BIOLOGY
RESEARCH
JOEL MUTUNGI
EVANS CALEB
TURNISHA NALU0
TYPES OF VACCINES
1 Live attenuated vaccines
These contain a weakened (attenuated) form of the virus or
[Link] they are still alive but weakened, they closely mimic a
natural infection and stimulate a strong and long-lasting immune
response e.g Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Varicella(chickenpox)
Yellow feverOral polio (OPV)
2 Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
These contain viruses or bacteria that have been killed so they
can’t cause [Link] they can’t replicate, they
stimulate a weaker immune response than live vaccines and
usually require booster doses e.g Inactivated polio vaccine
(IPV), Hepatitis A, Rabies
3 Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and
Conjugate Vaccine
These contain only specific pieces (proteins or sugars) of the virus or
[Link] trigger a targeted immune response without using the
whole pathogen e.g Hepatitis B (recombinant), HPV (recombinant),
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib, conjugate), Pneumococcal and
meningococcal vaccines
4 Toxoid Vaccines
These contain inactivated toxins (toxoids) produced by the
bacteria. They teach the immune system to fight off the
harmful effects of the toxin, not the bacteria itself e.g
Tetanus, Diphtheria
5 mRNA Vaccines
Use synthetic messenger RNA to instruct cells to produce a protein
similar to that of the virus. The immune system recognizes this
protein as foreign and builds an immune response e.g COVID-19
vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna)
6 Viral Vector Vaccines
Use a harmless virus (not the target virus) to deliver genetic
material into cells to produce a viral protein. Trains the
immune system to recognize and fight the target virus e.g
COVID-19 vaccines (Oxford-AstraZeneca, Johnson &
Johnson), Ebola vaccine
How Vaccination Provides Immunity
Vaccination works by introducing a harmless form or part of a pathogen
(such as a weakened or killed microbe, or its antigens) into the body.
This stimulates the immune system to produce specific antibodies and
activate memory lymphocytes without causing disease.
These memory cells remain in the body, so when the real pathogen invades
later, the immune system responds rapidly and effectively, preventing
illness.
How Vaccination Provides Immunity
List of immunizable diseases
in Uganda
Tuberculosis (TB) Pneumococcal Infections
Poliomyelitis (Polio) Rotavirus
Diphtheria Measles and Rubella
Whooping Cough Yellow Fever
(Pertussis) Human Papillomavirus
Tetanus (HPV)
Hepatitis B Vitamin A
Haemophilus influenzae Supplementation
type b (Hib)
Allergic reaction
An allergic reaction is the body’s
immune system responding in an
exaggerated or inappropriate way to a
normally harmless substance called an
allergen (like pollen, certain foods, or
insect stings).
How does it occur?
First exposure
Sensitization
Subsequent exposure
Symptoms
First exposure:
The immune system mistakenly identifies the
allergen as harmful and produces specific antibodies
called IgE against it.
Sensitization:
These IgE antibodies attach to certain
immune cells called mast cells and basophils.
Subsequent exposure:
When the allergen enters the body again, it binds
to the IgE on these cells, triggering them to release
chemicals such as histamine.
Symptoms:
These chemicals cause the typical allergy symptoms—
itching, swelling, redness, sneezing, runny nose, or
even more severe reactions like difficulty breathing.
Thank you!
