ -----(2)
From equation (1) and (2) we get ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅

(b) ̅̅̅̅̅̅ = {(x, 1- min{µA(x), µB(x}) / x ϵ X }

=*(2,0.8 ),(3,0.7),(4,0 ), (5,0.5 )+----(3)
̅ ̅ {(x, max{1- µA(x), 1- µB(x}) / x ϵ X }
 =*(2,0.8 ),(3,0.7),(4,0 ), (5,0.5 )+----(4)
From equation (3) and (4) we get ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ̅
(viii) Laws of excluded middle : (c) A∩ ̅ (d) AU ̅
(c ) A∩ ̅ *(2,0.5 ),(3,0.3),(4,0), (5,0.3 )+ ( ̅ )
(d) AU ̅ *(2,0.5 ),(3,0.7),(4, ), (5,0.7 )+ ( ̅ )
Example (35) : If the universe of discourse is X= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}Then
write fuzzy set A whose membership grade function is
( )

-
Solution:
X ( )

0 0
1 0.5
2 0.66
3 0.75
4 0.8
5 0.833
6 0.857
7 0.875
8 0.888
9 0.9
10 0.91
Thus, scalar cardinality of A is | | ∑ ( )
* ( ) +
={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
15. Cartesian product of two fuzzy sets: The Cartesian product of fuzzy
sets A and B, is the fuzzy set C denoted by AX B and is defined as
( )
C= AXB= { ( )
}, where µC(x) = min{µA(a),µB(b)}.

Example (36): If A={ 0.2/ x1 , 0.3/ x2, 0.5/ x3} and B={0.5/ y1 , 0.6/ y2, 0.7/ y3
then find
Solution:

⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

Example (37): A=0.4/3 +1/5+0.6/ 7 B=1/5+0.6/6 then

* ( ) ( )+
AXB = * ⁄( ) +

* + * + * +
AXB = ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

* + * + * +
⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )
i.e. AXB ={((3,5), 0.4) , ((3,6), 0.4), ((5,5), 1) , ((5,6), 0.6) ((7,5), 0.6), ((7,6),
0.6)}
Example (38): If A={(x1,0.2),(x2,0.3),(x3,0.5),(x4,0.6)}
B={(y1,0.8),(y2,0.6),(y3,0.3)} min{µA(x1),µB(y1)} = min{0.2,0.8} = 0.2
min{µA(x1),µB(y2)} = min{0.2,0.6} = 0.2
min{µA(x1),µB(y3)} = min{0.2,0.3} = 0.2
min{µA(x2),µB(y1)} = min{0.3,0.8} = 0.3
min{µA(x2),µB(y2)} = min{0.3,0.6} = 0.3
min{µA(x2),µB(y3)} = min{0.3,0.3} = 0.3
min{µA(x3),µB(y1)} = min{0.5,0.8} = 0.5
min{µA(x3),µB(y2)} = min{0.5,0.6} = 0.5
min{µA(x3),µB(y3)} = min{0.5,0.3} = 0.3
min{µA(x4),µB(y1)} = min{0.6,0.8} = 0.6
min{µA(x4),µB(y2)} = min{0.6,0.6} = 0.6
min{µA(x4),µB(y3)} = min{0.6,0.3} = 0.3

[ ]

Fuzzy Relations:The concept of crisp relation may be extended to the fuzzy

sets. If A and B are two universes of discourse, then
• R = {((x,y), μ R (x, y)) | (x,y) Є A× B } is a binary fuzzy relation in A× B.
Thus fuzzy relation from A to B is subset of A× B .
When A=B, R is called as relation on A.
Given A ={ } and B ={ } a fuzzy relation R from A to
B can be expressed by an m×n matrix MR=[ μ R (ai, bj)]. This matrix is referred
to as fuzzy matrix. The elements have values within interval [0, ] since μ R has
values within the range.
Example (39): Let A ={ } and B =* + . Let R be a relation from A
to B given by R=

⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

⁄( )

Write fuzzy matrix MR and draw graph.

Solution:

Example (40): Let A ={ } and B ={ } . Let R be a relation

from A to B given by R= ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( ) ⁄( )

Write fuzzy matrix MR and draw graph.

Solution:
Note: Since the fuzzy relation from A to B is a fuzzy set in A×B , the
operations for fuzzy sets can be used.
Operations on fuzzy relations:
Union: =[ (x,y)] where μR (x,y)=max{μR (x,y), μ (x,y)+

Intersection: =[ (x,y)] where μR∩ (x,y)=min{μR (x,y), μ (x,y)

Complement : ̅= [ ̅ (x,y)] where μ ̅ (x,y)= -μR (x,y).

Example (41): Let R and S be binary relations defined by marices MR and MS as

MR=[ ] MS =[ ]

Find matrix for the relations ( ) ( ) ( )̅

Solution : (i) By definition MR∩ = [ R∩ (x,y)]
where μR∩ (x,y)=min{μR (x,y), μ (x,y)+

[ ]

(ii) By definition =[ (x,y)]

where μR (x,y)=max{μR (x,y), μ (x,y)+

[ ]

(iii) By definition ̅= [ ̅ (x,y)] where μ ̅ (x,y)= -μR (x,y)

̅ [ ]
Composition of fuzzy relations: Suppose R is fuzzy relation from on A×
B and S is fuzzy relation from on B× C.Then their composition is denoted by

μ (a,c) , ( ( )) ( )-

Note: Composition is one of the important operation on fuzzy relation

which plays a crucial role in the study of approximate reasoning.
Composition can be defined in several ways.The above definition is
namely called as max-min composition.
Example (42): Let A = { } , B =* + { } . Let R be

a relation from A to B defined by matrix

Let S be a relation from B to C defined by matrix .

Find .

Solution: By Definition , ( )- i.e.

μ (a,c) , ( ( )) ( )-

Now μ ( , ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-
( )
μ ( , ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-
, -
 μ ( , ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-
( )
μ ( , ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-
, -

Example (43): Define Measure of fuzziness of a set. Find the measure of

fuzziness for the fuzzy set A=0.2/x1+0.4/x2 .
Solution: The measure of fuzziness is defined as
E(A) = measure of fuzziness = entropy =

Where a is the distance of A to the nearest vertex and b is the distance

of A to the farthest vertExample In other words it can also be defined
as
| ̅̅̅|
E(A) = ̅̅̅|
|

Now ̅ *( ( )) + *( )( )+

A∩ ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) + *( )( )+
|A∩ ̅|=0.2+ 0.4 = 0.6

A ̅ {( * ( ) ( )+) } *( )( )+
|A ̅|=0.8+ 0.2 = 1

Hence E(A) = =0.6

Example (45): Find the measure of fuzziness for the fuzzy set A= [0.3 0.8 ]
| ̅̅̅|
Solution: E(A) = ̅̅̅|
|
( ( ))
Now ̅ { } , -
A∩ ̅ *( * ( ) ( )+) + , -

|A∩ ̅|=0.2+ 0.3 = 0.5

A ̅ {( * ( ) ( )+) } , -

|A ̅|=0.8+ 0.7 = 1.5

Hence E(A) =

Practice problem
1.: Given A= and . Find the bounded sum and

Bounded difference

2. { } and { } are fuzzy sets on

universe X={1,2,3,4,5} then find

Find (i) ̅ (ii) ̅ (iii) A U ̅ (iv) ̅ ∩ B