It is mainly concerned in the promulgation
Social, Political, and Cultural Behavior and o
of face-to-face exchanges and social
Phenomena
interactions, both of which are evidently
SOCIETY - is a group of people with a shared environment,
occurring during socialization.
cultural beliefs, and ways of living.
CULTURE - is a group’s shared belief and value system that
POLITICS
are preserved either through material or non-material
refers to a set of activities and actions that are used to
ways.
hold power in a government. All government are keen on
building up its country’s economy and capability by
SOCIALIZATION - is the process of immersing oneself in a
leveraging on cultural norms and capitalizing on the
particular society and culture, even at birth.
current social system to enable macro-level growth whilst
Socialization is important because it allows for a
- simultaneously preserving local traditions and practices.
nation to continue or transmit its social, cultural,
and political identity from one generation to
Genetic makeup – predetermines human being’s
another.
characteristics.
Cultural patterns and social influences affect
Sociological Paradigm
-
decision-making processes.
Individual members of society are still differed by
-
1. Structural Functionalism – Socialization is socio-demographic characteristics such as gender,
important because it benefits both individuals and
age, ethnicity, or religion.
the society.
These socio-demographic differences spur from social and
It perpetuates culture and transmit it to
o environmental living. The existence of these varied
other generations.
characteristics only emphasizes that within a generally
2. Conflict Perspective – Socialization promotes accepted cultural norms, sub-cultures also exist, and that
social inequality.
these sub-cultures are influenced by a particular group’s
It facilitates the promotion of different
o local group culture, traditions, and social.
generational norms that are unfit for Local food choices and preparation could also
-
some members of society. provide an insight to social and cultural practices.
3. Interactionalist Perspective – Socialization is
salient in the promotion of individual interactions
that convey meanings and messages.
Social, Political, and Cultural Change
SOCIETY - cannot go undeveloped.
No society in the world today is the same as it was influenced by their local culture and traditions that
-
ten years ago. have been usually passed down from one
generation to another
CULTURAL CHANGE – Change occurs whenever (Gold, Glory, and God). Filipino Catholics come to
-
developments and new discoveries take place. Culture, as various churches all over the country to celebrate
dynamic as it can be, is both inherently prone and resistant significant religious events such as Christmas and
to change. This would mean that some parts of culture may Lent.
easily change, while some do not. It is through socialization where individuals adapt
-
all aspects of society and exchange local practices
INVENTIONS - occur when things or concepts are put to one another. Socialization is made possible
together and result into something that becomes useful. through social interactions. When two people
interact with each other, may be through words or
CULTURE LOSS - refers to the obliteration of old culture, actions, an exchange of culture occurs.
specifically when new technologies and knowledge about For instance, political dynasties are a successful
-
certain cultural processes are formed. local practice. Many Filipinos prefer to vote for
Ex. Invention of machines such as the telephone, cars, lamps, candidates who bear a particular surname or who
airplanes, and radio paved the way for easier access to are well-known family members of previous
transportation and communication during 1800s and 1900s. politicians. The success of this system may be
attributed to the familial nature of Filipinos who,
HABITS - are prevailing dispositions that emphasize a based on culture and history, place great value in
person’s character or behavior. family and camaraderie.
TRAITS - contribute to behavioral consistency over time and The resistance of culture to change is dependent
-
behavioral stability across situations. upon contact between societies, societal forces at
CULTURAL HABITS and TRAITS could be shared by work, and natural environmental changes.
individuals or groups of people through social interaction.
UCSP MODULE 1: DISCIPLINES OF USCP
In sociological terms, these characteristics are shared
ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, & POLITICAL SCIENCE
through socialization. (Ex. COLONIAL MENTALITY)
Social science
Social science, any branch of academic study or science
More Infos;
that deals with human behavior in its social and cultural
Sociologists view culture and society interrelated
- aspects. Usually included within the social sciences are
factors in the development of a national identity.
cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology,
An individual’s belief system is primarily
political science, and economics. (Greenfeld & Nisbet,, ARCHAEOLOGY – deals with prehistoric societies by
2020) studying their tools and environment.
Are comprised of a wide array of disciplines that
-
studies the overall function of a society as well as SOCIOLOGY
the interactions among individual members of an the scientific study of human society and social
-
institution. interactions. main goal is to understand social
Anthropology situations and look for repeating patterns in
is the scientific and humanistic study of human society.
-
beings. It encompasses the evolutionary history of The main focus of sociology is the group, not the
-
humanity, physical variation among humans, the individual.
study of past societies, and the comparative
study of current-day human societies and culture. POLITICAL SCIENCE
MAIN GOALS: Political science is an academic discipline that
-
describe, analyze, and explain different cultures. seeks to study politics scientifically and to address
show how groups live in different physical, economic, empirical (factual) and normative (ethical)
and social environment. questions about politics
show how their members give meaning to their lives
1. Why do people vote as they do?
attempts to comprehend the entire human experience
2. Why are some people conservative and others not?
MAIN SUBFIELDS
3. Does money buy elections?
SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY – studies how social patterns and SUB-FIELDS
practices and cultural variations develop across different COMPARATIVE POLITICS - focusing on examining how
societies. different political systems operate.
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – studies cultural variations INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - focusing on relationships
develop across different societies and examines the need to between and among states. International relations studies
understand each culture in its own context. what transpires between states. (Diplomacy and War)
LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – studies language POLITICAL RESEARCH METHODS - focusing on a study of
discourse and how they reflect and shape different aspects the many details of empirical social science. Data
of human. collection, measurement, and analysis are key areas of
BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – studies inquiry in this subfield.
origins of humans as well as the interplay between social POLITICAL THEORY - includes the study of the history of
factors and process of human evolution, adaptation, and political philosophy, philosophies of explanation or
variations over time.
science, and philosophical inquiries into the ethical Sex is created by the reproduction needs, that is,
-
dimensions of politics. biological features.
WHY STUDY THE THREE DICIPLINE? Gender refers to the social and cultural
-
The three fields are essential to understanding differences between men and women.
-
societal problems. Gender has two main categories: masculine and
-
While they may be independent from each other, feminine.
-
it is one way of knowing that social issues cannot Gender roles, expectations may differ across time
-
be seen in one angle alone. and culture.
It promotes a holistic approach to understanding Gender distinctions are created by social norms.
- -
problems in order to find holistic and realistic
solutions as well. Thus, sex makes a person male or female, while gender
makes a person masculine or feminine
CULTURAL VARIATIONS AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES Sex - Biological traits that society associates with being
IN GENDER male or female.
GENDER AND GENDER ROLES Gender - Cultural meanings attached to being masculine &
People play different roles in society depending on age and feminine, which influence personal identities.
occupation. There are jobs that require a specific gender to Eg. Man, Woman, Transgender, Intersex, Gender Queer,
perform tasks while other jobs are open to both men and among others.
women Sexuality - Sexual attraction, practices & identity which
GENDER - refers to social, cultural, and psychological may or may not align with sex and gender.
characteristics or traits related to males and females based Eg. Heterosexual, Homosexual (Gay or Lesbian), Bisexual,
on certain social context. Queer, among others
SEX - refers to the biological characteristics that
distinguish a male from a female. GENDER ROLES - refer to attitudes and behaviors that the
Sex VS Gender society expects a person to exhibit based on his other sex.
Sex refers to the biological and physiological
-
differences between men and women. For example, in traditional Philippine society, women are
Sex has two main two categories: male and expected to be plain housewives and take care of their
-
female. children, while men are expected to be professionals and
Sex remains the same regardless of time and provide the needs of their family.
-
culture
Another example is that society expects women to be more feminine and what is masculine. The learning starts with
emotional and sensitive while men are expected to be families who encourage behaviors and characteristics that
strong and capable of doing things that women cannot do. are suitable for each sex (male or female) and discourage
those that are not
SEX-GENDER SYSTEM - tells us how gender and gender
roles are a product of one’s biological sex. In a society with Gender does not only function to distinguish males and
this system, it is normal and expected for males to be females. In a larger perspective, it can be seen that gender
masculine and females to be feminine. However, this is provides organization in society as it dictates which roles
always not the case, especially in contemporary and are to be assumed by males and females. However, these
modern societies. perceptions on gender and gender roles, are constantly
changing, alongside social and cultural changes occurring
CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND GENDER in different societies.
Culture is largely involved in defining gender in societies.
The concept of gender as a cultural construction tells us Lesson 2: Cultural Variations and Social Differences in
that gender is a product of how societies and their culture Socioeconomic Class
adapted to the conditions of their natural and social SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS
environment.
another way of categorizing members of societ.
category that groups other people with the similar
Example of this could be the agricultural societies in economic, social, cultural and political status
Cordillera. The Ifugao communities living in Banaue still not only considers income but also other factors such
attribute planting activities to their female members due to as occupation and education
the belief that women’s touch are nurturing. Male Ifugao TYPES OF OCCUPATION
members are mainly associated with rituals that deal with White Collar Job - Doctors and Lawyers are viewed to be
slaughtering animals such as pigs and chickens. In these prestigious.
examples, it can be seen how a group’s adaptive strategy Blue Collar Job - Construction workers and Janitors
shapes gender roles in the society.
CASTE SYSTEM OF INDIA
As culture dictates appropriate characteristics for each ●BRAHMS – priest
gender, society is the one to propagate these definitions ●KSHATRIYAS - kings, rulers, warriors
and characteristics. Through socialization among different ●VAISYAS – merchants, craftsmen, skilled workers
social groups, members of society are able to learn and ●SUDRA – unskilled workers, servants
shape their conceptions and expectations of what is ●DALITS – untouchable outcast
Minority groups are usually subject to
-
discrimination in societies.
RELIGION - set of beliefs ritual practices related to
symbols which are considered as sacred.
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING EARLIEST RECORDED RELIGIONS IN SOCIETY
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
●Peninsulares – citizens with pure spanish blood were ●Aminism – among hunting and gathering societies in the
born in Spain pre-industrial world.
●Insulares – pure spaniards born in the Philippines one of the earliest recorded religions.
-
●Ilustrados - filipinos who studied abroad The belief that spiritual forces reside in natural
-
●Mestizos – are fourth in the hierarchy elements of the physical world (e.g. trees, oceans,
●Indios – native filipinos that are born and raised in the wind)
Philippines PREJUDICES - faulty generalizations about an entire group
of people that is based on little to no evidences
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS STEREOTYPE - oversimplified assumptions that describes a
●Upper – 10%, wealthy industrialist with big corporations, whole ethnic group.
and owners of large plantation or haciendas
●Middle – 20%, professionals, skilled and semi-skilled DISABILITY - condition where in the lost of physical
workers in offices, factories, or farms functioning (e.g hearing and functioning), or impairments
●Lower – 70%, laborers and unskilled workers in intellectual, social, and mental processes hinder normal
growth and development of individual.
SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS SYSTEM – KARL MARX EXCEPTIONALITY
●Bourgeois – owns the “means of production” which are concept that describes how an individuals specific
needed in order to initiate production. abilities and functioning – physical, intellectual,
don’t have to work behavioral – are different from the established normal
-
gaining money from owning and investing their or typical qualities
-
capital children with disabilities (physical,mental, behavioral
●Proletariat – not an owner of the means of production or emotional)
must work in order to survive.
-
There are more than a hundred ethnic and
-
ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines.
LABELS
used in order for societal members to have a grasp of
the different types of exceptionalities.
terms like gifted, talented, deaf, blind, and dyslexic
are labels that refer to individuals processing
characteristics or ability of the exceptional.
