Republic of the Philippines

Commission on Higher Education

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga

TOPIC:
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Group No.6
Leader:
DAVID, Harvey T.
Members: ​
MUTUC, Ryza Frances M.
QUINTO, Kenneth Adrian
RUEDA, Gian Paul​
Verzosa, Edmond Jr. R. ​

Submitted to:
Engr. Gilmark P. Repulda
Instructor
a. Preface
This portfolio explores the core principles of differential calculus,
focusing on its fundamental concepts, historical development, and
practical applications. Originating from the groundbreaking work of
Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, differential calculus has
become an essential mathematical tool used across various
disciplines, including physics, engineering, economics, and computer
science.

At its heart, differential calculus deals with rates of change and

slopes of functions, allowing us to analyze motion, optimize
processes, and model real-world problems. This portfolio presents key
topics such as limits, derivatives, and differentiation techniques,
along with their real-life applications. By combining theoretical
discussions with problem-solving exercises, this work aims to provide
a structured and accessible approach to learning.

This document is created for engineering students to help them gain

knowledge about differential equations. It includes different types
of problems, with and without modeling, as well as equations with
related variables. Each problem comes with a detailed solution, along
with graphical representations to make concepts easier to understand.

This resource is designed to support learning by providing practice

problems with step-by-step solutions. By working through these
exercises, students can improve their understanding and
problem-solving skills in differential equations. We hope this
material helps in building a strong foundation for engineering
studies.

Page 1 | 54
b. Table of Contents

Preface______________________________________________________________
1

Differential Equations (In Context Without Modelling)_____________3-17

Differential Equations (In Context with Modelling)_______________18-41

Differential Equations (with related variables)__________________42-53

Page 2 | 54
c. Differential Equations (In Context Without Modelling)

Problem 1

The mass, 𝑚 grams, of a burning candle, 𝑡 hours after it was lit up,
satisfies the differential equation

𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘(𝑚 − 10)

where 𝑘 is a positive constant.

a) Solve the differential equation to show that

−𝑘𝑡
𝑚 = 10 + 𝐴𝑒

where 𝐴 is a non-zero constant.

The initial mass of the candle was 120 grams, and 3 hours later its
mass has halved.

b) Find the value of 𝐴 and show further that

1 11
𝑘= 3
𝑙𝑛|| 5 ||

c) Calculate, correct to three significant figures, the mass of the

candle after a further period of 3 hours has elapsed.

Given the differential equation:

Page 3 | 54
 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘(𝑚 − 10)

(a) Solving the Differential Equation

Separating the variables:

1
𝑚−10
𝑑𝑚 =− 𝑘𝑑𝑡

Integrating both sides:

1
∫ 𝑚−10
𝑑𝑚 = ∫− 𝑘𝑑𝑡

𝑙𝑛|𝑚 − 10| =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

Exponentiating both sides:

−𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑚 − 10 = 𝑒

𝐶 𝐶
Since 𝑒 is just a constant, let 𝐴 = 𝑒 , so:

−𝑘𝑡
𝑚 = 10 + 𝐴𝑒

Thus, we have the general solution:

−𝑘𝑡
𝑚 = 10 + 𝐴𝑒

(b) Finding 𝐴 and 𝑘

0
120 = 10 + 𝐴𝑒 ​
120 = 10 + 𝐴

𝐴 = 110

So the equation becomes:

−𝑘𝑡
𝑚 = 10 + 110𝑒

Now, given that after 3 hours, the mass has halved:

120
𝑚= 2
= 60 when 𝑡 = 3

Page 4 | 54
 −3𝑘
60 = 10 + 110𝑒

−3𝑘
50 = 110𝑒

5 −3𝑘
11
=𝑒

Taking the natural logarithm:

5
𝑙𝑛|| 11 || =− 3𝑘

1 11
𝑘= 3
𝑙𝑛|| 5 ||

(c) Finding mm after 6 hours

Using 𝑡 = 6:

1 5
− 3 𝑙𝑛|| 11 ||𝑡
𝑚 = 10 + 110𝑒

11
−2𝑙𝑛|| 5 ||
𝑚 = 10 + 110𝑒

𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
Since 𝑒 = x, we simplify:

11
−2𝑙𝑛|| 5 || 11 −2
𝑒 = ( ) 5
=
25
121

25
𝑚 = 10 + 110 121

2750
𝑚 = 10 + 121

Page 5 | 54
Problem 2

The speed, v ms-1 , of a skydiver falling through still air t seconds

after jumping off a plane, can be modelled by the differential
𝑑𝑣
equation 8 𝑑𝑡
= 80 − 𝑣. The skydiver jumps off the plane with a
downward speed of 5 ms-1 .

a) Solve the differential equation to show that

1
−8𝑡
𝑣 = 80 − 75𝑒 .

b) Find the maximum possible speed that the skydiver can achieve and
show that this speed is independent of the speed he jumps off the
plane You may assume that the skydiver cannot possible jump at a
speed greater than his subsequent maximum speed.

Given Differential Equation

𝑑𝑣
8 𝑑𝑡
= 80 − 𝑣

(a) Solve the Differential Equation

1. Rearranging:

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
80−𝑣
= 8

2. Integrating both sides:

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
∫ 80−𝑣
=∫ 8

Page 6 | 54
 1
𝑙𝑛|80 − 𝑣| =− 8
𝑡+𝐶

3. Exponentiating both sides:

1
− 8 𝑡+𝐶
80 − 𝑣 = 𝑒

𝐶
4. Setting 𝐴 = 𝑒

1
−8𝑡
80 − 𝑣 = 𝐴𝑒

1
−8𝑡
𝑣 = 80 − 𝐴𝑒

Using 𝑣 = 5 when 𝑡 = 0:

0
5=80 − 𝐴𝑒

𝐴 = 75

6. Final solution:

1
−8𝑡
𝑣 = 80 − 75𝑒

(b) Maximum Speed of the Skydiver

𝑑𝑣
1. When v reaches maximum, 𝑑𝑡
:

1
−8𝑡
𝑣 = 80 − 75𝑒

2. This confirms that the maximum possible speed is 80 m/s,

independent of the initial speed.

Page 7 | 54
Page 8 | 54
Problem 3

The population of a herd of zebra, P thousands, in time t years is

thought to be governed by the differential equation
𝑑𝑃 1
𝑑𝑡
= 20
𝑃(2𝑃 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡. It is assumed that since P is large it can be
modelled as a continuous variable, and its initial value is 8.

a) Solve the differential equation to show that

8
𝑃= 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
.
16−15𝑒 20

b) Find the maximum and minimum population of the herd.

Given Differential Equation

𝑑𝑃 1
𝑑𝑡
= 20
𝑃(2𝑃 − 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡

(a) Solve the Differential Equation

1. Separating variables:

𝑑𝑃 1
𝑃(2𝑃−1)
= 20
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

2. Using partial fraction decomposition:

Page 9 | 54
 1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑃(2𝑃−1)
= 𝑃
+ 2𝑃−1

Solving for A and B:

1 = 𝐴(2𝑃 − 1) + 𝐵𝑃

1
1=𝐵 2
⇒𝐵 = 2

1 = 𝐴(− 1) ⇒ 𝐴 =− 1

1 −1 2
𝑃(2𝑃−1)
= 𝑃
+ 2𝑃−1

3. Integrating:

∫ ( −1
𝑃
+
2
2𝑃−1 )𝑑𝑃 = 1
20
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑃| + 𝑙𝑛|2𝑃 − 1| = 20
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝐶

2𝑃−1 1
𝑙𝑛|| 𝑃 || = 20
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 + 𝐶

4. Exponentiating both sides:

1
2𝑃−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑃
= 𝐴𝑒 20

5. Expressing PP:

1
20
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
2𝑃 − 1 = 𝐴𝑃𝑒

1
20
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
2𝑃 − 𝐴𝑃𝑒 =1

( )
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
𝑃 2 − 𝐴𝑒 20 =1

1
𝑃= 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
2−𝐴𝑒 20

6. Using 𝑃 = 8 when 𝑡 = 0:

1
8= 0
2−𝐴𝑒

Page 10 | 54
 8(2 − 𝐴) = 1

16 − 8𝐴 = 1

15
𝐴= 8

7. Final solution:

8
𝑃= 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
16−15𝑒 20

(b) Maximum and Minimum Population

1. Maximum population occurs when 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = 1:

8
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1

16−15𝑒 20

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 34, 642

2. Minimum population occurs when 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 =− 1:

8
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −
1
20
16−15𝑒

𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 4, 620

Page 11 | 54
Problem 4

The equation of motion of a small raindrop falling freely in still

air, released from rest, is given by

𝑑𝑣
𝑚 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣,

−1
where m kg is the mass of the raindrop, 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 is the speed of the
raindrop t seconds after release, and g and k are positive constants.

a) Solve the differential equation to show that

( )
𝑘
𝑚𝑔 −𝑚𝑡
𝑣= 𝑘
1 −𝑒

The raindrop has a limiting speed V . (It is known as terminal

velocity).

1 𝑚
b) Show that the raindrop reaches a speed of 2
𝑉 in time 𝑘
𝑙𝑛 2

seconds.

( )
𝑘
𝑚𝑔 −𝑚𝑡
(a) Solve the differential equation to show that 𝑣 = 𝑘
1 −𝑒 .

𝑑𝑣
𝑚 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣

𝑑𝑣 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
=𝑔− 𝑚
𝑣

Page 12 | 54
 𝑑𝑣
𝑘 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑔− 𝑚 𝑣

𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑘 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑔− 𝑚 𝑣

𝑘 𝑘
Use substitution: Let 𝑢 = 𝑔 − 𝑚
𝑣, then 𝑑𝑢 =− 𝑚
𝑑𝑣

Solve:

𝑚 𝑘
− 𝑘
𝑙𝑛||𝑔 − 𝑚
𝑣|| = 𝑡 + 𝐶

Exponentiate:

𝑘
𝑘 −𝑚𝑡
𝑔− 𝑚
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑒

Express 𝑣:

𝑘
𝑚𝑔 −𝑚𝑡
𝑣= 𝑘
− 𝐴𝑒

Use initial condition 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0:

𝑚𝑔 0
0= 𝑘
− 𝐴𝑒

Solve for A:

𝑚𝑔
𝐴= 𝑘

11. Substitute back:

( )
𝑘
𝑚𝑔 −𝑚𝑡
𝑣= 𝑘
1 −𝑒

1 𝑚
(b) Show that the raindrop reaches a speed of 2
𝑉 in time 𝑘
in 2
seconds.

1. Terminal velocity is:

Page 13 | 54
 𝑚𝑔
𝑣= 𝑘

1
2. Given 𝑣 = 12𝑉𝑣 = 2
𝑉, solve:

( )
𝑘
𝑚𝑔 −𝑚𝑡 1 𝑚𝑔
𝑘
1 −𝑒 = 2
· 𝑘

3. Simplify:

𝑘
−𝑚𝑡 1
1 −𝑒 = 2

𝑘
−𝑚𝑡
4. Solve for 𝑒 :

𝑘
−𝑚𝑡 1
𝑒 = 2

5. Take the natural logarithm:

𝑘 1
− 𝑚
𝑡 = 𝑙𝑛|| 2 ||

6. Solve for t:

𝑚
𝑡= 𝑘
𝑙𝑛|2|

Page 14 | 54
Problem 5

The equation of motion of a small raindrop falling freely in still

air, released from rest, is given by

𝑑𝑣 2
𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 ,

−1
where m kg is the mass of the raindrop, 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 is the speed of the
raindrop t seconds after release, and g and k are positive constants.

a) Solve the differential equation to show that

( )
2𝑘
2 2 − 𝑚
𝑥 2 𝑚𝑔
𝑣 =𝑐 1 −𝑒 , where 𝑐 = 𝑘
.

The raindrop has a limiting speed V . (It is known as terminal

velocity).

2
b) Show that the raindrop reaches a speed of
1
2
𝑉 in time
𝑉
2𝑔
𝑙𝑛 ( )
4
3

metres.

( )
2𝑘
2 2 − 𝑚
𝑥 2 𝑚𝑔
(a). Show that 𝑣 = 𝑐 1 − 𝑒 , where 𝑐 = 𝑘
.

Given differential equation

𝑑𝑣 2
𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣

Seperate variables

𝑚𝑣
2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑚𝑔−𝑘𝑣

Page 15 | 54
 𝑣 1
2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑥
𝑚𝑔−𝑘𝑣

−2𝑣 −2𝑘
2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚
𝑑𝑥
𝑚𝑔−𝑘𝑣

Integrate both sides

−2𝑣 −2𝑘
∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑚
𝑑𝑥
𝑚𝑔−𝑘𝑣

2
|
𝑙𝑛 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 = | −2𝑘
𝑚
𝑥+𝐵

−2𝑘
2 𝑚
𝑥
𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 = 𝐴𝑒

−2𝑘
2 𝑚
𝑥
𝑘𝑣 = 𝑚𝑔 + 𝐴𝑒

−2𝑘
2 𝑚𝑔 𝑚
𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑘
+ 𝐴𝑒

−2𝑘
2 2 𝑚
𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑐 + 𝐴𝑒

When 𝑥 = 0; 𝑣 = 0

2
0 = 𝑐 + 𝐴1

2
− 𝑐 = 𝐴1

Rewrite the equation

−2𝑘
2 2 2 𝑚
𝑥
𝑣 =𝑐 −𝑐 𝑒

( )
2𝑘
2 2 − 𝑚
𝑥
𝑣 =𝑐 1 −𝑒

(b). As x raised to infinity, 𝑣 → 𝑐

𝑉=𝑐

1 1
When 𝑣 = 2
𝑉= 2
𝐶

( )
2𝑘
2 − 𝑥
( ) 1
2
𝑐 =𝑐 1 −𝑒
2 𝑚

Page 16 | 54
 ( )
2𝑘
1 − 𝑚
𝑥
4
= 1 −𝑒

2𝑘
3 − 𝑚
𝑥
4
=𝑒

2𝑘
4 𝑥
3
=𝑒𝑚

4 2𝑘
𝑙𝑛|| 3 || = 𝑚
𝑥

𝑚 4
2𝑘
𝑙𝑛|| 3 || = 𝑥

𝑚𝑔 1 4
𝑥= 𝑘
× 2𝑔
𝑙𝑛|| 3 ||

2 1 4
𝑥 =𝑐 × 2𝑔
𝑙𝑛|| 3 ||

2
𝑉 4
𝑥= 2𝑔
𝑙𝑛|| 3 ||

Page 17 | 54
d. Differential Equations (In Context with Modelling)

Problem 1

The number 𝑥 of bacterial cells in time 𝑡 hours, after they were

placed on a laboratory dish, is increasing at the rate proportional
to the number of the bacterial cells present at that time.

a) If 𝑥0 is the initial number of the bacterial cells and 𝑘 is a

positive constant, show that

𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

b) If the number of bacteria triples in 2 hours, show that 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛 3.

𝑘𝑡
a) Proving 𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

Form a differential equation with the given statement

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑥

Seperate variables

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡

Integrate both sides

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥
= 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑙𝑛 |𝑥| = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

Simplify for the desired equation

𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑥 =𝑒

𝑘𝑡 𝐶
𝑥 =𝑒 𝑒

Page 18 | 54
 𝐶 𝐶
Since 𝑒 is any constant, then we input 𝑒 as A

𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒

Find A by substituting with their initial values when 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑥0

𝑘(0)
𝑥0 = 𝐴𝑒

𝑥0 = 𝐴(1)

𝑥0 = 𝐴

Rewrite the equation where 𝑥0 = 𝐴

𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒

𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

Proving 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛 3 when the number of bacteria triples, 𝑥 = 3𝑥0 in 𝑡 = 2

Rewrite the equation with the given conditions and solve for 𝑘

𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

𝑘2
3𝑥0 = 𝑥0𝑒

𝑘2
3 =𝑒

𝑙𝑛3 = 2𝑘

1
2
𝑙𝑛3 = 𝑘

𝑙𝑛 3 = 𝑘

Page 19 | 54
Problem 2

Water is leaking out of a hole at the bottom of a tank. Let the

height of the water in the tank be y cm at time t minutes. At any
given time after the leaking started, the height of the water in the
tank is decreasing at a rate proportional to the cube root of the
height of the water in the tank. When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 125 and when 𝑡 = 3,
𝑦 = 64. By forming and solving a differential equation, find the value
7
of y when 𝑡 = 7 12
.

Form a differential equation with the given statement

𝑑𝑦 3

𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 𝑦

Separate variables and Integrate both sides of the equation

𝑑𝑦 3

𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 𝑦

1
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝑦 3

𝑑𝑦 =− 𝑘𝑦 3 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
1 =− 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑦3

𝑑𝑦
∫ 1 =− 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑦3

1
−3

∫𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =− 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

2
3 3
2
𝑦 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

2
2
𝑦 3 = ( 3 )(− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶)

2 2
Rewrite,Setting 𝐴 =− 3
𝑘 and 𝐵 = 3
𝐶

𝑦 3 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵
Page 20 | 54
Solving for B with the given conditions when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 125.

𝑦 3 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵

125 3 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵

25 = 𝐵

Solving for A with the given conditions when 𝑡 = 3, 𝑦 = 64, 𝐵 = 25

𝑦 3 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵

2
3
64 = 𝐴(3) + 25

16 − 25 = 𝐴(3)

− 9 = 𝐴(3)

−3=𝐴

7
Finding y when 𝑡 = 7 12
with the previously solved values of A and B

𝑦 3 = 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐵

𝑦 3 =− 3 7 ( 7
12 ) + 25
2
3 51
𝑦 = 4

𝑦= ( ) 51
4
2

51 51
𝑦= 8

Page 21 | 54
Problem 3

In a laboratory a dangerous chemical is stored in a cylindrical drum

of height 160 cm which is initially full. One day the drum was found
leaking and when this was first discovered, the level of the chemical
had dropped to 100 cm, and at that instant the level of the chemical
was found to be dropping at the rate of 0.25 cm per minute. In order
to assess the contamination level in the laboratory, it is required
to find the length of time that the leaking has been taking place. It
is assumed that the rate at which the height of the chemical was
dropping is proportional to the square root of its height.

a) Form a suitable differential equation to model the above problem,

where the time, in minutes, is measured from the instant that the
leaking was discovered.

b) Find a solution of the differential equation and use it to

calculate, in hours and minutes, for how long the leaking has been
taking place.

Forming a differential equation with the given statements

𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 ℎ

Use the condition when the leaking was first discovered where the
rate is 0.25 cm per minute and the height dropped at 100cm.

Find the value of k

𝑑ℎ
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 ℎ

− 0. 25 =− 𝑘 100

0. 25 = 10𝑘

0.25
10
=𝑘

1
40
=𝑘

1
Rewrite the differential equation where 𝑘 = 40

Page 22 | 54
 𝑑ℎ 1
𝑑𝑡
=− 40
ℎ

Separate the variables and solve for their integrals

𝑑ℎ 1
𝑑𝑡
=− 40
ℎ

𝑑ℎ 1
=− 40
𝑑𝑡
ℎ

1
−2 1
ℎ 𝑑ℎ =− 40
𝑑𝑡

1
−2 1
∫ℎ 𝑑ℎ =− 40
∫ 𝑑𝑡

1
1
2ℎ 2 =− 40
𝑡+𝐶

Finding C when 𝑡 = 0, ℎ = 100𝑐𝑚

1
1
2ℎ 2 =− 40
𝑡+𝐶

1
1
2(100) 2 =− 40
(0) + 𝐶

2(10) = 𝐶

20 = 𝐶

With the value of C solved previously, find t when ℎ = 160𝑐𝑚

1
1
2ℎ 2 =− 40
𝑡+𝐶

1
1
2(160) 2 =− 40
𝑡 + 20

80(160) 2 =− 𝑡 + 800

𝑡 = 800 − 80(160) 2

𝑡 ≈− 211. 93 𝑚𝑖𝑛utes

𝑡 ≈− 3: 32

Page 23 | 54
Problem 4

At time t hours, the rate of decay of the mass, x kg, of a

radioactive substance is directly proportional to the mass present at
that time. Initially the mass is 𝑥0.

a) By forming and solving a suitable differential equation, show that

−𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒 ,

where k is a positive constant.

1
When t = 5 , 𝑥 = 4
𝑥0.

1
b) Find the value of t when 𝑥 = 2
𝑥0.

Forming a differential equation with the given statements

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝑥

Separate the variables and Integrate both sides

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑥
=− 𝑘𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥
=− 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑙𝑛|𝑥| =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

−𝑘𝑡+𝐶
𝑥 =𝑒

−𝑘𝑡 𝐶
𝑥 =𝑒 𝑒

𝐶 𝐶
Since 𝑒 is any constant, then we input 𝑒 as A

−𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒

Find A by substituting with their initial values when 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝑥0

Page 24 | 54
 −𝑘(0)
𝑥0 = 𝐴𝑒

𝑥0 = 𝐴(1)

𝑥0 = 𝐴

Rewrite the equation where 𝑥0 = 𝐴

𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒

−𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

With the solved equation previously, find the value of k when t = 5 ,

1
𝑥= 4
𝑥0

−𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

1 −𝑘5
4
𝑥0 = 𝑥0𝑒

1 −𝑘5
4
=𝑒

𝑘5
𝑒 =4

𝑘5 = 𝑙𝑛4

1
𝑘= 5
𝑙𝑛4

1
With the value of k solved, find the value of t when 𝑥 = 2
𝑥0

−𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑥0𝑒

1
1 − 5 𝑡𝑙𝑛4
2
𝑥0 = 𝑥0𝑒

1
1 − 5 𝑡𝑙𝑛4
2
=𝑒

1
5
𝑡𝑙𝑛4
𝑒 =2

Page 25 | 54
1
5
𝑡𝑙𝑛4 = 𝑙𝑛2

1 2
5
𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑙𝑛2

2
𝑡 5
𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑙𝑛2

2
𝑡 5
=1

5
𝑡= 2

Page 26 | 54
Problem 5

A small forest with an area of 25 2km has caught fire.

Let A , in 2km , be the area of the forest destroyed by the fire, t

hours after the fire was first noticed.

The rate at which the forest is destroyed is proportional to the

difference between the total area of the forest squared, and the area
of the forest destroyed squared.

2
When the fire was first noticed 7 𝑘𝑚 of the forest had been destroyed
and at that

instant the rate at which the area of the forest was destroyed was
2
7. 2 𝑘𝑚 per hour.

a) Show clearly that

50
𝑑𝑎
𝑑𝑡
=
5
8 (625 − 𝐴2).
b) Solve the differential equation to obtain

5
25+𝐴 16 𝑡
25−𝐴
= 9
𝑒8 .

2
c) Show further that 14. 2 𝑘𝑚 of the forest will be destroyed,
approximately 66 minutes after the fire was first noticed.

Forming a differential equation with the given statements

2 2
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 (
= 𝑘 25 − 𝐴 )
Use the condition where the rate at which the area of the forest
2
destroyed is 7. 2 𝑘𝑚 per hour and the destroyed area when it was 1st
2
noticed is 7 𝑘𝑚 . Find the value of k

2 2
(
7. 2 = 𝑘 25 − 7 )
7. 2 = 𝑘(625 − 49)

Page 27 | 54
 7. 2 = 𝑘(576)

7.2
576
=𝑘

1
80
=𝑘

Rewrite the equation with the value of k found previously

2 2
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 (
= 𝑘 25 − 𝐴 ​ )
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
=
1
80 (625 − 𝐴2)
Multiply both side by 50 to prove that 50
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
=
5
8 (625 − 𝐴2)
50
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
= 50
1
80 (625 − 𝐴2)
50
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
=
5
8 (625 − 𝐴2)
5
25+𝐴 16 𝑡
Obtaining 25−𝐴
= 9
𝑒8 with the proven equation

50
𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡
=
5
8 (625 − 𝐴2)
Separate the variables and integrate both sides

50𝑑𝐴 =
5
8 (625 − 𝐴2)𝑑𝑡
50 5
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑡
(625−𝐴2) 8

50 5
∫ (25−𝐴)(25+𝐴)
𝑑𝐴 = 8
∫ 𝑑𝑡

50
Obtain the partial fractions of (25−𝐴)(25+𝐴)

50 𝑀 𝑁
(25−𝐴)(25+𝐴)
= 25−𝐴
+ 25+𝐴

50 = 𝑀(25 + 𝐴) + 𝑁(25 − 𝐴)

To find M, A=25

50 = 𝑁(25 − (− 25))
Page 28 | 54
 50 = 𝑀50

1=𝑀

To find N, A=-25

50 = 𝑁(25 − (− 25))

50 = 𝑁(25 + 25)

50 = 𝑁50

1=N

Use the partial fractions to integrate

𝑀 𝑁 5
∫( 25−𝐴 + 25+𝐴
)𝑑𝐴 = 8
∫ 𝑑𝑡

1 1 5
∫( 25−𝐴 + 25+𝐴
)𝑑𝐴 = 8
∫ 𝑑𝑡

5
− 𝑙𝑛|25 − 𝐴| + 𝑙𝑛|25 + 𝐴| = 8
𝑡+𝐶

25+𝐴 5
𝑙𝑛|| 25−𝐴 || = 8
𝑡+𝐶

5
25+𝐴 𝑡+𝐶
25−𝐴
= 𝑒8

5
25+𝐴 𝑡 𝐶
25−𝐴
= 𝑒8 𝑒

𝐶 𝐶
Since 𝑒 is any constant, then we input 𝑒 as B

5
25+𝐴 𝑡
25−𝐴
= 𝐵𝑒 8

Find B with the given conditions when 𝑡 = 0, 𝐴 = 7

25+7
25−7
= 𝐵(1)

32
18
=𝐵

16
9
=𝐵
Page 29 | 54
Rewrite the equation

5
25+𝐴 16 8
𝑡
25−𝐴
= 9
𝑒

Solve for t when 𝐴 = 14 with the previous equation

5
25+𝐴 16 8
𝑡
25−𝐴
= 9
𝑒

5
25+14 16 𝑡
25−14
= 9
𝑒8

5
39 16 𝑡
11
= 9
𝑒8

5
351 8
𝑡
176
=𝑒

351 5
𝑙𝑛 176
= 8
𝑡

8 351
5
𝑙𝑛 176
=𝑡

1. 104 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ≈ 𝑡

66. 269𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 ≈ 𝑡

Page 30 | 54
Problem 6

There are 20,000 chickens in a farm and some of them have been
infected by a virus. Let 𝑥 be the number of infected chickens in
thousands, and 𝑡 the time in hours since the infection was first
discovered.

The rate at which chickens are infected is proportional to the

product of the number of chickens infected and the number of chickens
not yet infected.

a) Form a differential equation in terms of 𝑥 , 𝑡 and a

proportionality constant 𝑘 .

When the disease was first discovered 4000 chickens were infected,
and chickens were infected at the rate of 32 chickens per hour.

b) Solve the differential equation to show that

4𝑥
𝑡 = 100𝑙𝑛⎡ 20−𝑥 ⎤.
⎣ ⎦

c) Rearrange the answer in part (b) to show further that

20
𝑥= −0.01𝑡 .
1+4𝑒

d) If a vet cannot attend the farm for 24 hours, since the infection
was first discovered, find how many extra chickens will be infected
by the time the vet arrives.

(a). Form a differential equation

Forming a differential equation with the given statements

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑥(20 − 𝑥)

4𝑥
(b). Proving 𝑡 = 100𝑙𝑛⎡ 20−𝑥 ⎤
⎣ ⎦

Page 31 | 54
 𝑑𝑥
Solve for 𝑘 when 𝑡 = 𝑜; 𝑥 = 4; 𝑑𝑡
= 0. 032

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑥(20 − 𝑥)

0. 032 = 𝑘4(20 − 4)

0. 032 = 4𝑘(16)

0. 032 = 64𝑘

0. 0005 = 𝑘

Seperate both variables in the differential equation

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘𝑥(20 − 𝑥)​
𝑑𝑥
𝑥(20−𝑥)
= 𝑘𝑑𝑡

Integrate both sides of the equation

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥(20−𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥(20−𝑥)
= 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
Use partial fractions in integrating ∫ 𝑥(20−𝑥)

1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥(20−𝑥)
= 𝑥
+ (20−𝑥)

1 = 𝐴(20 − 𝑥) + 𝐵𝑥

If 𝑥 = 0,

1 = 𝐴(20 − 0) + 𝐵0

1 = 20𝐴

1
𝐴= 20

Page 32 | 54
If 𝑥 = 20,

1 = 𝐴(20 − 20) + 𝐵20

1 = 20𝐵

1
𝐵= 20

Rewrite the differential equation and integrate

( )
1 1
20 20
∫ 𝑥
+ (20−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

1 1
∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (20−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = 20𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑡

𝑙𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|20 − 𝑥| = 20𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

𝑥
𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || = 20𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

Substitute 𝑘 = 0. 0005

𝑥
𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || = 20(0. 005)𝑡 + 𝐶

𝑥 1
𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || = 100
𝑡+𝐶

𝑥
100𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || = 𝑡 + 𝐶

Solve for C when 𝑡 = 0; 𝑥 = 4

4
100𝑙𝑛|| 20−4 || = 0 + 𝐶

1
100𝑙𝑛|| 4 || = 𝐶

− 100𝑙𝑛|4| = 𝐶

Solve for 𝑡 with the values solved previously

𝑥
100𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || = 𝑡 + 𝐶

𝑥
100𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || = 𝑡 − 100𝑙𝑛|4|

Page 33 | 54
 𝑥
100𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || + 100𝑙𝑛|4| = 𝑡

𝑥
100⎡𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 || + 𝑙𝑛|4|⎤ = 𝑡
⎣ ⎦
4𝑥
100⎡𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 ||⎤ = 𝑡
⎣ ⎦
20
(c). Proving 𝑥 = −0.01𝑡
1+4𝑒

4𝑥 𝑡
𝑙𝑛|| 20−𝑥 ||= 100

1
4𝑥 𝑡
20−𝑥
= 𝑒 100

1 1
𝑡 𝑡
4𝑥 = 20𝑒 100 − 𝑥𝑒 100

1 1
100
𝑡 100
𝑡
4𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 = 20𝑒

( )
1 1
100
𝑡 100
𝑡
𝑥 4 +𝑒 = 20𝑒

1
𝑡
20𝑒 100
𝑥= 1
𝑡
100
4+𝑒

1
− 100 𝑡
Multiply both the numerator and the denominator by 𝑒

20
𝑥= 1
− 100 𝑡
4𝑒 +1

20
𝑥= −0.001𝑡
4𝑒 +1

Page 34 | 54
(d). Solve for the extra chickens

Solve for 𝑥 when 𝑡 = 24

20
𝑥= −0.001(24)
4𝑒 +1

𝑥 ≈ 4. 8233

Solve for the extra chickens by subtracting 𝑥 with 4000

4823 − 4000

823

Page 35 | 54
Problem 7

At every point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) which lie on the curve C , with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

, the y intercept of the tangent to C at P has coordinates (0, 𝑥𝑦2).

Given further that the point 𝑄(1, 1) also lies on C determine an
equation for C, giving the answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

You might find the expression for

𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ( )
𝑥
𝑦
useful in this question.

Draw a diagram with the coordinate references

Form a differential equation

2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥

Using the expression

𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ( )
𝑥
𝑦
in the differential equation

𝑑𝑦
𝑦×1−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ( )
𝑥
𝑦
=
𝑦
2

Rearrange the equation

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦

Page 36 | 54
 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑦−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥= 2
𝑦

𝑥=
𝑑
𝑑𝑥 ( ) 𝑥
𝑦

𝑥
𝑦
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 1 2
𝑦
= 2
𝑥 +𝐶

1 2
𝑥= 2
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦

Find 𝐶 with the point (1,1)

1 2
1= 2
1 1 + 𝐶1

1
1= 2
+𝐶

1
𝐶= 2

Giving the answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

1
Rewrite the equation while substituting 𝐶 = 2

1 2 1
𝑥= 2
𝑥𝑦+ 2
𝑦

2
2𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦

2
2𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥 ( +1 )
2𝑥
𝑦= 2
𝑥 +1

Page 37 | 54
Problem 8

The point P and the point 𝑅(0, 1) lie on the curve with equation

𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥), |𝑦| ≤ 1.

The tangent to the curve at P meets the x axis at the point Q .

Given that |𝑃𝑄| = 1 for all possible positions of P on this curve,

determine the equation of this curve, in the form 𝑓(𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥).

The final answer may not contain natural logarithms.

Modeling the differential equation

𝑑𝑦
𝑦−𝑌= 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑋)
𝑝

𝑥 intercept, thus 𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦
−𝑌= 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 𝑋)
𝑝

( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝
(− 𝑌) = (𝑥 − 𝑋)

𝑥=𝑋−𝑌 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝

⎡
𝑄⎢𝑋 − 𝑌
⎣
( )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝
⎤
, 0⎥
⎦

Making an expression for |𝑃𝑄|

2
|𝑃𝑄| =
⎡
⎢𝑋 − 𝑋 − 𝑌
⎣
( ( )) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝
⎤
⎥ + [𝑦 − 0]
⎦
2

2
|𝑃𝑄| = 𝑌
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦( ) 𝑝
+𝑌
2

Page 38 | 54
 (( )
2
|𝑃𝑄| = 𝑌
2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝
) +1

2
|𝑃𝑄| = |𝑌| ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝
+1

2
2
|𝑃𝑄| =
2⎡ 𝑑𝑥
𝑌 ⎢ 𝑑𝑦
⎢ ( )
⎣
𝑝
⎤
+ 1⎥
⎥
⎦

2
1=
2⎡ 𝑑𝑥
𝑌 ⎢ 𝑑𝑦
⎢ ( )
⎣
𝑝
⎤
+ 1⎥
⎥
⎦

𝑌
1
2 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝
+1

𝑌
1
2 −1= ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑝

( )
2
1−𝑌 𝑑𝑥
2 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑌 𝑝

( )
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑌
𝑑𝑥
= 2
𝑝 1−𝑌

𝑑𝑦 𝑌
𝑑𝑥
= 2
𝑝 1−𝑌

Rewrite the ordinary differential equation all in capitals

𝑑𝑌 𝑌
𝑑𝑋
=± 2
1−𝑌

Seperate the variables

2
1−𝑌
𝑌
𝑑𝑌 =± 1𝑑𝑥

Page 39 | 54
Integrate both sides

2
1−𝑌
∫ 𝑌
𝑑𝑌 =± ∫ 1𝑑𝑥

2
1−𝑌
Integrate ∫ 𝑌
𝑑𝑌 using trigonometric substitution

𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ; θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑌

𝑑𝑌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ =+ 1 −𝑌

Thus,

𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ =± 𝑋 + 𝐶

2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑θ =± 𝑋 + 𝐶

2
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑑θ =± 𝑋 + 𝐶

∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) 𝑑θ =± 𝑋 + 𝐶

𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑠𝑐 θ + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 θ| =± 𝑋 + 𝐶

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑙𝑛|| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
| =± 𝑋 + 𝐶
|

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ − 𝑙𝑛|| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ || =± 𝑋 + 𝐶

2
Substitute 𝑌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ; θ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑌; 𝑑𝑌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ 𝑑θ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ =+ 1 −𝑌

2 | 1+ 1−𝑌
2 |
1 − 𝑌 − 𝑙𝑛| 𝑌
| =± 𝑋 + 𝐶
| |

Page 40 | 54
Apply the condition of point (0,1)

2 | 1+ 1−1
2 |
1 − 1 − 𝑙𝑛| 1
| =± 0 + 𝐶
| |

0 − 𝑙𝑛 1 = 𝐶

𝐶=0

Since the final answer may not be in logarithmic form, eliminate the
logarithms

2 | 1+ 1−𝑌
2 |
1 − 𝑌 − 𝑙𝑛| 𝑌
| =± 𝑋 + 0
| |

2 | 1+ 1−𝑌
2 |
1 − 𝑌 ± 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑛| 𝑌
|
| |

2 2
1−𝑌 ±𝑋 1+ 1−𝑌
𝑒 = 𝑌

2 2
1−𝑌 ±𝑋 1+ 1−𝑌
𝑒 𝑒 = 𝑌

2
±𝑋 1+ 1−𝑌
𝑒 = 2
1−𝑌
𝑌𝑒

Page 41 | 54
e. Differential Equations (with related variables)

Problem 1

3
Gas is kept in a sealed container whose volume, 𝑉 𝑐𝑚 , can be varied
as needed. The pressure of the gas P , in suitable units, is such so
that at any given time the product of P and V remains constant. The
container is heated up so that the volume of the gas begins to expand
at a rate inversely proportional to the volume of the gas at that
instant. Let t , in seconds, be the time since the volume began to
expand.

a) Show clearly that

𝑑𝑃 3
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝐴𝑃 ,

where A is a positive constant.

1
When t = 0 , P =1 and when t = 2, 𝑃 = 3
.

b) Solve the differential equation to show that

2 1
𝑃 = 4𝑡+1

Step 1: Given Differential Equation

The Given differential equation is:

𝑑𝑃 3
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝐴𝑃

where A is a positive constant.

Step 2: Separation of Variables

Rearrange the equation to separate P and t:

𝑑𝑃
3 =− 𝐴𝑑𝑡
𝑃

Page 42 | 54
Step 3: integrate Both Sides

Using the integration rule:

−3
∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 = ∫− 𝐴𝑑𝑡

−3
The integral of 𝑃 is:

−2
𝑃 1
−2
=− 2
2𝑃

And the integral of − 𝐴𝑑𝑡 is:

− 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐶

So, we get:

1
− 2 =− 𝐴𝑡 + 𝐶
2𝑃

Multiplying both sides by − 1:

1
2 = 𝐴𝑡 − 𝐶
2𝑃

Rewriting:

2 1
𝑃 = 2(𝐴𝑡−𝐶)

Let 𝐶 = 2𝐶

2 1
𝑃 = 4𝑡+1

which is the required solution.

Page 43 | 54
Problem 2

A snowball is melting and its shape remains spherical at all times.

3
The volume of the snowball, 𝑉 𝑐𝑚 , is decreasing at a rate
proportional to its surface area. Let t be the time in hours since
2
the snowball’s surface area was 4 𝑚 . Sixteen hours later its surface
2
area has reduced to 2.25 𝑚 .

By forming and solving a suitable differential equation, determine

the value of t by which the snowball would have completely melted.

4 3
[volume of a sphere of radius r is given by 3
π𝑟 ]

2
[surface area of a sphere of radius r is given by 4π𝑟 ]

'Question 12 Solution - Melting Snowball Problem

Step 1: Understanding the Given information

⦁​ The snowball remains spherical while melting.

⦁​ The volume V decreases at a rate proportional to its surface

area A.

⦁​ Given formulas:

⦁​ Volume of a sphere:

4 3
𝑉= 3
π𝑟

⦁​ Surface area of a sphere:

2
𝐴 = 4π𝑟

⦁​ Given conditions.:

Page 44 | 54
 2
⦁​ 𝐴 = 4𝑚 at 𝑡 = 0

2
⦁​ 𝐴 = 2. 25𝑚 at 𝑡 = 16 hours

Step 2: Forming the Differential Equation

Since the volume decreases at a rate proportional to its surface

area:

𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘𝐴

2
Substituting 𝐴 = 4π𝑟 :

𝑑𝑉 2
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘4π𝑟

Using the volume formula:

4 3 𝑑𝑉 2
𝑉= 3
π𝑟 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡
= 4π𝑟

Applying the chain rule:

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑟
• 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑉 2
Since 𝑑𝑡
= 4π𝑟 , we substitute:

2 𝑑𝑟 2
4π𝑟 𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘4π𝑟

2
Cancel 4π𝑟 :

𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘

Step 3: Solving for 𝑟(𝑡)

𝑑𝑟 =− 𝑘𝑑𝑡

Integrating both sides:

𝑟 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

Page 45 | 54
 2
At 𝑡 = 0, surface area is 4𝑚 :

2
4π𝑟0 = 4 ⇒ 𝑟0 = 1

Thus,

𝑟 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

1 =− 𝑘(0) + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1

So, the equation for r is:

𝑟 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 1

Step,4: Finding,k

2
At 𝑡 = 16, surface area is 2. 25𝑚 :

2
4π𝑟 =2.25

2 2.25
𝑟 = 4π

3
𝑟= 4

Substituting:

3
4
=− 𝑘(16) + 1

Solving for k:

3
4
− 1 =− 𝑘(16)

3
− 4
=− 𝑘(16)

1
64
=𝑘

Page 46 | 54
Step 5: Finding Time When the Snowball Melts

The snowball melts when r = 0:

1
0 =− 64
𝑡+1

1
64
𝑡=1

𝑡 = 64 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

Final Answer:

The snowball will completely melt after 64 hours

Page 47 | 54
Problem 3

Water is leaking out of a hole at the base of a cylindrical barrel

with constant cross sectional area and a height of 1𝑚.

It is given that 𝑡 minutes after the leaking started, the volume of

3
the water left in the barrel is 𝑉 𝑚 , and its height is ℎ m.

3
It is assumed that the water is leaking out, in 𝑚 per minute, at a
rate proportional to the square root of the volume of the water left
in the barrel. The barrel was initially full and 5 minutes later half
its contents have leaked out

1
if 𝑇 is the time taken for the barrel to empty, find ℎ when 𝑡 = 2
𝑇.

Step-by-Step Solution

Step 1: Define the given information

3
⦁​ The initial volume of the water in the barrel: 𝑉0 = 1 = 1𝑚

⦁​ The rate of water leakage is proportional to 𝑉,so we set up

the differential equation:

𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
=− 𝑘 𝑉

where k is the proportionality constant.

Step 2: Solve the differential equation

Separate variables

𝑑𝑉
=− 𝑘𝑑𝑡
𝑉

Integrate both sides

1
−2
Using the integral formula ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 = 2 𝑉, we get:

2 𝑉 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

Page 48 | 54
where C is the integration constant.

Step 3: Use initial conditions to determine C

At 𝑡 = 0, the barrel is full, so 𝑉 = 𝐴:

2 𝐴 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶

2 𝐴= 𝐶

2 𝐴= 𝐶

Thus, the equation becomes:

2 𝑉 =− 𝑘𝑡 + 2 𝐴

or

1
𝑉= 2 (− 𝑘𝑡 + 2 𝐴)
Step 4: Determine k using the given condition,

𝐴
At 𝑡 = 5, half of the water has leaked out, so 𝑉 = 2
:

𝐴 1
2
= 2 (− 𝑘(5) + 2 𝐴)
Solving for k:

𝑘(5) 𝐴
2
= 𝐴− 2

𝑘=
2
5 ( 𝐴−
𝐴
2 )
Step 5: Find 𝑇, the total time for the barrel to empty

When the barrel is empty, 𝑉 = 0:

1
0= 2 (− 𝑘𝑇 + 2 𝐴)
2 𝐴
𝑇= 𝑘

Page 49 | 54
Substituting the value of k:

2 𝐴
𝑇= 2
5 ( 𝐴−
𝐴
2 )
10 𝐴
𝑇=
2 ( 𝐴−
𝐴
2 )
5 𝐴
𝑇=
( 𝐴−
𝐴
2 )
𝑇
Step 6: Find ℎ when 𝑡 = 2

𝑇
Sirice 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ, we substitute 𝑉 at 𝑡 = 2
:

𝑉=
1
2 (− 𝑘𝑇
2
+2 𝐴 )
Substituting 𝑘𝑇 = 2 𝐴:

𝑉=
1
2 (− 2 𝐴
2
+2 𝐴 )
𝑉= − ( 𝐴
2
+ 𝐴 )
𝐴
𝑉= 2

Squaring both sides:

2
𝑉= ( ) 𝐴
2

𝐴
𝑉= 4

Since 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ, we get:

𝑉 𝐴 1
ℎ= 𝐴
= 4𝐴
= 4

Final Answer

1
ℎ= 4

Page 50 | 54
Problem 4

At time 𝑡 seconds, a spherical balloon has radius 𝑟 𝑐𝑚, surface area

2 3
𝑆 𝑐𝑚 and volume 𝑉 𝑐𝑚 . The surface area of the balloon is increasing at
2 −1
a constant rate of 24π 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 .

Show that

3 2
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 1296π 𝑉.

3
and given further that the initial volume of the balloon was 64π 𝑐𝑚 ,

find an exact simplified value for 𝑉 when 𝑡 = 36.

4 3
[volume of a sphere of radius is given by 3
π𝑟 ]

2
[surface area of a sphere of radius 𝑟 is given by 4π𝑟 ]

Step 1: Understanding the Given Equations

We use the formulas for the volume and surface area of a sphere:

4 3
𝑉= 3
π𝑟

2
𝑆 = 4π𝑟

We are given that:

𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑡
= 24π

𝑑𝑟
Step 2: Finding 𝑑𝑡

Differentiate both sides of the surface area equation with respect to

time 𝑡:

𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
= 8π𝑟 𝑑𝑡

Page 51 | 54
 𝑑𝑆
Substituting 𝑑𝑡
= 24π:

𝑑𝑟
24π = 8π𝑟 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟 24π 3
𝑑𝑡
= 8π𝑟
= 𝑟

𝑑𝑉
Step 3: Finding 𝑑𝑡

Differentiate both sides of the volume equation:

𝑑𝑉 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑡
= 4π𝑟 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑟 3
Substituting 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑟
:

𝑑𝑉 2 3
𝑑𝑡
= 4π𝑟 𝑟

𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 12π𝑟

4 3
Now, express 𝑟 in terms of 𝑉. From 𝑉 = 3
π𝑟 , solving for 𝑟:

3 3𝑉
𝑟= 4π

𝑑𝑉
Substituting into 𝑑𝑡
= 12π𝑟:

𝑑𝑉 3 3𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 12π 4π

3 2
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡
= 1 1296π 𝑉

Thus, we have proved the given equation.

Page 52 | 54
Step 4: Finding 𝑉 at 𝑡 = 36

Since 36 = 6, we solve for 𝑉(6).Given 𝑉(0) = 64π, solving the

differential equation:

𝑉 = 80π 10 ≈ 795

Page 53 | 54